2011 Nobel Prize: Dark Energy feat. Sean Carroll

Guest narrator Sean Carroll of Caltech describes dark energy and the acceleration of the universe, the discovery of which was awarded the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics on October 4th.
Tweet it - bit.ly/oCD2jo
Facebook it - on. oagPm3
minutephysics is now on Google+ - bit.ly/qzEwc6
And facebook - / minutephysics
Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute!
Music by Nathaniel Schroeder
youtube: bit.ly/pakJLE
myspace: mysp.ac/qtmZQj
Portuguese translation by Igor Zolnerkevic Created by Henry Reich

[@thisisblackmesa]

"Maybe he was wrong." "Aww."

[@winstonknowitall4181]

Einstein is right even when he's wrong.

[@blase101]

Sheep: its baa its baa! why dont you get it its baa! Scientists:yeah right several years later Scientists:BYE GOLLY ITS BAA Dead Sheep:I KNEW IT!

[@DynamiCAPS]

The sheep was right, it's baa.

[@ayushbeniwal7035]

Yup

[@heh2393]

Yup

[@robbie8142]

Double your Yup and I raise a Yep!

[@dodoria19]

I laughed at the illustration of einstein "Aww"ing from the grave XD

[@shalomcesar6289]

Adam Riess was my professor last semester. It was awesome learning about space from him!

[@guilhermerafaelzimermann4196]

no one wil take my cats away not even vacuum energy

[@sabinefuchsrugby]

mood

[@Wheels_Unlimited]

Well, that was depressing.

[@supermonkey6543]

Lol my words exactly

[@skanlakers]

The other day I was in math class and I asked my teacher about what we were learning about. I said,"Do fractals resemble the universe constant expansion?" Everyone looked at me very strange but I could see that he was impressed by the connection i had made. Do a short on fractals please! I made a few fractal animations myself but idk what I'm doing sooo I'd like you advice on my question.

[@kght222]

the coolest, and generally least noticed thing about an expanding universe, is that not only are things moving away from earth, or the solar system, but that you are moving away from yourself. everything is expanding.

[@ch33zer]

I took stars and the universe with Adam Reiss. He brought in his Nobel Prize to class and let everyone see it. Seriously coolest teacher ever.

[@palvindarchhokar9821]

Will you be doing a video for the latest nobel prize winners?!

[@suffy309]

i've met Brian P Schmit. he is the father of a class mate and he came into to speak to us one lesson. i almost died of amazement.

[@SuperAllenZ]

so the more distant a galaxy, the faster it appears to move away, the closer the galaxy, the slower it appears to move away. But when we observe the more distant galaxies, we are also looking further back in time, wouldn't that mean that further back in time, the universe was expanding faster and more recently, the expansion has slowed down? Wouldn't this suggest a deceleration in the universe?

[@DjTomDom]

I live in Australia and in Highschool. Got to talk to Brian and listen to him give a lecture on this. Truly an amazing theory

[@BryanOSheaComedy]

Dark, lonely, and empty. See! I am the universe!!

[@BlueSun_]

The space inside the proton does grow separating the quarks that compose it. But due to the strong interaction the quarks join together again so the extra space that came to be through expansion becomes located around the proton instead of between the quarks that compose it, so the proton retains its volume. Your imagining space like something solid that is pushing the quarks apart but you have to remember that things can move through space otherwise the universe would be static.

[@RKroese]

Third law of Motion by Newton: "Every action has an equal and opposite reaction." If the universe is expanding... What is contracting?

[@gavinm3328]

It is not an action because all that is happening is that the Distances are Increasing

[@rootabeta9015]

That's not how that works

[@duckwhistle]

This was the kind of question I was hoping for. What I want to know is: Mathematically, if all matter, energy levels, and field radiusses(?) are shrinking wouldn't this also shrink things like the Schwarzschild radius, and the plank length. After all they are calculated using constants derived form measurements of the universe.

[@ThrillaWhale]

"Maybe he was wrong." "Aww..." LOL!

[@WeasleyDodds]

this bring memories back

[@Simorenarium]

What if space isn't expanding but light is slowing down. Try to imagine a type of matter, that cannot be measured by us, that is able to slow down waves of light.

[@excitableboy7031]

Luminiferous Aether field theory was disproved back in the 1800 by Michelson and Morley.

[@sparhopper]

Fritz Zwicky: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Zwicky the guy who helped conceive of Dark Energy, as well as gravitational lensing, and Neutron stars thought the same thing, and put forth the 'Tired Light' theory: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tired_light

[@nachannachle2706]

+Simorenarium I've pondered something similar, but with regards to Dark energy interfering with light and therefore redshifting it. Redshift is just a measure of the expansion rate of the universe, but it can also be conceived as some form of "Spacetime dillution". I'm thinking, if Black holes create gaping gravitational holes in the fabric of Spacetime within galaxies, then Dark Energy increasingly stretches then breaks down Spacetime on the scale of the universe itself. Dark Energy would be the active "Force" that makes each fraction of Spacetime flatly fold onto itself, sucking everything that came to existence during the Big Bang (Dark matter, Photons, neutrinos, atoms) into more dark Energy (and therefore less atoms or dark matter) in the process. This all came to my mind while being hypnotised by this 4D Tesseract (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-dimensional_space#/media/File:8-cell-simple.gif). I am no physician or mathematician. Still, I wonder how intragalatical Spacetime curvature (or Gravity) relates to Dark Energy...Surely, it can't be completely separate phenomena. I'm just looking forward to upcoming research into the Dark side of the Universe (energy, matter, holes, etc.)

[@henryg.8762]

Dark matter: Am I a joke to you?

[@bronzejourney5784]

@@nachannachle2706 "I am no physician or mathematician." Never too late to start dabbling in science. You never know.

[@NeurologicalNerd]

Not that I don't love Minute Physics no matter who narrates, but the usual guy is so familiar that it's just not the same watching this one.

[@DevendraPareek101]

I think maybe galaxy as a whole repel each other because of the colliding gravity of all the planets, Stars etc.. So more like no such thing as vacuum energy but a distortion of gravity itself ... Or maybe its just me thinking differently.. Sorry for not being clear i just gave a minute of thought into it lol Idea for a New youtube channel MinuteOfThought again gave only a min of thought into the idea of Minute of thought :P

[@zangetsu2k8]

cooling gravity? gravity isn't generated by heat

[@DevendraPareek101]

Azurl Sorry about that i didn't check before posting There are few typos Whole* not hole,Colliding* not coling... :( ashamed of that (i was hyper)

[@zangetsu2k8]

Devendra Pareek no worries mate, don't be ashamed.

[@badereric]

that makes zero sense, you pretty much said "Gravity is doing it and I dont know how", I know im four years late but still

[@edge21str]

I think I have discovered my error but I'm not certain. I'll try to express it with this example: If you throw a ball while not moving it will be traveling at a given speed. If you throw the ball while you are moving in a given direction it will be traveling faster or slower but relative to you it will be still moving at the same speed. Was this you point?

[@sa-tibagadevaru-ngura1624]

I'm stupid, I have to ask, why is the expansion of objects(galaxies) proof that space itself is expanding, and why is it that Andromeda is headed toward us. Are our observations so far even reliable. By the way, Nobel prize for something that we cannot detect or demonstrate, really?

[@Onhil]

I have no idea myself but it migth be becuse both galaxies are close enough to each other that the universe expanding wouldnt matter

[@sagellivokin]

All of the galaxies in our local cluster of galaxies are gravitationally locked. The galaxies in our local cluster of galaxies are not far from each other relative to the entire universe and so they are just as gravitationally locked to each other as the moon is gravitationally locked to earth. This is why the Andromeda galaxy is moving towards our own galaxy. It is the space between the clusters that are really expanding. I hope this helped and if anyone has any corrections or additions to my comment please do so so I can learn as well. Cheers!

[@tuveutmonpoing]

Indeed, the gravity in our cluster is too strong to leave space the opportunity to "create new space". Dark energy counteracts gravity in a way, or in the cluster the gravity is too strong to bee overwhelmed by dark energy. Or I least it is what I understood from other videos.

[@smudgethekat]

In extension to what pseudorandomly said, the closer you are together, the stronger the gravitational pull. So the acceleration only comes into play with galaxies of a certain distance, where the gravitational attraction is less than the expansion of space. So for a galaxy as close as Andromeda, our attraction to it is much greater than the dark energy pulling us apart.

[@juld55]

Carroll's GR textbook is the best I've read.

[@kefler187]

To determine the absolute center of a mass(meaning we throw special relativity out the window) the mass itself must have outer boundaries in which we can use as a reference. If we assume the universe is infinite in size then whatever point you choose to "measure" from would become the center as reaching a non existent boundary would be equally as far in any direction from any given point.

[@missnewark1]

I'm quoting you: "everything is possible." Anything is possible, but everything possible doesn't always have to happen. This can be illustrated with another quote of yours "it is reasonably easy for somebody to be raised from the dead, these miracles are as easy as catching a ball." And here's another nice theory you've gotten us into. Promising someone something everything, that finally seems nothing. Gonna fly now.

[@broclee4445]

Sponsored by Crayola...

[@kayvee256]

I'm pretty terrible at it myself - but you've given me something to think about, which is good. Thanks Jack!

[@BurningRequiem]

Exactly. Perspective. Any point you select or, "press into," would be the center. Which means everything is the center.

[@DarkAvengerXVFilms]

@resoprint I don't take anti-depressants, but the idea that we will drift further away from other galxies and such is just something that i don't find depressing at all.

[@xSTYG15x]

i'd also like to add that its the closest galaxy to us. this means that in terms of everything spreading out (think of the radial degrees a circle), we are right next to each other--if not on the same degree--so we are traveling *almost* parallel. i assume that this is what makes the force of gravity between the two supermassive bodies stronger the dark energy pushing them away.

[@alfie1906]

The most basic rule of physics is that force is equal to mass multiplied by acceleration, for the rate of change of velocity at which the galaxies spread out to be above zero then logic dictates there must be a resultant force which is also above zero acting upon the galaxies in order for the acceleration to be caused, therefore the only reasonable explanation is that there is energy causing this force. Although as you've pointed out the million dollar question is where the energy has come from?

[@FASTFASTmusic]

I think he's trying to say that instead of space expanding, matter is contracting and radiating energy. The hubble red shift (not doppler) would still be exactly the same. As matter contracts it appears as though the universe is accelerating. Our measuring devices would also be contracting so there would be NO WAY of measuring this as everything is relative. But it's a great thought experiment anyway. Thanks.

[@prabhsodhi5402]

I literally love ur music

[@kefler187]

Sorry if I'm mistaken but, the most one can scientifically prove is the distance between 2 objects is increasing. With special relativity, you can determine the speed of a moving object in relation to a point of reference but that doesn't prove the universe is growing; only objects inside it are moving. The rubix cube for example; solved has low entropy, scrambled; entropy > ( entropy of when it's solved ) but takes up the same amount of space.

[@MacaullyMcHulkin]

I was trying to think of a way to explain that and you already did. just because space is expanding doesn't mean the strong and weak forces locally (yup folks, in relation to the size of the universe, that is local) are negated. It's kind of like assuming that since space is expanding, if I throw a ball at that wall over there it will never reach the wall, bounce of it and come back towards me. I like your explanation better though.

[@doodelay]

that's the assumption as of today but really this is so mysterious to us now. We're too early in it to be sure but yea, you are thinking how they are right about now.

[@duckwhistle]

The Doppler Effect is caused by changes in the relative distance between the objects emitting and detecting a wave, and the size of the wave length. If the wave length was shrinking, it would produce the same effect as the distance increasing. If the light from the Andromeda was experiencing the same shrinking as everything else then no it would not look bigger

[@DavidsonChua]

The accepted theory is that space is expanding. If you take a piece of graph paper as space, and things are placed on the graph paper, you will observe that the paper is expanding, i.e. the grid widths are getting larger compared to any one of the objects, while the objects appear to be getting further away from each other.

[@albertarguendo3081]

Yes, as everything is moving away from everything. Space is stretching. Really, even our bodies are getting wider, taller, however, at these scales and even the scales between us and our sun we wouldn't notice because everything close to us is stretching at nearly the same rate. Those distances are insignificant in this respect.

[@Thehopsalot]

continuing from my post below... since the waves are coming out from every point in the universe and are pointing in some direction, this would also cause everything to move away from each other making the universe expand. That is because eventually all waves will be moving away from the center of the universe and will cause mass to move with it away from the center of the universe.

[@RKroese]

Exactly! And thus everything is possible, because we never know what 'plastics may be at the store.' Saying something is 'not possible' is like saying 'I am certain that is all the plastics.' That concludes my argument against Trevor Phillips.

[@MineMurphydog]

Dude, the observable universe is just what we can observe. We are by definition the center of it. Everyone is the center of the universe. Just like no one is the center of the Universe. Also please explain how imagination or empathy have anything to do with what I said?

[@RKroese]

I think it would go up (or down) and around itself. Like the magnetic lines on a magnet and would end up in the center where it started.

[@BlueSun_]

Because as soon as the space expansion separates anything smaller than a group of galaxies, gravity, the electromagnetic force and the strong force would reunite the proton/planet/star/galaxy. Thus the expansion is only noticeable between groups of galaxies for they are too distant for gravity to keep them together. To get the point put two connected magnets on an elastic tissue and try to separate them by stretching the tissue.

[@BlueSun_]

You can imagine the different pairs of magnets as being different groups of galaxies or Superclusters, so each group remains the same side while the distance between groups increases.

[@rickteichroeb2817]

these vids are pure excellence

[@x969536]

It's the space itself that is expanding, there is no point to point force effect like in magnetism. This is a non local phenomena, that's why you have galaxies getting away with speeds greater than c and not violating any relativistic rule.

[@Archangel_Iahhel]

track the math for the expansion backwards because as i was looking at your graph i think it is possible to do accurate calculations to determine when the universe will coalesce.

[@HECKproductions]

i loved the "baa" around 1:08

[@KuronoXD]

Because if everything got smaller at the same rate, the distance between objects in space would increase proportionally (i.e. always doubling every second), whereas according to the theory of an expanding universe, objects in the "limits" of the universe move farther away from each other compared to those closer to the theoretical point of origin.

[@alexmolanes6784]

Galaxies (as well as everything else) seen from a large enough perspective are understood to be moving away from each other. there are exceptions (such as Andromeda-Milky Way), but when observing clusters, super-clusters, and the very structure of the universe, this all makes sense. I hope this helps!

[@DavidNancyTom]

you are the best teacher ever

[@31428571J]

Ok, many thanks for the update. Here it is: (should have checked really before posting) re: Einstein's greatest blunder, a positive Lambda? (excerpt from wiki... Cosmological Constant/Positive Value):: "Observations announced in 1998 of distance-red-shift relation for Type Ia supernova indicated that the expansion of the universe is accelerating. When combined with measurements of the cosmic microwave background radiation these implied a value of ΩΛ (approx equal to) 0.7"

[@asherrfacee]

I'm not sure I believe that galaxies farther away are really in fact moving away faster than those that are closer to us. Researchers measured the speed at which close and far galaxies are moving away using red shift which showed that those farther away are moving faster - but, my hypothesis is that since we are seeing those distant galaxies in the past because of the speed of light isn't it possible that they could actually be slowing down to the same speed as galaxies that are close to us?

[@MrHooligan416]

Congratulations, Sean Carroll, for getting an award that proves that space really is dark and depressing and will continue to be, more so in the future.

[@knutonianphysics]

Or, recognize that a smooth, symmetrical Big Bang had a center. Simply moving the observer farther from the center causes the universe to appear to expand and inflate according to the formula for the volume of a sphere. If vacuum energy exists without a center, it should be the same in all directions and cancel out. A center also defines time as the distance from the center. Knutonian physics

[@rohitchaoji]

Such mergers occur when galaxies are at a distance where the gravitational force between them is strong enough to overcome the vacuum energy.

[@duckwhistle]

I didn't say anything about the Universe getting smaller. Just the stuff in it. If I didn't make it clear, the Universe would stay the same size. It may not seem to make much sense but my question is basically how do you know if the thing you are measuring is getting bigger or the thing you are measuring it with is getting smaller without an additional reference points. And when you are talking about the entire universe, there are no additional reference points.

[@SigurTibbs]

because the wavelengths of light red shift. look up the hubble effect. if they were simply shrinking it wouldn't effect the color of the light that's hitting us.

[@vishalpatil1466]

i think it is coming closer to Milky Way but at intervals and at small distances ie the escalator has more power than us because we are saving our energy for 2 min,after 2 min we put all our energy to go down and we are back at 1 min.After 5 min(not 4 as speed increases according to physics) we will be at 2 or 3rd minute place.Therefore we are moving away also coming closer? . Agree?

[@soccerwizzy]

The center is the point at which all lines 'drawn' on an object directly to the opposite side of it intersect. Or at least in my book

[@signsofevil]

wait so galaxies move away from each other, but inside the galaxies planets do not? if space expands it expands everywhere, so the planets are moving towards each other to stay at the same distance? does that make sense to anyone? and also how do we conquer the alien planets if they are accelerating away from us?

[@MnM4516]

Remember that dark energy isn't an actual field like matter is - it's an invariant form of energy called the cosmological constant. It's built into the equations of general relativity, it's an energy of 'space itself'. Also keep in mind that the conservation of energy doesn't necessarily apply in an expanding universe under all circumstances.

[@mrwho995]

I've traced back the chain of comments to here. I'll try and see if I can explain it, although I am no expert. It was concluded that the universe is expanding because all galaxies are moving away from each other, and galaxies further away are moving away even faster. Just like if you stretch some elastic, the edges move faster than the middle. (cont)

[@edge21str]

I don't really understand your first question. Do you mean to ask if mass is not able to travel at the speed of light or faster? The answer to that is: Yes. About the line of sight, that's a pretty good question but the thing is we don't have to be able to see further away because the light reaches our eyes no matter what but the number of photons actually reaching us would be smaller so the stars would be less bright, but we'd see them. Please tell me if I got something wrong. I'm no scientist.

[@ogarci5]

There are several galaxies that actually move away from us faster than the speed of light. That is because the it's not the galaxies themselves that are actually moving, it's the space between us and the galaxies that is expanding. This can cause the galaxies to appear to be moving faster than the speed of light.

[@duckhuntergaming4713]

I suppose that just as the rate of expansion of the universe is positive, the rate of the rate of expansion is negative, and there will be a point that the universe will not be accelerating outwards, and after that it will start converging.

[@elizabethdawn256]

Well I have one thing to ask . If we are moving away from other galaxies and they're moving away from us( and the further away the galaxies are the faster they move) technically there isn't an acceleration it just appears to accelerate faster and faster. So are we really accelerating or is it just an illusion?

[@QuantaTheta]

What we mean by "right now" is a myserious thing which we cannot define and we cannot affect, but it can affect us later, or we could have affected it if we had done something far enough in the past. When we look at the star Alpha Centauri, we see it as it was four years ago; we might wonder what it is like "now." "Now" means the same time from our special coordinate system. We can only see Alpha Centauri from the light that has come from our past, up to four years ago, but...

[@woodfur00]

I'm not saying it makes sense as it is, because obviously the things in the universe aren't shrinking. But different ways of thinking can be useful in helping us picture the way the universe actually is, since it's so far beyond our three-dimensional minds. It probably has nothing to do with the universe's actual layout, but every idea makes us think a little harder about the ways things COULD work, even ones that aren't based on fact at all.

[@domakusi]

given that the universe is infinite (or is), and the light constant doesn't affect space-time itself, does it mean that there are galaxies that are going further away from us more than the speed of light? and if so, is it possible that most of what we could observe now could suddenly disappear from view or appear faded when it's on a certain point where its light could no longer reach us?

[@Jahanam9994]

I'd like to try and answer this. You're asking if there is an energy that is in all empty space, and if that space is increasing exponentially, then the universe would gain infinite energy. Based on my limited knowledge, I don't think it violates the 2nd Law, as it only states the universe is always increasing in entropy (which it does in this case). However, infinite energy that comes out of nowhere (from what little I know) does not seems right, so I will research some more and get back to you

[@UnforgivingCritic]

Yes, putting it simply, dark matter is the value of an unknown constant that makes the equation unequal. It's not well understood because it's not tested as a matter.

[@QuetMarcocota]

So also picture the dragster again, it is also accelerating faster and faster away from you. When will it reach its top speed? When it reaches that equilibrium between time and explosive force of the combustion chambers limit. Our universe may not have reached its maximum speed yet, but is still accelerating.

[@taximan03]

However the amount of time that would take is mind-boggling to us. Humankind will be long gone.

[@gabrielgomez9371]

What if we got on a space ship towards another galaxy? Would it slow down so we could catch up to it, or would it keep accelerating as if we were still on earth?

[@WhiteMisterT]

From that drawn concept it would appears as if it would eventually come full circle regardless of infinite nature. If it's infinite it must come back and if it's not the vacuum will push into to it's origin. Carcosa style.

[@PICLex]

Great illustrations.

[@CPUHeizer]

It's like blowing up a balloon: every point on it's surface is moving away from all other points but the surface has no center

[@Onychoprion27]

Question: If space itself is expanding, wouldn't the space inside of protons etc. also be expanding, making matter itself grow with it? Wouldn't the space between nuclei and electrons grow, making atoms grow? And if all of that were growing, shouldn't stars and galaxies grow at the same rate as the expansion, meaning there wouldn't be a change at all? But that's not happening. So how is it that only space outside of matter is growing?

[@dspitze]

Can you please do a video on cuprates and their possible indirect implications of string theory and dark matter oh and particle wave duality

[@k1dicarus]

that may very well be, considering english is not my mother language and I´m not always able to translate what I would say in german. But thanks that you informed me.

[@Sapiensiate]

Yes and no. It is not that the galaxies themselves are moving it is that there is an increasing amount of space. Think of a deflated balloon with 2 dots on it. As you inflate it the dots move away from each other, but it is not the dots that are really moving it is that rubber of the balloon is stretching. So the galaxies themselves are not moving faster than light, but if the expansion accelerates it could be that not even light will be fast enough to cross it (like swimming against a tide).

[@albertarguendo3081]

If it was just an explosive force the rate of acceleration would not be increasing. Think of it as the engine on the dragster becoming even more powerful as it went along, it wouldn't reach a terminal velocity if this rate of acceleration increase was more that the rate of increase in resistance . Also, if space is expanding faster and gravity decreases with distance then there is no reason to believe the forces will balance out.

[@gloom_slug]

that makes sense,somewhat. But my other question was how do we conclude that universe is expanding and not just that galaxies are moving far from each other in a non-expanding universe. And also if universe i.e space is expanding does that mean time is also affected. If yes then that means time is affected differently in different parts of universe. And if the above statement makes a little bit of sense.. explain to me.

[@HellsMascot]

The current value of lambda (cosmological constant) associated with the vacuum energy (and its negative pressure and expectation value) that theoretical cosmologists feel is responsible for the universe's acceleration of expansion is off by an order of magnitude larger than any other 'predictive' value in science. We need a modified theory of gravity. John Moffat discusses this in his book "Reinventing Gravity" if anyone cares to learn alternate theories that have much stronger explanations for the acceleration of the universe than what Mr. Carroll has offered here. (Mr. Carroll's explanation has its basis in Einstein's general relativity and the observation of Type 1a supernovae being significantly more redshifted than they 'should be' - however, he DID mention an alternate theory of gravity being something to consider, which is more than most physicists today would entertain).

[@TheTall]

Your comment goes perfectly with your user picture.

[@MaoRuiqi]

If--as a virtual mantra--whet physicists declare, in particular, that all galaxies are separating from each other uniformly on an accelerating basis, what then are we to make of the Andromeda Galaxy, which i understand is heading directly toward us?

[@puppyspencer1]

I think that superdeinvadda is saying do we stretch? because our atom and molecules could be getting less dense

[@Tetrahelix]

The way that we can tell that things are getting farther away is because the light from them is Doppler-shifted, like a siren or train moving away from you. Shrinking objects wouldn't produce the same effect. The light from a nearby galaxy like Andromeda was emitted a few million years ago, while the light from very distant galaxies was emitted billions of years ago. If things were shrinking, the distant galaxies would look bigger.

[@madsmadser]

The speed of which the universe is expanding is increasing. Everything in it (galaxies, solar systems etc.) is thus also accelerating away from each other. But since galaxies have mass, the universe can't expand faster than the speed of light?

[@KodyackCasual]

the only thing with becoming "lonlier" is that none of the galaxies will reach the speed of light in a given direction. (or at least, not in any way we know of) this means that light will still travel to us from them, but it will eventually get red shifted i suppose. of course, by the time that something like that happens, I'd assume that we will have moved much, much farther into science.

[@jancothegianniman]

My opinion: Time runs slower in high gravity field, and faster in low gravity field. Universe isn't expanding faster. Lower density of matter and antimatter gives lower gravitation, thus the time is speeding up

[@RKroese]

Okay, but that would mean the universe and how we observe it is relative to space and not to light (which is common in natural science E=MC squared). Since the 'larger' universe is 'empty space' before the 'smaller' universe moves into it. If I say: "The universe is relative to the space it occupies." then I would be talking about the 'smaller' universe. and "The universe is relative to space." then I would be talking about the 'larger' universe. What are your thoughts?

[@torylva]

Just a question on this, is the universe a closed system? I mean, does it obey to the second law of thermodynamic? Will the universe run out of dark energy and then turn to entropy or is the universe open for leaving and entering? If it is a closed system, that must mean that the universe is eternal, once it reaches the total zero, right?

[@ccoker95]

Could dark energy be the reason that motion can be observed from any frame of reference, despite mass? (Mass cancels out so that I can push the entire universe around by running in circles?)