Illustration Master Course - Ep. 2: CHARACTER DESIGN

[@RossDraws]

(ﾉ◕ヮ◕)ﾉ AHHH THANKS FOR BEING PATIENT, these videos take quite long to put together and are packed with content! ALSO some people are saying they sometimes don’t get notifications when the episodes are out, make sure you turn on that bell icon to never miss an upload! Free Template! f you want to grab the Pose Template I used in this episode, come get it here: rossdraws.com/products/pose-template 🧠 Join the Digital Art Bootcamp and improve your digital art foundations! digitalartbootcamp.com/ 🏡 My new Character Design Community project is LIVE on patreon! www.patreon.com/Rossdraws 🎨 Grab my advanced brush pack!: rossdraws.com/collections/tutorials/products/brushes Join our active Community on Discord!: discord.gg/colordodge I HOPE YOU LIKE THE REVEAL OF FAYE. She’s my babyyyyy. I’ll see you on the next Master Course episode where we’ll be learning PORTRAITS

[@taisenscoolstuff732]

Thanks so mich for this! I believe that it will help me with my drawings!

[@eleinnorthwest3819]

I needed this Thank you 😊😊

[@judylee8361]

Thank you!!

[@Brooke052]

Ross Draws I wish I had created the Disney character of thomas and Duchess from The Aristocats. I loved how the old drawing skills and voice acting of the characters ☺️❤️ If I had to choose a human, Princess Tiana would be my pick 😎👍 She’s brave, head strong, and works hard to get to where she is. That’s someone I respect and the movie is highly underrated ;-; Edit: Senpai noticed me ;u; 🙏 Starclan is looking out for me today ☺️❤️

[@calvinwithouthobbes]

Faye's design is so cool! I love every aspect of her ♡-♡ And I most certainly can't wait to see your next vid, since I 99% of my time only draw portraits... ^~^"

[@baileyjustin12]

"The best designs can be replicated by a 5 year old" Damn.... I'm actually blown away

[@Hi-iv7jb]

Ur profile pic cured my depression

[@tameauslecter8452]

“Your main character should have a big heart” Me writing a story about two serial killers: “oh they have a heart, it’s just not theirs.”

[@kingcoy4536]

Lol

[@ohurana2294]

🗿💅

[@Sara_b024]

XDDD

[@greenpaw4570]

😂 same

[@frostygoat8843]

LOL YES

[@chilltemper]

The fact that this course is free yet you have a patreon is beyond me Mad respecc for you Great Vid

[@엘사-h5f]

rgdNemesis thankfully KZbin is collabing with him so they pay him to create this content and submit it on his KZbin channel:)

[@LostGeburah]

if it seems someone does things for free, probably they aren't .

[@SCRKT007]

yup he did mention it at the start of the video youtube paid him for it

[@materialworldal]

He has a Patreon. Check his description field.

[@adrianleong425]

I think bcos his attitude is suitable for audience of all ages. So positive...

[@Slyfox2235]

Your drawing tablet is bigger than my tv

[@MMIICCOO]

Ikr I want one with no screen for Christmas 😂

[@cheeselover89]

what kind of tv do you have (jk pls dont take it personally)

[@carlwheezer701]

I’ve never related to someone more!

[@iskatas1089]

Jokes on you i don't even have a tv :D

[@diamondlegall8519]

My personal tv is about the same size as his DAMN SON

[@Catpuff818]

"Because if you have a bad design and you do all this glitz and glam on top, the design is still gonna be bad" Did you hear that Paramount?

[@PsychoMagnet]

Good thing they're changing the design now.

[@Sanghelios-CTN]

They did

[@skillz_animate]

Say that again for the people in the back

[@wooyeah1738]

How about you Marvel?

[@sarvedha1117]

Is there a specific thing ur talking about... 👀I wanna see

[@theautisticartist9370]

*when you come to a master class as a novice*

[@envisionenvii3641]

Lmfao

[@briarose_]

YES LMAOOO

[@amari2827]

YO SAME

[@SnowcatArt]

what is level before novice, cause that's what I am...

[@theautisticartist9370]

Princess Blocky Art beginner

[@rawonfeng2398]

Not so many artist willing to go this far in terms of mentoring, you sir are one of a kind

[@boxlad7583]

Money can make you do things, though he is pretty cool

[@seanwilliams7236]

0:46 Character design: 1:30 + Methods 2:35 Contrasting Main characters based off on one another W/ complements toon 3:06 The ‘Thing’ that makes a character: 4:21 Black Silhouettes for primary stage of character design 4:30 Coloured Silhouettes 5:25 -> Building big shapes, no detail (Basic structure) 5:41 Introducing Asymmetry for interesting design 6:14 Importance of shapes & Colours and their associates meaning 6:55 Costume design vs Character design - Creating different personalities (Voices) in each modification of the character 7:58 Referring back to base design/Assimilating other design preferences 8:38 The Characters Thing + Refining design to support the thing. Narrowing in on the design, design the Medium shapes - Intention to support ‘The Thing’ 9:25 Importance of Editing, don’t over-flourish. Simplify your design and edit. 10:16 CREATING AN ICONIC CHARACTER - Simplicity to support The Thing 11:27 Inverting/Subverting Colours? 12:37 Design task to test Iconic~ness of your character 14:09 Character Template ~ Check description 👏🏻 14:17 Presentation + Poses that ‘represent the character -> 15:09 Showing Attitude, trying to capture gesture/personality **DON’T DETAIL! KEEP IT THE SAME AS MEDIUM SHAPES^* 16:36 Flesh out Character design [SMALL SHAPES] ~ Rendering 17:02 Exploring action poses ~ Medium shapes 17:52 Character Illustration

[@sk8heada571]

Sean Williams thank you for your time

[@chonkayyy]

Sean Williams bless your face my guy

[@crusader2603]

Jax Davis 🤣😂 love that

[@seanwilliams7236]

@may u not You are most welcome! 😊

[@seanwilliams7236]

@Jax Davis Glad I could be of service 🙂

[@kaeltv]

This is another level of character design!! Pretty dope!

[@glendez2439]

Omg kaeltv I thought you were Bob Ross ahhahahaha sorry

[@kaeltv]

Glen Dez Better Bob Ross than Borat! lol

[@glendez2439]

@@kaeltv oof another youtuber notices me insta subscribe!

[@neikmagar9339]

ur videos though :D aquarius :D too much smooth lines and good design

[@kaeltv]

Glen Dez thanks for the subs!!

[@candiidoggii1360]

I'm an 11 year old who's really interested in art and improving it. This was really helpful and made me realized that I loved learning art more than the things I thought I loved learning about the most. I learned alot about character design, thank you!

[@iambutter365]

EEE hello! :D

[@Kit_Rivers]

@Candii Doggie young artist squad! i'm right with you

[@beepboop7872]

*Oh my god! I looked at your channel and it’s incredible! You go girl!* *-a fellow young artist!* 💖💖💖

[@Chronorust]

You being 11 years old is everything. I mean that. You have all the time you need, so you use it wisely 😉 Keep drawing, learn and pull from your favourite artists, and be patient!

[@lostbutterflycols]

Whee! Young artists join the squad!

[@KK-bg6sf]

Him: we have spongebob who's a sponge Patric who's a starfish And... Me: Squidword? Him: Superman!

[@StarpoBerry]

Seeing this process makes me realize that I really do want to be a character designer. I went to school for animation and I haven't done anything with my degree because I haven't been motivated to do so. But when I think of character designs, I always have fun with it and I just enjoy the process. I'm not very strong in character design, but I won't let it stop me~ even if I won't end up working for a company. I do want to work on these for myself and no one else

[@Z5Z5Z5]

I wanna do 3D design and Animation so I have to be able to design in the 2D first 😫

[@felathar1985]

@@Z5Z5Z5 no you dont.

[@Z5Z5Z5]

@@felathar1985 I think yes

[@torchtoaflame7908]

@@Z5Z5Z5 Hmm, well, not exactly. Drawing is nota fundamental when it comes to 3D modeling. It still requires some of the same fundamental knowledge regarding anatomy, blah blah, but 3D is a totally different construct than drawing. Drawing, which is stuck on a 2d plane, doesn’t require you to look at all angles on the same plane as does 3D, and 3D does not require you to know how to stylize an eye or drawing with precision when it comes to character design.

[@StarpoBerry]

@NOTsadia no updates yet, but that doesn't mean I've given up on my dream. I just have to take things in stride

[@PopCross]

YESSSSSSS! This is the one I’ve been waiting for!!!

[@sentr1x265]

I know uuu u animated for zhc

[@PopCross]

Seth Matthew Mejia Hahaha indeed, tis I!

[@jordandalessandro1553]

Does anyone else just stop breathing when they do small details on their drawings?

[@captainpuffin1066]

Omg yes i do

[@veto1611]

YeS

[@kaushalya6954]

I didn't even realize but when I saw this. I was like oh I don't breath even when I'm drawing the dress. 😅

[@aungsay3283]

Wait, that’s not normal?

[@tirterart]

OMG a really helpful video for me because i just got accepted into an art university in design graphic major, TYSM ROSS 🥺♥️

[@mlly6931]

Wow 😍

[@mlly6931]

Put more videos your speed Paint and wonderful

[@castorpolluxgemini7535]

lucky you i have to stop studying because i dont have money, wish i could study next year

[@_ranituran3161]

Hey I wish you success dude! Congratulations 🎉

[@tirterart]

Best of me omg u saw it 🥺 hopefully i will upload another speedpaint when i have the time ♥️

[@arikidozi9244]

Mom: hey if you wanna be a good artist, go to school Me:SHHHHH I'M LISTENING TO MY TEACHER ROSS!!!

[@yhenloder5311]

At first, I thought the red, blue, and yellow dots were your color scheme until you refer them as spirits.

[@AnnaBallet]

If Faye’s story was a real anime, I would 100% watch it!!! The art looks absolutely amazing

[@yaluii]

I can’t believe this is free!! Huge respect, man. Every young and aspiring artist need guidance and that can be expensive, so I’m so grateful for you!!

[@LuxArt33]

Hey man! I just want to let you know, the energy and optimism you display while teaching valuable stuff really makes the difference. I tend to put too much pressure on myself as I do art. As a result, I tend to forget why I do art in the first place. This helped me remember that its all about exploring crazy ideas, making cool shit and having fun in the process. So thank you!

[@justflamingo4114]

His rough sketches are better than my actual drawings 😨

[@taisenscoolstuff732]

I'll definitely learn to improve my drawings from these videos!

[@learnitdoitearnit9764]

I'm so happy I found your channel. Haven't drawn in 20 years (used to make looney toons vs DBZ after spacejam dropped) and just changed my life around this year because of my chronic depression. So inspired by your story and how you stayed true to yourself, even when it was difficult at times. Mad respect!

[@mokkefuhua9928]

i am drawing and listening to your tutorial at the same time. Like you said, it not about the costume design, it about the character design.

[@vgonsalez]

"NO CAPES!" Edna

[@InvokeArtSense]

Faye was developed really well. Her background story is interesting and makes her more genuine.

[@fatenumberinfinity]

I love how happy you are about painting your characters and creating your world. Makes me excited to create mine :)

[@averagejoe8639]

I swear I thought you said Superman had a gaint ass on his chest at 3:23.

[@serenityfreeman5906]

Same!

[@frogribbit7891]

Oof

[@Animaticals]

Smack Daddy f

[@thedrippingleak8073]

Yep

[@sophialovesdrawing1158]

Omg same XD

[@neda5386]

I would love to see a webtoon with all of your characters!!!!

[@laasya9248]

Yessss

[@rozytank432]

One question. I really want to see you draw male character *with guns.* Can you?

[@lunatic_3521]

Why are you being so weird

[@erictruong324]

@@lunatic_3521 he's bouta pull the ar15 from his black bookbag

[@greco-romano9852]

*Pulls a bazooka out of the back of T-Shirt*

[@kosmic100]

@@greco-romano9852 **pumped up kids starts playing**

[@__vinnix6158]

**Tord bursts in the room**

[@Lxnacorn]

This was wonderful! I'm so glad that you're creating these! I appreciate you taking your time to help people you don't even know.. love your videos so much! ❤

[@cgi_faye]

It's weird hearing my name so many times even though it's in no relation to me at all. Hahahaaaa.

[@aqui0]

But now you can imagine yourself as Faye if you ever read Nima. It’s a new perspective!

[@cgi_faye]

@@aqui0 Very true!!

[@shivajoshi9068]

Love it..... But ross,now u have to make a sub-series on RENDERING ANATOMY AND POSES.........! :D Thanks^_^

[@noname-yw2gw]

yes! :D

[@RS-ep2ry]

He’s getting sponsored for this though. I doubt he would go through all of the process of creating a series without getting paid for it fairly.

[@dhananjaykul7225]

As an aspiring designer myself, I definitely have to say that the process is what makes the end product matter and that I learned a lot from this video. Love this vid man, plz keep it up

[@AquaSkye]

out of all the art styles i've seen in my life, yours is definitely my favorite

[@ashryver3605]

Such a cool body of work. Your style is always so great with a clear white canvas because the graphic style of brush strokes and shape language with the pop colours stands out so well on it. 3 concepts in different directions, 3 iterations on the best of the first three, 3 iterations on the best of the second three, one fleshed out concept pose, an array of action and effect exploration poses, and the final illustration render. A good pipeline guide for any artists to follow!

[@penutbutterpickles]

This character is drop dead gorgeous and her design is off the chains! 😩💓

[@apolloart]

If been working on a character design for a short story for about a week now and this video really helped me organise my ideas. Before I was kinda all over the place but this video made the process a lot more clearer, thank you for making this!

[@glowhy1473]

Notifications were on! Let’s GOOO🎉

[@SugaryDeath]

I've been in such a rut of artist block and feeling bad about it. Over time I just kinda let it go on and the urge to come back to drawing got farther away with each passing moment. Coming back and watching videos like this makes me feel energized, excited and highly motivated to draw again! I miss making fun and interesting characters and their silly back stories to follow XD Thank you for sharing such an inspirational video that has helped to motivate me and im sure others as well :D

[@Mar-hq9bm]

There he was. Giving me his hand to help me get over that endless [Art]block.

[@Naomi-yc4fp]

This is the equivalent of having a super positive and wholesome teacher that teaches all the important things we need to know

[@blossom2592]

This just cured my artist block! Thank you so much!

[@josephinesantos3931]

You're character design process is really awesome. Thank you for the tips!

[@bluewolf3508]

Damn I fell in love with her hair and personality (the personality all of these design show at least)

[@mckaygoodman6514]

Oh my gosh I love her. This is exactly the sort of character I would pick out from a story to be my favorite, oh my gosh she is amazing.

[@yueaouki7098]

Ive just started my personal development for my a level art project, and its about video games, and different cultures that contribute to them. The advice here is really going to help me to build my portfolio, so i wanna thank you for this series

[@RS-ep2ry]

Yue Aouki I wish IB art let us do that :’( The only thing they want/appreciate is realism.

[@josephkuforiji9407]

What school do you go to, because my skl and a level art department would never let us do that 😂. Was that your theme?

[@newbestfriend5867]

*Rambling Ahead:* I love this video, so much. A lot of videos about character design are all about preference. "Don't make a character that looks like this, it should look more like this:" type of thing. This video is actually teaching what is promised. You're not telling us how to make a character look so people will like it or so it's realistic, you're just showing us _how_ to design a character. How to flesh it out, how to produce the character you yourself want and not a character that other people will find appealing.

[@angelosumugat6653]

Ross please do a male one because i'm having trouble. P.S This really helped me

[@beatrisefranzhearts4649]

Ooh I agree

[@lyddiharvey]

The timing on this was actually really great! I'm currently studying Graphic Design and am making my way up to being an Illustrator, and I've had this strong desire for a long time to start creating character designs. When this popped up on my recommendeds, I was like, "Well! This is convenient!" :D Really helpful video.Thank you!

[@kiribat2289]

Omg this helps me a lot I'm doing my portfolio for an Animation&Game study and your video releases at the perfect moment. Thanks a lot!!!

[@brandonng284]

its been like wat... 3 years and this video has always been a save of my life whenever im stuck or lose creativity

[@zedrisou]

I feel like I was enlightened, I've learned so much in this video, thank you Ross Draws!

[@rawrs6488]

This was a really great tutorial. It had really great points and it was just so... fun to watch. Sometimes you watch tutorials on youtube and they can feel really dragging or it feels like they're rambling half the time. Sometimes they try to make a point but kind of step over their own words and it's unclear on what they're trying to say. The way you did this tutorial was super concise and I like how you put examples and stuff along the way. The video editing made the video super energetic too. Thanks for making this, I feel like I got really good advice on how to design characters from it!

[@NoLongerNull]

I had characters in my mind for a long time but I can't draw them as good as this guy does.. I don't think anyone would

[@parhelionhalo]

Those characters must be lingering in there waiting to be drawn.

[@chefinabottle]

Same. I want to be a game developer and make a fighting game. A good roster with memorable designs is definitely a must but I'm having trouble.

[@herobreathes4287]

Everyone here. He wasnt born with this art ability. He practiced. I watched some videoes about art and stuff. If you can make a square, a cylinder, and a circle, you can make a character. Dont give up.

[@waningmoons]

Hiro Is Alive finally someone with the right idea

[@ららくinアジュール]

You are my saviour! I'm lost in video game equipment designing for a long time, and almost have forgotten how to make a real character. Now I know, why I still love the character I designed years ago for the first time even though the drawing was so ugly. A thousand THANKS!

[@Sara-ci6ef]

GREAT VIDEO! I LOVED IT! It’s really cool how we can learn about art portfolios and the design! Keep up the great work

[@imidv5420]

I can't believe you put things like this out for free honestly ilysm 💕💕💕

[@maggierasheva6269]

Thank you so much and AMAZING!!!😍😀😁😘 thanks Ross! And thank you for making it free!!!😀 THANK YOU ...ohh and ur art is jaw dropping!

[@SuperDoomNinja]

I had to pause and rewatch part of your video because I was ogling your gigantic tablet pc and wasn’t absorbing your words. That thing is glorious! But after that and really watching your video I learn so much. The thought of creating a simple base to design character on never occurred to me for some reason. It’s made things so much faster when you don’t want to start from scratch each time

[@Tuschi17]

Wow! This makes me wanna sit down and actually try out a couple ideas. Love the colors.

[@SimplyMarshmallow18]

I’m not gonna lie at the beginning. I thought this wouldn’t be very helpful for me but as the video progressed, I realize that this is actually extremely helpful for the issues that I’m having. So thank you very much for sharing your knowledge, and I am definitely going to be subscribing.

[@magic_cfw]

Video: Actually a more interesting breakdown of the creative process which I should be interested in. Me: Where can I get such a massive screen... I want to draw on that! (I know that a tablet doesn't equal better art, its just that it...IS SO BIG)

[@zynthio]

More confirmation of how well Faye was designed. Months back when the first image of Faye was shown in a Nima progress update email, she instantly stuck in my mind and I couldn't stop imagining more about the character. I didn't know anything at all about her as a character aside from just the first image I saw. Despite that, I used her as an inspiration for a new D&D character as an elemental sorcerer with a laid back attitude but who can also be a little more edgy and wild in battle. I got all of that just off of the first image I saw, but now all this time later I've watched this video and learned that all of the info I inferred from her character design was intentional from the beginning! That's how you design memorable characters folks! Also that bit about 5 year olds is spot on

[@anishkaran9762]

This video is really the one I was waiting for. Thank you 🤗

[@chukukaogude5894]

As someone who is YT to lean art, this closed a gap for me and brought it all together for me.

[@bubbleapple13]

this is an excellent tutorial and i'll take your advice to heart! she actually reminds me a lot of kira from DS9~

[@MyMadWorld69]

I’m a second year Concept Artist and Game Dev and I’m constantly coming back to RossDraws for inspiration (:

[@thekeeper6570]

I dont have any gear for this but your channel is just enjoyable to listen to and i can pretend i can do all this now.

[@tessxoxo]

Ross you’re a huge inspiration, I’m trying to go to art school in the future. So seeing how you give advice and everything, makes me so happy. Thank you for being the best creator!

[@aquaglow4188]

This is my first time ever seeing your channel... I LOVE IT SOOOOO MUCH!!!!

[@GomorrahVT]

Now THIS is the video I needed! Thank you!

[@ARobinHall]

I don't know if you know this but this really helped me out. My characters are usually very one-dimensional

[@callampas]

This guy gives out this *WHOLESOME* vibe

[@babypenguinadventures4141]

I like designing characters alot I usually over do things this video was really helpful and was helpful with my characters backstories too

[@miruazo]

Thank you Ross for all your videos, your positive and optimistic energy in your videos always inspire me and keeps me going!! You make me feel like I can make it through!

[@ninjabunny_the_gamer5724]

For me.....I just get this really good picture...but then I change the design as I sketch it out and make it look better

[@fainthewanderer4060]

I like how this video keep me entertained to watch it until the very end. Great work Rossdraws! I'm subscribing!

[@Eraktab]

I wish I had designed Uncle Iroh from The Last Airbender! He remains a rare, happy and vibrant personailty throughout the series.

[@rilakumacakerolls9094]

I was not that into Ross but after years studying you tubers teachings on drawings, Ross come up with the most honest and daring tutorials that shows you Read drawings with his videos, not just time lapse.

[@ilovekale2620]

If Nima and Fae(I think that’s how you spell her name)fought who would win?

[@user-ev5gj8xe2b]

Faye looks more dangerous but the proper and together sort of look of Nima makes me think she'd be a lot more skilled or powerful

[@jhboneo1548]

I was already thinking about yhe 2nd way to building characters, the way you make characters first then build their story from there. I'm loving the series so far because you don't just teach us how to draw and make art... You also teach how to make it legit and attractive... I love this series! I'm learning a lot!

[@weirdo_xd1574]

FIRST-Just kidding 😅 Awesome video!! Thank you so much!! I needed that!

[@awmpuiazadeng6061]

Literally the best character I've ever seen

[@teaeiliyah3711]

16:34 Ross: This is her rendered up... Me: Yeah sure, u just rendered her up I luv ur channel n art btw

[@heiro5]

Mr. Ross! Thanks for making and posting these videos. They're great. Your style and personality as a teacher is really engaging, the graphics and sound cues you throw on are super fun, and most importantly, you are giving great insights, ideas and strategies in a clear and easy to follow manner. Thanks again!

[@brziizestoki5046]

fire, ice, lightning OMG INVOKER THAT YOU? U A GIRL NOW? 😂😂 Jokes aside, Ross you're an absolute legend for making these. Thanks to the stars and back ⭐

[@gooblesquibbins3239]

Brzi i Žestoki i hope invoker get a new skin like tgis

[@ridheshit7249]

Ross deserves 1 millions subs, why hasn’t he gotten it yet?

[@notlemon9184]

I finally found you after months of searching

[@kofisadmirer]

@The Mighty Starbrand Maybe She/He forgot the Channel Name

[@Bris05]

Honnestly, sooooo proud that google and ... youtube asked you to create this kind of series. I really appreciate this. I see you love to draw, and how you make these video. Thanks of being alive =)

[@mariumahmad3355]

Honestly ur a blessing shit i love u and ur work so much it gives me hope for the future. Can't wait for the nima book and hopefully more videos with a longet format. 💜💜💜💛💜💜💛💜💛

[@tatsantiago4075]

marium ahmad NO SWEARING

[@Ken_1600]

Thanks so much Ross this helped me a lot with my character designs! ❤️ Also thanks for the Nimaverse update on Patreon, I learned soooo much more about art

[@lizzycoogan9361]

O my God I love her. She is truly gorgeous. I'm in a really bad artist block/slump and you just inspired me to pull myself out of that slump.

[@GUTTTT]

Thank you Ross. I mean I have this desire of be an design character and whole your job have inspired me to not gave up of my dreams

[@cosmin_222]

Is Faye's magic "ice, fire , electric" actually a nod to the "new" primary colors?

[@YagamiDorian]

¡Amo la forma en que te diviertes dibujando! Hace mas de 2 años abandoné el dibujo por diferentes circunstancias personales y tu amor y cariño por el dibujo me estan haciendo seriamente tener ganas de retomarlo de nuevo! Te agradezco mucho por esto que haces por todos nosotros :) ¡Saludos desde Argentina! :D I love the way you have fun drawing! More than 2 years ago I left the drawing for different personal circumstances and your love and affection for the drawing are seriously making me want to take it up again! I thank you very much for this that you do for all of us :) Greetings From Argentina! :D

[@trashyn00b23]

when I make characters, I use a song to inspire me for their design. ówò

[@beetljam792]

i loved how excited you got, my favourite thing about creation is how emotional and fufilling it is. great video!

[@eevatotterstrom8087]

These are cool. I would like to see you create different kinds of characters as well, these are all young women with the same sort of body shape. Maybe a character with a shorter stature? Or alien like? Idk

[@youvebeenpoisoned5018]

Yeah, they’re kinda the same with small variations...