Paul E. Turner (Yale) 1: Introduction to Virus Ecology and Evolution

www.ibiology.org/microbiology...
Part 1: Introduction to Virus Ecology and Evolution: Dr. Paul Turner describes the fundamental biology of viruses, how they interact with their host organisms, and how they might have originally evolved long ago.
Part 2: Virus Adaptation to Environmental Change: Turner’s laboratory uses experimental evolution to study how viruses adapt to environmental changes.
Part 3: Phage Therapy: Turner provides an introduction to phage therapy, and how it can be improved by applying ‘evolution thinking’.
Talk Overview:
In his first lecture, Dr. Paul Turner describes the fundamental biology of viruses, how they interact with their host organisms, and how they might have originally evolved long ago. He provides an overview of the many reasons why viruses might be considered the most biologically successful inhabitants of earth, including their ability to rapidly reproduce, and adapt to environmental challenges. Turner explains how viruses have impacted human history, as well as earth’s history, due to their prevalent interactions with other species.
Viruses have an incredible capacity to adapt to environmental challenges, but sometimes, the environment constraints viral adaptation. Turner’s laboratory uses experimental evolution to study how viruses adapt to environmental changes (e.g. temperature changes), and the mechanisms by which viruses jump to novel host species. Turner’s work suggests that viruses with greater capacities to block the innate immune systems of their hosts, also have a greater likelihood of emerging on new host species. Also, he describes how virus adaptation to environmental change may be constraints by trade-offs: viruses can evolve either greater reproduction or greater survival, but not both simultaneously.
Before antibiotics were discovered, scientists were using viruses of bacteria, bacteriophages, to treat bacterial infections in humans. Given the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, scientists are revisiting the idea of using phage therapy to treat infections. In his third lecture, Turner provides an introduction to phage therapy, and how it can be improved by applying ‘evolution thinking’. His laboratory discovered phage OMKO1 that can treat multi-drug resistant bacteria in human patients while causing these bacteria to evolve greater sensitivity to antibiotics.
Speaker Biography:
Dr. Paul Turner is Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at Yale University, and holds an appointment in the Microbiology Program at Yale School of Medicine. His laboratory studies how viruses evolutionarily adapt to overcome environmental challenges, such as temperature changes or infection of novel host species. Turner received his bachelor’s degree in Biology from the University of Rochester in 1988, and completed his graduate studies in microbial ecology and evolution at Michigan State University in 1995. Learn more about Dr. Turner’s research here:
turnerlab.yale.edu

[@lethalprobiotic]

His voice is beautiful! Been anxious for a while and was immensely soothed as soon as this video started

[@NondescriptMammal]

This explains things with such clarity and efficiency. Excellent and informative lecture, thank you!

[@mariopuzo4509]

Mind blowing stuff when u think about it... Thanks for sharing some wisdom. Glad to hear it from someone who knows what they are talking about.

[@StewartChaimson]

One of the best on iBiology, and there are so many really great ones! Thank you!

[@kirschkern8260]

In February -April 2020. The Media made big Panic about a Virus called Corona (Covid19) . If you read this in the future look how bad that virus was. Or if ir was just Media making Panic? Because Media are serving the powerfull to distract all people. So i ask you to control this case after 2020. Was it really bad? Or isbit just a stupid Storry, to make people fearfull and crazy?! See by yourself how the MassMedia did it on purpose.

[@laurencevanhelsuwe3052]

What a superb video. Crystal clear, top quality. Thanks for making this !

[@BSCHAFER11]

Excellent presentation for us beginners along with very interesting presenter. Thank You so much for your contribution to our understanding

[@rickhunt3183]

Viruses are amazing. The more I know. The more I want to know. Great stuff..

[@kirschkern8260]

In February -April 2020. The Media made big Panic about a Virus called Corona (Covid19) . If you read this in the future look how bad that virus was. Or if ir was just Media making Panic? Because Media are serving the powerfull to distract all people. So i ask you to control this case after 2020. Was it really bad? Or isbit just a stupid Storry, to make people fearfull and crazy?! See by yourself how the MassMedia did it on purpose.

[@rickhunt3183]

@@kirschkern8260Think about the number of deaths this flu season from the regular flu. 16,000+ this flu season. No one cared about any of those people, but if a 1000 in the US die there will be whole sale panic driven by the news media. Death and panic is good for their business. Things are not desperate yet. There's still rule of law, power, water and communications. No fema camps have been setup. When the internet gets turned off and your cell phone no longer works, then panic.

[@johnnysmith4514]

I wish we could use them to cure cancer, they r very good to target the cells so why not to train them to attac those cancer cells and destroy them. Or they cld b used as a suitcase to get cure to ill cells.

[@newtonsecondlaw]

@@rickhunt3183 Survivorship bias

[@newtonsecondlaw]

@@rickhunt3183 another problem is do we really need or not

[@michaelliles3938]

Dr. Turner, you are an excellent Teacher. Thank you for the video

[@kirschkern8260]

In February -April 2020. The Media made big Panic about a Virus called Corona (Covid19) . If you read this in the future look how bad that virus was. Or if ir was just Media making Panic? Because Media are serving the powerfull to distract all people. So i ask you to control this case after 2020. Was it really bad? Or isbit just a stupid Storry, to make people fearfull and crazy?! See by yourself how the MassMedia did it on purpose.

[@harrykekgmail]

the most interesting presentation on virus that I have come across. thank you.

[@jonadams8841]

Awesome thoughtful and though-compelling presentation. I was just wondering yesterday which came first - viruses or cellular life.

[@gnored]

Amazing. A truly adult presentation on an interesting topic. Bravo!

[@chrissengemmill6024]

Kia ora from New Zealand Paul!!!! great to see you here!

[@BarryBranton]

I'm watch this. Thank you, Paul E. Turner! Well done!

[@kirschkern8260]

In February -April 2020. The Media made big Panic about a Virus called Corona (Covid19) . If you read this in the future look how bad that virus was. Or if ir was just Media making Panic? Because Media are serving the powerfull to distract all people. So i ask you to control this case after 2020. Was it really bad? Or isbit just a stupid Storry, to make people fearfull and crazy?! See by yourself how the MassMedia did it on purpose.

[@Heart2HeartBooks]

Exceptional teaching. Thanks!

[@JRondeauYUL]

Very instructive! Thank you 😊

[@raydaily8653]

was forced to watch this CSUB 2020, and I loved it keep it up

[@glikar1]

Paul is an excellent speaker/lecturer!

[@muppelmuh1445]

@05:12 and following: I was intrigued by the idea that maybe viruses are older than cellular life and was waiting for the explanation of how viruses would have replicated without a host, but that aspect wasn't explained. If viruses really evolved earlier than cellular life, yet all viruses we know today (even the later mentioned ancient ones we find in the ice) are depending on cellular life to replicate- how would viruses have replicated before they found cellular lifeforms as a host? I don't know, but my gut says that co-evolution would explain that riddle better? I would be happy to learn more about this. Thanks for this great talk!

[@williamlowry6492]

From what I've read the theory proposed is that viruses were bits of RNA that were parasites of other bigger bits of RNA (which were ribozymes, RNA with enzymatic functions), before there even was a cell; the cell would have then become an advantage as it provided protection against those parasitic bits of DNA.

[@muppelmuh1445]

@@williamlowry6492 jupp, it seems like I simply never heard of an RNA world up until I stumbled upon this lecture. I read a bit about this now and can only say thanks to those who make such lectures available because I get so much out of them. In this case I didn't only learn something about viruses but also about the RNA world. Thanks for your answer!

[@mikeschiavoni5973]

The virus would be first, in between life and death, information (hack) in a shell. The cell is life, and through life the virus replicates.

[@kirschkern8260]

In February -April 2020. The Media made big Panic about a Virus called Corona (Covid19) . If you read this in the future look how bad that virus was. Or if ir was just Media making Panic? Because Media are serving the powerfull to distract all people. So i ask you to control this case after 2020. Was it really bad? Or isbit just a stupid Storry, to make people fearfull and crazy?! See by yourself how the MassMedia did it on purpose.

[@narcisochavez9392]

If viruses came first and are the ancestors of all or most life on earth than at some point inheritance/evolution/mutation must have allowed a virus to become closer and closer to what we consider cellular life. For all we know we are just advanced cellular viruses

[@John-hj6ed]

Back when I was in college it would cost several hundred to thousands of dollars to register for a graduate class that was not as informative or well instructed as this video....

[@NanheeByrnesPhD]

Mind-blowing lecture in the time of corona.

[@osmosisjones4912]

Bactira when they die that spit out strands of single gene DNA . Microbes share RNAs all the time what if someone long ago absorbed some base information but that Genr was better at Reproduction . Or some bactira live and feed in bigger cells. What any became specialized

[@riverstarr7000]

Wonderful video. Very informative and engaging! :)

[@modolief]

Superb! Thank you!

[@blauwzakjecrack]

thank you Dr Turner!

[@Joybanglathe71]

Thank you, professor!

[@144Donn]

EXCELLENT, if not an amazing presentation! Thank you!!! I wonder to what degree we humans can affect whether the Viruses' effect will be positive or negative. I am not only referring to washing hands and other hygienic actions but the energy we hold, be it positive or negative.

[@patldennis]

Well you can have a positive attitude when you get sick but that's not a free pass to woo woo land.

[@richardsabogalsuji2963]

Great video Thanks!

[@antn8387]

Thanks, Dr. This video was way too short. Appreciate the presentation.

[@tardarsauce3355]

Fascinating stuff!

[@simonxag]

Nicely pitched at a popular science level. For people who know what a cell is, but not microbiology or biochemistry. At about the SciShow level, but hopefully leading on quite a bit further. A lot of us have had our interest piqued - I wonder why? :-)

[@kirschkern8260]

In February -April 2020. The Media made big Panic about a Virus called Corona (Covid19) . If you read this in the future look how bad that virus was. Or if ir was just Media making Panic? Because Media are serving the powerfull to distract all people. So i ask you to control this case after 2020. Was it really bad? Or isbit just a stupid Storry, to make people fearfull and crazy?! See by yourself how the MassMedia did it on purpose. Write under my comment, did many people die. Or notjing serious happend. And people live as they allways lived?

[@burtlade1705]

Thank you!

[@m.a.3571]

Who is watching this in the midst of the Covid-19 outbreak?

[@soldatheero]

people saying it is more like the flu than anything but my research has shown that no it is more like SARS and MERS since they are both not only coronavirus' but animal coronavirus which is more dangerous. MERS has a death rate of more like 30 percent if corona was like that spreading this quickly millions would die

[@kirschkern8260]

Yes 16.03.2020

[@kirschkern8260]

Officialy there are 3 massdistraction WEAPONS : atomic, BIOLOGICAL , chemical. - Called ABC Weapons. - Usa economy is under pressure. So they started diffrent attacks such as Sanction, fee, and political pressure against China and other parts of Eur-Asia. . When those didnt help the USA started Biological attacks. The outbreaks are random. And it doesnt make any sense from natural logic. Because nothing changed in nature of this area. . All the food and Products existing there for hundrets of years. Why is the Virus outbreak now, when there are tensions between USA / China ?

[@vihai]

I'm writing from Milan, what is this Coronawhatever?

[@chessdominos]

@@vihai Cagoon!

[@hidgik]

Amazing!

[@amerramday]

Excellent....

[@kirschkern8260]

In February -April 2020. The Media made big Panic about a Virus called Corona (Covid19) . If you read this in the future look how bad that virus was. Or if ir was just Media making Panic? Because Media are serving the powerfull to distract all people. So i ask you to control this case after 2020. Was it really bad? Or isbit just a stupid Storry, to make people fearfull and crazy?! See by yourself how the MassMedia did it on purpose. Write under my comment, did many people die. Or notjing serious happend. And people live as they allways lived?

[@julesvis]

Great stuff

[@demonshaz]

This would make an amazing Ted talk

[@mapdasilva1012]

Amazing talk Dr. Turner! Thank you

[@kirschkern8260]

In February -April 2020. The Media made big Panic about a Virus called Corona (Covid19) . If you read this in the future look how bad that virus was. Or if ir was just Media making Panic? Because Media are serving the powerfull to distract all people. So i ask you to control this case after 2020. Was it really bad? Or isbit just a stupid Storry, to make people fearfull and crazy?! See by yourself how the MassMedia did it on purpose.

[@coreycox2345]

@@kirschkern8260I wouldn't take any chances I didn't have to right now.

[@Q_QQ_Q]

mind blowing

[@bicycleninja1685]

Sublime!

[@crapadopalese]

16:57 - "probably" dropping some serious speculation under the radar.

[@msahakim]

Dr. Paul Turner, I'd like to ask how I can enroll to your program. With you as the professor.

[@rickangelico5612]

Fascinating.

[@1033141]

thank you sir

[@stevekelly2018]

Damn you viral biology!! Now I've got something else that's going to eat up my spare time.

[@sajadmontazer6746]

Very interseting!!!!

[@Zainabkhan-zt3cu]

i still have a question which evolved first

[@144Donn]

Re: Corona-virus- why is no one talking about the heat sensitivity of a virus' envelope? we get fevers when sick to burn up invading bacteria and viruses. A steamroom, sauna and even a very hot bath can raise one's temp to destroy the virus.Why are we not hearing about this cheap, effective and readily available remedy?

[@rogerscottcathey]

16:03 Those upper right bottles are the economy size champagne called microminimmagnums.

[@ProfFeinman]

Yeah. Remember professionalism? And the content is appropriate for this medium. Informative but not overly technical which is hard to find.

[@erickamekonapeper4007]

I’m completely uneducated about this and I apologize for the Juvenile question. I’m wondering if it’s possible to give a virus like HIV a virus that stopes the process that we might know how to control that’s not as bad as HIV? I was just thinking about computers and viruses and started wondering if it’s possible to give a virus a virus. Thank you 😊 this is a Blessing I didn’t get to study much of this in High School but I wanted to I just didn’t realize how interested I am when I was a goof kid. I’m a goof adult now but it’s fun most of the time! Thank you! 😏🖖🏼

[@sixstringmarauder]

Fascinating! Viruses another one of god’s tools for human development and evolution.

[@markbrad123]

Thinking because Virions depend on cells it is impossible for them to predate cells. More likely some freak side-effect of cell interplay made virions. Maybe some cell got coated with binding antibodies by mistake to form a protein coat ? I dont know.

[@galadrael]

Are glyphosate and COVID-19 connected? Glyphosate, one of the most toxic chemicals in the world, may be the key to why some people get severely ill from COVID-19. An MIT senior research scientist reports: By Stephanie Seneff, Ph.D. Special to JenniferMargulis.net

[@lorraine1959]

What if you counted each cell rather then the cellular entity as one. Also if a virus exist through using cells as a whome for breeding, than how could they have existed before cell's existed?

[@allyourcode]

How can viruses predate cellular life if viruses require cells to reproduce?

[@nwogamesalert]

Good question!

[@ShaunVillafana]

I specifically like how you repeatedly state and refer to virus as _"nucleic acid surrounded by a capsid."_ It very much helps to remind everyone that viruses are not inherently living organisms, they are by all means inanimate themselves, and that the modern farce is entirely propagated by the people simply seeing that it has a capsid so they take that to mean that it's "a living being" when it is not. And nucleic acid generally does get protein capsid stuck to it when leaving the cell which is what we call exocytosis.

[@patldennis]

The other half of this observation that you've made is that they exhibit SOME of the properties of life. When creationists are incredulous about packets of chemicals or even protocells acting like they are alive I always ask them what motivates viruses to go out and make more virus "babies".

[@martinfield9686]

If they pre-existed cellular life how did they replicate?

[@scicommlab]

Good question! This gets into the proposed theories for how viruses originated, which is an area of open debate. The virus-first hypothesis gets at your question, but here's a good resource to learn about all three of the leading theories: www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/the-origins-of-viruses-14398218/

[@martinfield9686]

@@scicommlab Many thanks for the response. Obviously no easy answer.

[@5eA5]

Well, there has to be a correction, actually the spanish flu is the perfect example for mass tourism-it just happened to be the first world war.

[@villebooks]

Countless wounded "tourists" ...

[@46andme]

I studied molecular virology with the focus on so called “Foamy viruses” in Wuerzburg / Germany some years ago. This is a brilliant presentation and a really good way to recapitulate my knowledge. Thanks a lot for sharing these videos!

[@user-gp1kt3lu3t]

"Theory of Cell and Virus update 2020" by Prof. Gershom Zajicek kzbin.info/www/bejne/sJ26YmaKlM-Yaq8

[@markgrayson7514]

6:08 "that might have predated cellular life altogether." Aren't all viruses obligate intracellular parasites? They don't add any energy to a system, so how could they exist before their hosts?

[@DreamApostle128]

well the thing is we dont know how exactly life has formed and viruses cant preduce energy!! but they also seem to not need any! only for production they need energy and they get that from their victims and viruses are the simplest form of life that might not even be considered as life! they are basically a roll of dna in some capsule so they might actually be the first form of life or maybe a part of it? yeah we dont know that yet

[@markgrayson7514]

@@DreamApostle128 Your message is self contradictory. They only need energy to reproduce, which they from their victims. Therefore they DO need victims to reproduce. Thank you for a very strange validation of my point. Do you want an argument against my position? How about this: how did mitochondria develop, if not a form of virus captured by a cell as is the current thinking?

[@DreamApostle128]

@@markgrayson7514 well u dont understand onething and that is"we dont know how to produce a living cell out of thin air OR EVEN WITH EXACT MATERIALS NEEDED"bc virus is simple its simple so simple and small that a regular cell that we know as the simplest life form is actually is much more complicated than a virus and dont think that there is only prey and hunter! in that world there just bounds! bounds of proteins and molecules! and thats what cells are! just bunch of big giant molecules coming together making a bound and its much much easier for a virus to form! rather than a giant 10 or 100 times bigger form of life that we know as cells! or bacteria i dont have any problem with saying u r right! u probably are right! but if u open ur eyes and dig deeper u will understand that we really dont know anything!and all we trying to do is to find the root of us and learn more! and mitocondria is not a virus was never a virus! its (it was) a kind of bacteria! that our cells have PROBABLY eaten it! but then our cells in their good old ages find out that wow! this guy is making me food! then i dont desolve it! i feed it! and i get my energy back from the things that I cant get energy or im slow at(its kinda like us! humans using generators to get electericity ) yeah i really DO wanna agrue about these things! :D bc arguement makes us learn from eachother

[@rickhunt3183]

I think we are in the infant stages of our knowledge of molecular biology even considering the fact that we can alter viruses and change the way they impact a host. The natural progression is to engineer virus that use the lysogenic cycle for replication to change the host into something different. Right now 5-8% of our DNA are infused with virus DNA. It's only a matter of time before a lab works to alter the entire structure of a host and create a new, or enhanced host creature through viral infection. I don't know what the laws are regarding viral research, but I do know. Governments will not obey laws if they believe they can do something in secret. Every Government with this type of capability will be saying if we don't do the research someone else will and then we'll be behind the curve and the other country will have the advantage. This is Pandora's box and man is determined to pry it open. It will happen. It's man's inherent nature.

[@wasimvacinas]

Cool cool cool, captain Holt!

[@shatteredknight1129]

But how can you detect 8% of genome being viral?

[@rickcouture2156]

is food grown with human waste (poop/grey water) safe??? some countries do not have the best health practices or none, so????

[@lindasapiecha2515]

👍👍😊

[@George-pl7dw]

Thank you Paul ... its true , the Perseus cluster is a long ways away, and getting further away every second due to expansion ... light year bout 6 trillion miles, so Perseus is approx. 1,500,000,000,000,000,000,000 miles ... that is a long ways away, agreed

[@garyha2650]

Are there viruses that look like a whole lot like coronavirus not classed as coronavirus?

[@HERBALNATUMAN1]

Dr.; Have you seen the HIV virus? Would you please send me a picture of it, so that I can see it?

[@stefanoleidi1006]

Capside is spelled wrong @4:57

[@franklinblunt69]

The Domain model, did that use rRNA in the clade branches? Lacking ribosomes, virus pathogens exploit or affect others, the organism metabolism thus affected. Likely other vius proteins not harmful possibly beneficial related or residual from biologic processes such as zoonotic but microbes also have involvement with so-called virus proteins, created, symbiotic, parallel evolution, ... that's another hypothesis😁

[@harshwilly]

2:55 and if the DNA and/or RNA needs protection how did it come into existence in the first place? (and more to the point how did it exist long enough to create even the simplest ecosphere) 10:10 oops there is the problem with a "virosphere" they need the higher life forms to reproduce if we don't have evidence for replication _sans_ archaea, bacteria or eukaryotes I have no doubts with regard to natural selection of variants for local conditions; however, mutation is much more debatable: the result of damaged DNA/RNA is seldom if ever mutation but extinction. The variant is the one which already had a workaround in its on board arsenal (or library if you prefer) Meyer argues in "Darwin's Doubt" that information is not generated by random chance and he makes a very good argument - to me this all looks like machinery, sophisticated beyond our ability to even perceive (until we used the right filtration for instance) let alone comprehend. I have three questions: 1) what is the purpose of the virus? merely to reproduce? 2) what is the function of the virus? does it liberate energy or matter that it can trade? or is it simply an evil parasite 3) what are the implications of viral rewrites on our DNA we have begun using this technique did we invent it? I doubt that. (I once proposed a story line where influenza was actually our genome getting the latest updates)

[@RickJaeger]

Well, "Good" and "Evil" don't really apply to life as such. Life is successful if it grows and replicates, and unsuccessful if it doesn't, and morality is simply not relevant to any of it. Which is not to say Good and Evil don't exist, or that they're irrelevant to anything -- only in the sense of describing how life works and how it came about. 1) The virus has no purpose. It reproduces because if it didn't reproduce, there wouldn't be any viruses. Any virus that no longer reproduced, made no more such viruses, and all the viruses that did reproduce, made hundreds and thousands more of themselves. 2) Viruses don't seem to have any other function besides hijacking cellular processes to make more viruses. In that sense, though not "evil," it is a parasite as we think of them. It does not have the ability to reproduce without a host cell -- which puts it somewhere between (A) agents like viroids & prions that replicate but aren't alive, and (B) living, reproducing cells. 3) Not sure. Obviously, we didn't invent viruses; I guess, it would be more fair to say the _viruses_ "invented" the technique. As for using viruses to intentionally rewrite our own DNA, yes, that's the edge of the technology of Tomorrow, isn't it. Incredible possibilities, and where there's new power, there's new danger. I don't have any comments on the rest :)

[@samanthabloodsaw4450]

beretttira i love hands stizer

[@s.unosson]

So what is the evidence that viruses have evolued in the Darwinian sense? After the mutations that enables them to adapt to new circumstances, they still are - yes - viruses. Wouldn't it be more honest to speak of adaptation, just as Professor Turner adtually did a couple of times?

[@paulfoss5385]

Sakari Nord Evolution describes the process by which allele frequencies in a population change over time, it isn't magic, so if there isn't an incremental process where every generation has a reproductive advantage over the previous it cannot happen. Viruses are the most successful replicators on the planet, there is no reason for them to become non-viruses, and even if there were a reason for them to become a non virus they still couldn't do that because the incorporation of cellular machinery necessary for non viral replication would interfere with viral replication, meaning the intermediate generations would be at a disadvantage. If viruses existed before cellular life as some hypothesize, they would have had to have been radically different than any modern viruses as they would need mechanisms to replicate on their own, mechanisms which would have been removed by evolution once viruses evolved that could offload the energy intensive task of replication to cellular life. Infected cells have limited resources, so anything the virus didn't need could have been used to make more viruses. Once those mechanisms for self replication were lost it became impossible for them to get them back, but why would they want them back? And that's assuming that the hypothesis that viruses came first is right and that they didn't emerge shortly after cellular life, maybe from the bacterial sex pilus or whatever, in which case they never had the ability to self replicate.

[@s.unosson]

@@paulfoss5385 So you agree with me in that there has been no evolution of viruses in the Darwinian meaning of the word. I would therefore like to repeat my question: Why then speak of evolution or Darwin in that context. It is adaptation, change, mutation (which means change) that is taking place in the virus world. And I always have thought, we should call things by their real name.

[@paulfoss5385]

@@s.unosson I disagree with you completely. They have evolved in the Darwinian sense, you just have no idea what that means.

[@s.unosson]

@@paulfoss5385 I might have no idea of how it happened, but you have no concrete evidence to present to support the Darwinian approach either, just an interesting theory. Your effort is more like that of a priest trying to explain the dogma of trinity.

[@paulfoss5385]

@@s.unosson I am sorry about reacting with hostility. On the internet it is very easy to fall into that line of thinking, but it isn't helpful. I think it is necessary for us to clarify some things so we know what each other are talking about. In what way would you say viruses evolve? What would it mean to you for them to undergo "Darwinian" evolution? How did he claim in the video that viruses evolved in the manner you object to? What questions do you have about my positions that require clarification?

[@ibringthelastwords1358]

5:57 So probably viruses are aliens in origin?

[@BandFpictures]

just alien to celular life. Befor there were cells, there might have been an RNA world, in which viruses and self replicating molecules evolved.

[@kirschkern8260]

In February -April 2020. The Media made big Panic about a Virus called Corona (Covid19) . If you read this in the future look how bad that virus was. Or if ir was just Media making Panic? Because Media are serving the powerfull to distract all people. So i ask you to control this case after 2020. Was it really bad? Or isbit just a stupid Storry, to make people fearfull and crazy?! See by yourself how the MassMedia did it on purpose.

[@mr4nders0n]

Nothing in this presentation suggests extraterrestrial origins of viruses. Anyone with a desire to assume an extraterrestrial origin for life has to rely mostly upon mere speculation since there is absolutely no evidence for it whatsoever. The strongest evidence available is the Murchison meteorite. This was found to contain amino acids, which are complex organic compounds. This doesn't mean they're alive or ever were, it just means that the meteorite had chemicals often associated with and used by living organisms. But then so is salt and arsenic. The term "organic" is somewhat arbitrary since there is no scientific consensus on what constitutes organic as opposed to non-organic chemistry (see here for a discussion on the matter chemrxiv.org/articles/What_is_an_Organic_Substance_/7382453/2). Considering the extremely hostile environment of space and lack of protection afforded to the extremely fragile nature of anything more complex than an amoeba then the probability of terrestrial life having anything but a terrestrial origin is so unlikely and so improbable as to be almost completely unfeasible. However, what isn't unfeasible as the Murchison meteorite shows is that the chemistry that allowed life to evolve on earth *may* have been extraterrestrical in origin. Though it is still far more likely and far more probable that even the chemistry that made life on earth possible originated on earth rather than anywhere else.

[@rogerscottcathey]

There were between 60-100 million native Americans pre-1492. 90% of them died of smallpox. If Hawaii is now counted even greater, Alaska, and Easter Island are assumed in the base calculation. Death rate was between 90-95%. Possibly 80,000,000 deaths from smallpox among native Americans alone. That is more than a decimation by along shot.

[@dsskoa2432]

No, small pox was used on a small portion - a stronghold of natives in the west central - after the genocide the originals were pushing/fighting back, so then the small pox was purposefully brought over and about 100,000 died from it. Easier for humans to believe in false history than to believe in the genocide at the hands of men.

[@chippope8984]

I’d love to see that written documentation from 2 billion years ago 😂

[@pkranchtorreon]

Quite a spin. But very contradictory

[@splixxii7820]

GERMS.....YOU GOTTA TAKE YOUR HAT OFF TO VIRUZES BEEN HERE WELL BEFORE MAN COULD SPEAK

[@MarkLeonTanner]

We know so much, yet so little...

[@samanthabloodsaw4450]

bloodsaw here sam samantha

[@UncleKennysPlace]

How do I send this to Trump?

[@avenoma]

DEVILS SCIENCE DEVILS SCIENCE. THIS is DEVILS SCIENCE. JK. Awesome video here. I wouldnt want a grown person near my child who didnt take this as GOSPEL

[@christopheschouwey1288]

Very good course. Small mistake at 21'30, he dates a hieroglyphic inscription from 3700 BC. Writing is not that old.

[@spook_dad]

so the slide at 14:32 are they relative sizes? at least show them on the correct scale and even the biggest virus Pithovirus is still smaller than e. coli the lecture is great but whoever picked that graphic needs to hang their head

[@Michael-hn5cj]

Sure viruses outnumber living cells, but they owe their numbers to the hard work of cells.

[@catherinethomas2568]

Bacteria and viruses are trained and created by solar radiation and Earth magnetics. Half of the uv spectrum is high frequency invisible and the other half visible light. Microwaves produce static magnetic fields, called radio waves. Radio waves are humane. Once uv light engages the lower earth atmosphere radio waves; the infrared waves access the red in the stars and open a potentiation for x-ray penetration. In a flash, the germs from the intrusive static field current are sheeted into the body or cultured organic matter. The functions of image capturing, passes into the skin and through the pores. The light wraps and further penetrates, every part of the in and outs of the body or matter pile. Bacteria produces from packing together non-scopic organisms with solar energy. The germ, bacteria and virus forming process of sky to ground radiation, has natural diseases in the production sequences. The new viruses come from many different types of ground microwave modulation via constructive interference. Daily power consumption has worse effects than pollen. Radio active pharmaceuticals are the latest cause of unhealthily cultured host locations and their replications. A weakened immune system could allow passive infections to flow by radio stream into our natural uv insertion function stream: Or local radio could get your filth statics to the inner body. Lead has been wrongfully stored under the specific classifications of radio active decay. Causing radio depletion is also a form of lead shielding. The medical world blamed its' poisonous qualities on the graphite pencil replacement. Graphite is potentially electrically conductive for better flu targeting. Lead could become a saving device....The medical world is a desperate business that is in bed with science. Smoke particles of all kinds, are the most vicious statics. Wheat, hay, vegetation and all trees, produce comparable particles. They have the ability to form small clouds in the air and fluid's of earth. Eventually insects are part of those clouds.Winged birds fly through those clouds, as living statics. Their beaks poke into those clouds and excitation begins. The earth grounding pulls one way, while the bird pulls in an alternating direction..The elongated reptile forms in the bird's mouth...The bird loses to gravity and either drops the snake to the ground or chases it into places. Being that batteries are the furthest gravitational degree, upwards from gravity, the serpent attempts to climb. Sometimes into the tail pipes, since new undercarriage cover laws on vehicles. Infrared would allow one last transformation. With a host or living thing, the reptile could return to static cloud and enter a host as sludge or mud. With its' form split again electrically; they channel through the body, resting in the spine and stomach. Not willing to take over or pass completely through the stomach's electrical acids with its' head fluid's; the cowards moan and tremble as stomach excitation masks their sounds. Human fatigue is caused by cohabitation with reptile. Ground wave or aquifer modulation brings new problems. Two such static reptiles in the body. Then three and so on, into the density increase of physical gastric mutation, and 100 year life span. God did not create them. Intoxication of the atmosphere did. Meaning, we are not supposed to be on this planet. Sickness does not exist in the body. Untying the body's viscosity, will take nomadic migration and plenty of flying to kill the number one burden of humanity: Bioalien debris...These teachings used to be forbidden. ..cJT aka Charlie John Thomas

[@karhukivi]

Aspergers, anyone?

[@calin2645]

I'm watching video about viruses only about 2 years old 2020 is full of trash . Thanks KZbin

[@dennisholliday2454]

Yeah...them fruit flies appear from out of nowhere

[@19BenZ57]

prisoners lonely isolated to death in the name of Corona Allan Communist...

[@wernerboden239]

As a layman, I almost fell asleep. My suggestion : Don't use fancy imaging and rely more on what this guy is trying to explain. At least, if you care to convey this to the general viewer on KZbin. Maybe, this is more for the academic.

[@drrepair]

The bit about Darwin can be dismissed. His evolutionary theory is outdated. It only explains minor adaptions, not body plans and phylae. It is not yet a successful explanation for biodiversity and the origin of life. Minor adaptions are interesting but it is impossible to scale them up to dimensions that "create" life. Many observers before Darwin had discovered the adaptive ability inherent in all life forms. No one took the blindfold jump into the evolutionary abyss as Darwin did. He could not land his theory in reality as we observe it experimentally or mathematically.

[@entertainmentinc9735]

Gisli Ingvarsson what do you think the alternative scientific hypothesis should be then?

[@drrepair]

@@entertainmentinc9735 Science is not entertainment. Darwin's evolutionary statement is that every single lifeform we experience today has evolved from the same protoplasm. Nobody tries to verify this anymore. It clearly isn't correct. Darwin did as his contemporaries observe the adaptive feature presenting in most living organisms. Only Darwin was ready to jump to the conclusion that evolutionary adaption explained the diversity of life and therefore it's common ancestry. That led him and his successors to abolish the need for a creator God which was the prevalent theory at that time from time immemorial. As we have no scientific explanation for the mechanism of Darwinian origin of life it remains only relevant as it is an anti-theist argument. It has also the practical function to replace the Christian narrative of the supernatural natural lawgiver and a creator with a purpose. Science has a very elevated status in our discussion but it is merely a tool made of elements that are: a) methodically experimental and reproducible b) philosophical (knowledge) and c) metaphysical (deduction). The metaphysical part is not only based on the philosophy of religion but on mathematics. The rigorous scientific method does not substantiate Darwinian evolution. But it can indicate the very "nicely fitting" stories that "scientists," tell each other and the public. Stories that are illustrated by artists and getting "better" and more "high resolution" as computer technology advance and the storytelling get more and more fictional. But it is entertaining. (What I am proclaiming here is that evolutionary scientists are metaphysical Druids.) To me, scientific illustrations are becoming the new Sunday School material for children that grow up in a post-cultural and post-religious world. It is a substitute for our lack of understanding. A sideshow that clouds our minds. The counterculture to this abomination will be science-based, don't worry, but finding the mechanistic and materialistic explanation for the origin of life will prove to be elusive.

[@mad-b264]

This guy just explained why this virus is man made or Bio-engineered, lol..........................

[@hank-uh1zq]

Fascinating.