Mutations (Updated)

Join the Amoeba Sisters as they explain gene and chromosome mutations, and explore the significance of these changes. This updated video has improved audio and images! Check out our updated handout on www.amoebasisters.com/handouts and expand for table of contents!
Factual Reference:
OpenStax Biology 2nd Edition, Biology 2e. OpenStax CNX. May 8, 2019 cnx.org/contents/8d50a0af-948b....
Codons and the amino acids they code for is represented by standard charts can be found in the public domain. While the rectangle chart is the common format, there may be other ways to represent the information. P.S. If exploring more about mutations, check out this cool codon chart that includes mutations(!!) in the public domain: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
**Further Reading Suggestions to Go Beyond This Content!**
-Yes, mutations can happen in viruses! Check out master teacher John Mead's National Geographic Education blog post on this with the influenza virus:
blog.education.nationalgeogra...
-Mutations in fruit flies? Learn more:
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
-Careers in Genetics?
National Society of Genetic Counselors: www.nsgc.org/page/aboutgeneti...
Bioinformatics: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
Flowchart from American Society of Human Genetics- www.ashg.org/education/career_...
The Amoeba Sisters videos demystify science with humor and relevance. The videos center on Pinky's certification and experience in teaching biology at the high school level. Learn more about our videos here: www.amoebasisters.com/our-videos
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Handouts: www.amoebasisters.com/handout...
Comics: www.amoebasisters.com/paramec...
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TIPS FOR VIEWING EDU KZbin VIDEOS:
Want to learn tips for viewing edu KZbin videos including changing the speed, language, viewing the transcript, etc? www.amoebasisters.com/pinkys-...
MUSIC:
Our intro music designed and performed by Jeremiah Cheshire.
End music in this video is listed free to use/no attribution required from the KZbin audio library kzbin.info...
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We take pride in our AWESOME community, and we welcome feedback and discussion. However, please remember that this is an education channel. See KZbin's community guidelines and how KZbin handles comments that are reported by the community. We also reserve the right to remove comments.
TRANSLATIONS:
Hindi Subtitles Credit: Alisha Aggarwal
Turkish Subtitles Credit: Emre Durak
Some translated subtitles on our videos were translated by the community using KZbin's community-contributed subtitle feature. After the feature was discontinued by KZbin, we have another option for submitting translated subtitles here: www.amoebasisters.com/pinkys-... We want to thank our amazing community for the generosity of their time in continuing to create translated subtitles. If you have a concern about community contributed contributions, please contact us.
Our Amoeba Sisters en Español channel has our videos dubbed in Spanish! / @amoebasistersespanol

[@AmoebaSisters]

We like to pin comments for clarifications when they are needed. At the point where "random" is mentioned in the video, it is discussing the *effect* of whether the mutation is beneficial to the organism - this is why we follow the sentence with, "The organism can't *will* itself to get a certain mutation." We chose to address this, because it's important to understand organisms are *not* "choosing their mutations to adapt and evolve" - a frequent misconception. An additional, lengthier source from Berkeley that also explains "random" in regards to mutations is here: evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/mutations_07 But this is different than the mutation *rate* or *frequency* which can be altered by both external and internal factors (we actually mention some at 1:38 ). To read more about this, we found a great further reading article from Nature Education - you can scroll down to their answer "Are Mutations Random?" www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/genetic-mutation-1127/ Just a note: in case you've seen our old mutations video, this is an updated form. The script is nearly the same, although we think we improved explaining a silent mutation and a frameshift mutation. We also emphasized that mutations can happen in all kinds of organisms (and viruses too)! Our art has also improved as we continue to practice. No MS Paint this time ≧◡≦! You can see our milestones here: www.amoebasisters.com/milestones We did decide to create an updated free student mutation handout---we don't always update old video handouts, but we wanted to improve it: www.amoebasisters.com/handouts Still prefer the old video (and handout)? No worries! We try to not delete old videos and you can find it here: kzbin.info/www/bejne/fZrIi2amoJ6MjNE

[@gustavgnoettgen]

Just what I was looking for to describe it to someone else. Thanks! ❤️

[@blobb23]

Also, congratz on 1 million subs!

[@arazzaqmshlrazzouq1629]

Please make a vedio for DNA markers...! ..

[@kathmandoozle]

You are completely discounting adaptive and stress-induced mutations by saying "all mutations are random" despite the scientific evidence that suggests that not all mutations are random

[@sentientfetus3894]

Dying Bacteria leave single genes in environment. And the they mutate their genes see what happens also mRNAs can sine fall back to main genome duplicating genes so yes we can will mutations

[@user-ex6gq2jw6k]

Here are my notes, you guys can skim through it if it helps!! Gene Mutations Mutations=change in DNA bases=Different protein=diff traits Can be harmless, beneficial, disadvantaged -harmless are usually the misplacing in matching codons -the mutations that show are frame shifted Frame shift insertion, deletion -bases read in 3s is changed, this effects the whole reading frame shift -lead to several amino acid changes Chromosomes mutation: -made of protein or DNA Duplication Extra copies of genes made deletion Genetic materials break away inversion Reversed chromosomes translocation One chromosome breaks off and attached to another chromosome Meiosis (Gametes of half chromosome number) -sometimes the chromosomes don’t divide equally -too many or too few chromosomes in the gametes during intersection When the parents have the same mutation, their offspring will have this mutation When the offspring inherits one gene of the mutation, they are a carrier Carrier -not having the mutation -not having symptoms

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YAS! That's amazing! Thanks for making us part of your study materials. ≧◡≦

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Got any tips for AP Bio?

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Freshman, living environment

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Time codes: 1:55 Gene mutations 3:12Chromosome mutations 5:20 Sickle cell anemia

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[@AmoebaSisters]

That makes us so happy! Hope you have a fantastic time with AP bio - we always love video suggestions! :D

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@@AmoebaSisters I've just found your channel. I've taking two college level general biology classes and am now in genetics and this is still helping me. It's great that your content can be applicable and understandable for a large variety of subjects and learning levels. This is not quite advanced enough for the class but I've used it to understand the foundations of a subject before using the lectures and textbook to get the more detailed processes and additional enzymes/processes. It's also great as a refresher and summary for each concept for after learning the details.

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I learn more in a 7 minute video than in my 2 period 90 minute ap bio class and I'm literally gonna fail my test tmr

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facts

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Oof, same here except I'm in regular bio and we were dipping into epigenetics;-;

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Failing mine tomorrow

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Dear and wise Amoeba Sisters you've become my favorite source of bio info. You talk in such a clear and concise way, and the funny and amusing illustrations accompanying your explanations put a smile on my face. You truly excel at that and gives your videos a plus. Many thanks and Congratulations!!! :)

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Yay for young children and science!

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[@AmoebaSisters]

Our favorite type of comment! (ﾉ◕ヮ◕)ﾉ*:･ﾟ✧

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Pikachu Boi Same! But I think my teacher explains fine!

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waut you mean cuz

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Agree with u.

[@awkwardhuman6314]

I love the little comic panel at the end of each video! They always make me smile and I find an interest in learning about mutations! ^^

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You guys are helping me so much in my genetics class! I should've checked you guys out sooner when I took cell bio last semester. Reading the book is really boring sometimes and lectures as well. But the videos have been helping me understand so much in a few minutes because of how interesting and fun they are! Thank you for the great content :)

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I showed this to my younger brother and he loved how well explained it is and the drawing which helped him understand a lot more than how his teacher explained. Thanks

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BaldiesoJose That’s so sweet! If only my brother could watch this type of Biology videos...

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Just found this channel and I'm in love...the clarity, the simplicity, the animation..makes learning fun. Thank u🤍

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I love how everybody is talking about how this video helped them pass their class while I'm just over here laughing my butt off at the fruit flies xD

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lol me too

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this channel is so unnecessarily helpful, im a sophomore in college and i literally rely on these videos for my labs

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Thank you so much for this video, this really helped me better understand the basics of Gene's. I'm in a pretty hard bio class right now and all of the "fancy" words are too confusing for me to understand. This was really helpful, hope to see you in the next video you guys make! Bye for now

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these videos are actually so helpful and i love how she includes ways to remember the concept cuz that helps a lot when i have a quiz or test and i forget something or i’m unsure. and the cute little animations help me visualize what’s going on. i always watch these videos before a test to hear it all recapped in an entertaining video. thanks so much for ur help!💗

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this was released on my birthday! I guess I got a bit of knowledge for my birthday :D Thank you, Amoeba Sisters!

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Someone tell me why I sit through hour and a half classes when I could be watching this from the comfort of my own bed...

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Your videos make me understand thanks

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u don’t understand how much this helps like u rly don’t know how much you’ve helped people omg thank u

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Have been watching your videos since freshman year of highschool, I am now a sophomore in college and continue to watch them. Thank you for these helpful videos

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And here I am two years later to rewatch these videos since bio freshman year. ( I am a junior who takes ap Bio) This is my favorite KZbin channel.

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I love how you explain everything so well!

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U guys helped me to pass my bio class!

[@ilas.not.here.]

I have to watch this for science class but you guys make me excited to do my work for once, so thank you.

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I’m a medical student and I still benefitted from this video, thx!

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[@eeeep5497]

Why is the duplication chromosome vibe checking me tho? 3:42

[@spaghetti_man3807]

You must pass THE VIBE CHECK to continue this video.

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I'd love to see an Amoeba Sisters video on the function/ structure of the heart/ brain?? 🙏🏼

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@H A I wish we could like comments more than once omg 😩

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you are so amazing! i got an A+ on my essay on mutations! thank you sooo much!

[@yourfellowgoogledocs]

thank you Amoeba Sisters for helping me understand Mutations I got a A+ on my mutation essay

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my bio teachers assigns your videos as part of our modules. so much better than reading

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I watch your videos in science and they're really helpful!

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When your college professor sucks at giving lectures so you turn to the real MVPs who got you interested in science in the first place

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Love the mass effect reference

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Great video (thank you!!!) was that a Mass Effect reference or just a coincidence with the beneficial (paragon) and harmful (renegade) symbols @1:07? Made my day either way :)

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I watched this in class today, came back to point out the Mass effect reference 💀 I love the amoeba sisters

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I have a little exam soon, Thank you for sharing your video😊

[@brucetutty9984]

I was interested in viral gene tranfer from an evolutionary point of view. We have viral components in our DNA, and i was struck by the thought that its difficult for us to evolve on our own, as our multicellular nature means it doesn't matter if we lose some cells, but for a virus the same conditions could be life or death (avoiding for the moment whether a virus is "alive" as we know it). So virus would evolve much faster, albeit in a simple manner, and we were far more likely to evolve new traits by being infected with them, than by random mutation (which seems pretty unlikely if you look at the chances of a single mutation being passed by a single person).

[@lilyruff1411]

I’m still confused how mutations just randomly occur. What caused them to mess up in the first place. Why don’t they replicate how they’re supposed to

[@The-Tired-Student]

Thank you for your amazing videos, very helpful.

[@annas7892]

This is really cool - im not a med student but always loved biology and genetics. Now I'm interested in seeing if there is any research into whether the mutations are really random, or whether some genes or proteins or some of their components are weak that makes them more likely to mutate. especially with the TSC gene which causes tuberous sclerosis. There is 1 in 44000 cases in the US and in Europe its more like 1 in 20 000. What could be the possible reasons for the much more frequent occurrence of this disease and mutation in Europe vs US. What could be the potential environmental factors that make a mutation more likely. Could there be any relation to choline intake as it promotes gene expression? And im not looking for research where there has been trial that proved something, or for people to say that we dont really know what causes something, but when you look deeper there is 20 research projects started that have some slivers of information that may give an answer but since cohort wasn't big enough its treated as : we dont know.

[@kathmandoozle]

Yes, look up adaptive mutations or stress-induced mutations. The research suggests that not all mutations are random

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Thank u so much...teachers can just confuse us...but m so happy that u help me clear all my confusions... u make the hardest of topics seem so easier.

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Took biology during the summer and got addicted; love your videos!

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Luv ur videos so much 😍😍😘 can u make a detailed video on cell structure plz☺

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ONE DAY YOU ARE GOING TO BE IN THE BEST LEARNING CHANNELS

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twin single-celled eukaryotes have taught me better than anyone could ever thank you amoeba sisters :D

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Maam im so happy for more information thank you so much.and GOD BLESS YOU MORE

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thank you Amoeba sisters :)

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where’s my notif squad at???

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Rhocel Lipcan right here 👏

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too distracted by the Mass Effect references LOL great info!

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Great explanation of concept i ever understood ❤❤❤❤❤❤

[@mrsamandabernier]

This is amazing. Thank-you.