Paranthropus Evolution

[@StefanMilo]

Check out the other videos on our evolutionary journey here! Big thanks to Victoria, North 02, Henry The PaleoGuy and Moth Light Media for making this happen. kzbin.info/aero/PLg0eGpMhQp8erZHsbWhvd2t_9YWDpXbJO&jct=nilFZKficRUdhx2Atb5quWlKnNmNEw

[@AlfonsJQuack]

And thank you for another long awaited, precious video

[@christianlingurar7085]

Thanks again, I just love your contributions! :-) I think you're exceptional, I find your clips incredibly calming and comforting and refreshingly informative, so adorably free of bs. Your channel is one of the rare highlights of youtube to me. Together with the Bob Ross of Microbiology :-D to be honest.

[@bcast9978]

I always thought it was pronounced (boise-eye). Who knew.

[@StefanMilo]

It totally could be

[@StefanMilo]

Thanks that's very kind of you!

[@ZoneofA]

Commenting to improve algorithmic engagement factor. Those videos need more attention.

[@ScottStratton]

ZoneofA Does that genuinely factor in? I happen to comment on most of his vids because they are so thought provoking and he is seems like a cool and engaging person. But I will always comment if what you wrote is true!

[@StefanMilo]

Replying for the same reason lol. Only joking, I appreciate you watching!

[@StefanMilo]

It does yeah, the main things youtube checks for to decide whether to promote a video is did they click on them thumbnail when they saw it, how long did people watch and did they engage with the video. I have no idea how much it factors though. Just comment if you want to chat lol.

[@ScottStratton]

Stefan Milo I can’t imagine there being a vid of yours I watch that doesn’t spark multiple questions and comments ... but if it ever happens I still got you covered (my friends and family would snarkily but unanimously attest that *forcing* myself to have something to say is entirely outside my experience 🤣).

[@ScottStratton]

Stefan Milo I actually did have something I wanted to ask you: I have read in passing (and think i saw in one of the collab videos) a claim that at some point in our history something happened that brought our numbers down to a few thousand!? Maybe it’s just because I am a layman on these topics, but that seems like an astounding fact! Any chance you will do a video on the subject (assuming it’s likely to be true)? I am very curious on what were the downstream impacts? Was it why we are the only remaining Hominid? Did it close off evolutionary pathways we had been poised to take (only potentially, of course)? It seems like such an keystone event that the fact I haven’t heard about much makes me think it’s not true or I am just not understanding it correctly. ... erm, hopefully annoyingly long walls of text also count positively ...

[@inoshikachokonoyarobakayar2493]

I like to imagine the crap ton of species throughout time that didn't happen to leave fossils, or just haven't been discovered yet. It makes me want to know about all of them so much.

[@GustavSvard]

When I was a kid in the 19080s/90s the story went that there was basically one line of Australopithecenes with maybe one dead-end branch. And then came early humans, with Neanderthals as a dead-end branch. And then it was just us. The fins in just the last 30 years, plus DNA tech... the way we know so much more now is amazing. And is tied directly to your point: a crap ton of species, some of which just haven't been discovered. Including so many yet to be made of all types of humans & apes.

[@travisray8916]

yes there has gotta be a formula we can come up with based on our best estimates of the number of fossils or artifacts tend to remain versus those which get discovered. i would think it would be generally accurate of unknown species

[@raphmaster23]

​@@GustavSvardso how is the 19000s? Have we moved to other planets or at least found world peace? 😉

[@GustavSvard]

@@raphmaster23 :D ;)

[@stargatis]

It’s too mysterious. I want to know why they were doing rituals. What did they believe. And yes the 19080s were spectacular

[@iammrbeat]

"That's the one you get downstairs."

[@stegotyranno4206]

Oh man, it’s mr beat. Nice to see ya

[@codykochan-erdman9620]

Miter beat pls give me money

[@richicecold]

'Did they give us herpes?' Glad you're not afraid to ask the important questions :p

[@StefanMilo]

And all this time I blamed Debra from university!

[@Bildgesmythe]

@@StefanMilo I'm sure it was Lyla from music theory 101.

[@Shadeem]

16 people disliked this video and likely have herpes down there

[@spongebobsquarepants8403]

why did we get herpes

[@davidrapalyea7727]

I think the time of first clothing was estimated on the basis of body lice. Unclothed had the same all over the hair but clothing produced another evolutionary environment.

[@madhijz6846]

Ah crap, I'm gonna spend another beautiful day indoors binge watching an interesting channel.

[@LookToWindward]

I've found a lot of my favorite channels have podcast versions...

[@chaosincarnate380]

Way the hell back in 2005 I had a physical anthropology professor, I can't remember the man's name but a memory sticks out in my mind to this day: he unequivically stated that if he could travel back in time to anywhere, it would be around 2 million years ago, when there were actual different species of human/hominid/man-ape/whatever living on Earth-even species of more than one genus... I'm paraphrasing, of course. Those must have been crazy times indeed.

[@avrylkemp]

This is why I say it is indeed a miracle, that we experience life at all today - cud have been completely different if our lines got wiped out !!

[@Fuzzmo147]

That’s the power of SEX & interbreeding ( between different hominid species) makes the beast stronger by introducing new & better traits from each one....?

[@paulchallenor8675]

I'd want to go back to around 120,000 years ago when there were up to different species of Homo alive: Ourselves Homo Sapiens, Neanderthals, Denisovans (who may even be 2 or 3 different species), Floriensis, Luzonensis, Erectus, Homo Longi, Red Deer Cave Man, an unknown in Asia that interbred with Denisovans known only from DNA fragments, and two unknowns in Africa that interbred with us known only from DNA. Of course in Asia some of the fossils we don't have DNA from may by the unknown that interbred with Denisovans or the other Denisovans (Sunda Denisovans).

[@Google_Does_Evil_Now]

​@@paulchallenor8675 yeah but how would you travel about in the DeLorean? :-) If you go to California you can't see pretty much 30 different species of people.

[@davidhallett8783]

He was pelted with rocks and killed and eaten by six homo erectus six minutes after arrival. He tasted like chicken

[@christosvoskresye]

Actually, we eat A LOT of grass. Wheat, maize, and rice are all grasses.

[@NoName-fc3xe]

Zend Avesta steak is concentrated grass

[@StefanMilo]

True, but I feel like we process them more than Paranthropus would've been able to. If their diet was very grass heavy, then they probably just sat down and chomped some grass. If we find evidence of them using fire though, that might be a different story.

[@christosvoskresye]

@@StefanMilo It might be that there is a chemical difference between the seeds and the leaves and stems that shows up in the isotopic ratios. I don't know -- it's not my area. It would show up in tooth wear, though, since grasses are full of nasty abrasive crystals. What I really wonder about, though, is the ability to digest the leaves and stems of grass. That would be a problem for anything with plumbing like ours. Nasty as this sounds, it might make more sense for them to eat the poop of zebras or gnus -- some animals do, and it would let the other critters start breaking down the grasses.

[@pansepot1490]

The wheat, maize and rice we eat nowadays have been genetically selected by humans in thousands of years. I don’t think the original wild forms were productive enough to constitute a staple for those early hominids. And we can stick to wheat and wheat-like cereals because there were no maize and rice in Africa back then. Also, I don’t see why, just because in the video grasses are given as an “example” of C4 plants, we must assume that there aren’t other C4 ground plants better suited as food for us. Just think of roots. Modern carrots, beetroots, parsnips and so on have wild counterparts. Hominids with hands and some tool can dig up roots and access a food source with a much better nutritional value than mere grass. And roots are just one organ that plants use for storage; there are also bulbs and I guess much more. We would need the opinion of a paleobotanist expert in that particular area and time frame to come up with a better hypothesis.

[@jilliansmith7123]

christosvoskresye: Don't we call those kinds of things "grains?" Not exactly "grass" any more.

[@stojankovacic1524]

Wow, this was done way more professionaly than your older videos! Keep up the good work!!

[@StefanMilo]

Thanks! I'm always trying to improve.

[@Kammerliteratur]

@@StefanMilo You are getting better with every video, but this one really is a big leap. Keep up the good work!

[@rovertrobert3180]

The snuff film was artsy but still well done I thought. Lol

[@nickgamble8323]

@@StefanMilo "evolve", surely??!!

[@robertkline2744]

This is one of my favorite channels...you can "waffle on" as long as you want! I love the fact that you are open to being wrong...that is how we learn! Watched this and another video about sailing from LA to Hawaii this .morning with my coffee....gotta love KZbin! Looking forward to your next awesome contribution!

[@StefanMilo]

Thanks I really appreciate that. I think posting sources is something more youtube channels should do because we all get our information from somewhere and if we're not honest about where, then it's difficult for others to hold us to account.

[@EvilMaxWar]

I am fascinated by prehistoric humans and human evolution. You make some of the best videos that I found on the subject on youtube. Keep it up, great quality work !

[@donaburns7912]

I like your attitude and understanding of our ancient ancestors. I’ve been subscribed for some time now

[@Alvinnosleep]

I discovered your videos not to long ago and as someone who wants to study human history, these videos are amazing. Learning where we came from and all the struggles that came about through history is integral and just cool as hell to be honest. Thank you so much for making these videos

[@jamescerone]

Hi Stefan, I just wanted to say how much I appreciate your citations! You are the only history KZbinr who I have come across to provide a prober reference list and annotations in the video itself

[@Nmethyltransferase]

You're presuming that the only edible parts of grasses are the leaves. Their seeds, tubers/rhizomes/seeds/croms, and pollen grains are more concentrated sources of energy and protein. Look up "chufas," i.e. earth almonds or tiger nuts and cattails.

[@KB4QAA]

N: Excellent points, and should be emphasized. Particularly in dryer conditions like plains and savannahs, tubers, roots and stems will hold moisture and store starches! These ancestors may have spent their time digging with tools and pulling up plants.

[@phxcppdvlazi]

@@KB4QAA Very stimulating hypothesis.

[@lordkilliam2649]

@@KB4QAA doesn't take much to dig a root up with a pointy stick .....

[@pieRana]

I love how you remind us that what you're saying may not be facts, just what you've found, and that you could be wrong. True science is not absolute. Love this, totally subbed xp

[@blossom_generosty-]

uhm no idiot science is absolute we just constantly inprve our tools and knowledge then tools its scieence is basically just making connections between causes and results that span even far beyonf human senses and what our bodies are able to pick up its just very complicated like you probably dont know how telephones even work and for you its "not absolute" something that is like less than a zero of what theoretically known in science and technologically possible but far to resource demanding to be build or contained you probably or how laws economics medicine everything is the result the laws of physics

[@60wds]

Your work is absolutely brilliant. Love to watch your mind at work! Your communication skills are outstanding. Thanks again for this most worthy production. #3 for me in one evening but definitely will be diving into the rest of your creations!

[@johnglavis2358]

There is evidence that Parathropus consumed nutsedge tubers, the present day chufa aka Tigernuts. The advance of brain development may have been due to the tubers high level of oils before higher concentrations of fats and proteins were achieved through meat-eating. Nutcracker Man was actually Tubercrusher Man. As humans we can still achieve full nutrition from plants and insects, another reason we are witnessing the rise of cricket-flour production which has a higher protein value than beef made with little impact on the environment. Thanks, Stefan, for your excellent vid on a fascinating yet rarely considered bit of our human foundational history…>

[@StefanMilo]

Thanks! Yeah I was almost hesitant to use a clip of meat as evidence for our high calorie diet because we often over look the humble tuber. There's a big bias in the record because animal bones survive whereas the crusty end of a root doesn't. Thanks for watching!

[@angelloulou2958]

"The advance of brain development may been due to the tubers high level of oils before higher concentrations of fats and proteins were achieved through meat-eating"....is correct...(THEN very healthy wild meat)

[@Nemo_Anom]

@@StefanMilo I was absolutely about to lay into you about that. Our brains got bigger only after we started using fire and roasting tubers and nuts, not from meat.

[@seanbeadles7421]

Man, I really don’t dig this dietary determinism in this thread lol. I’ve yet to see any reason the expensive tissue hypothesis should be treated as theory and all these debates about diet impacting brain growth assume the expensive tissue hypothesis is correct. There’s no evidence that fire or meat eating or tuber eating actually impacted our intelligence. It’s nearly a “just so” story, something that has plagued evolutionary anth forever.

[@TheShootist]

a pox on insects as human food. feed it to the cows and pigs. feed me the steak and bacon.

[@bevroberts8440]

Glad I found your video. I too learned about this species in Paleo-anthropology and it made me want to be an anthropologist for about 2 weeks (then I realized I could never support myself in that field). But I am still fascinated by the huge saggital crest.

[@ScottStratton]

Another great piece of work! I didn’t know about these guys at all - blows my mind too. Also: “Not Cheese” ... +100 I had to pause the video I was laughing so hard at that bit.

[@StefanMilo]

Yeah the models jaw doesn't open all the way so a dairy lee triangle was the only thing in my fridge that fitted lol. Thanks for watching as always!

[@love1another393]

Yea just like the guy creating the videos doent kno anything about them either. He got his information somewhere and it wasnt from homself

[@retoblubber]

6:31 -- _carbon and nitrogen are elements, not isotopes_ The most stable isotope of the element carbon is carbon-12. A superscript "12" needs to be placed in front of the atomic symbol. Also, when using the alternative, more text-friendly spelling, always use a hyphen (C-12, not C12), to avoid confusion (in this case with chlorine, Cl2).

[@TheMoonchild1969]

I would likely reply to you, but first I need to check out Wikipedia to get the fundamentals right. I don't want to sound stupid.😒

[@Alpssener]

@@TheMoonchild1969did you

[@dwightehowell8179]

Tarter is actually the most powerful thing in allowing us to know what they eat if you can find some teeth that weren't cleaned. By studying the remains of the food in the tarter you can often learn with a fairly high degree of accuracy exactly what they did eat instead of making much more generic statements.

[@StefanMilo]

That's very true, I don't know if that can survive so many millions of years but then again maybe it can.

[@HoneyMonsterNava]

Going with that, all our ancestors must have died with a diet of nothing but rocks and dirt right?

[@thomarsep]

Love your vids Stefan, I'm learning so much about such a fascinating subject. Your languid, calm, un-hyped delivery is unusual and very refreshing. Please keep it up!

[@coweatsman]

We didn't start out as apes. We ARE apes. Just as we primates and we are mammals and we are vertebrates. We never stopped being any of these.

[@spamfilter32]

@Dieter Gaudlitz Well, to be fair, we never were a type of bacteria. That split had already happened.

[@TheCreeper246]

Dieter Gaudlitz We actually do call ourselves eukaryotes though.

[@Danquebec01]

Also, we’re fish. You can’t exclude say ray-finned fishes are fishes and cœlacanths and lung fishes are fishes as well while we’re not fishes, if you’re being cladistically pure.

[@Danquebec01]

@@Purpose_Porpoise Amphibians make up a separate clade, so in this sense, we can’t cladistically be considered as amphibians. Neither, for the same reason, can we be considered monotremes. We could indeed be considered “reptiles” if we considere some of our ancestor as “reptiles”. I don’t know what you mean by “ancient jellyfish”, but it probably doesn’t apply. And I explained why we can be considered as fish. For bacteria, it’s way more complicated, I can’t really explain it with a KZbin comment.

[@Danquebec01]

@0 0 You’re using a morphological criterium. This is without importance for cladistic classification.

[@adrianokury]

Loved this video -- very sober, making excellent use of the illustrative material, nice pace. Thumbs up!

[@pseudopetrus]

So much of hominins is a mystery, they make me scratch my head and maybe my groin too!

[@Hat-]

*that's not kosher.*

[@Maliique]

Hope it's more of a pinch'n'roll

[@chicagoliightsx]

😂 Silly

[@jackd1582]

CRABS not Herpes

[@warmbabaganoush4825]

Always so freakin excited when I see Stefan uploaded lol. Hominids eating grass, you don't know what you don't know indeed!

[@PancracioProductions]

Thanks for talking the time to make this high quality content and share it with the world!

[@jameshargan2786]

PS. Love your videos - huge amount of work put into an amazing and impressive and enjoyable result. 👍🏼👍🏼

[@roberthofmann8403]

Thank you, Stefan. Another great video. Funny and informative. I never really looked into genera other than our own. I will definitely look more into Paranthropus!

[@jamesrussell7760]

I can see you do a hell of a lot of research for your videos, Stefan. Well done!

[@gooner72]

It's nice that you've given references in your videos to back up what you say so people can fact check, so many other content makers do not do this as they know that what they say is questionable at best and a bloody lie at worst. I also like the fact that you bring in experts to explain certain scientific facts which makes your content even more interesting.

[@emorys.9369]

Love that you included sources! Also, I love the graphics in tandem with your commentary!

[@sa_exploder]

I would like to thank the KZbin algorithm for actually working for once. This was great. Very informative and entertaining. You got my subscription!

[@ricardomontalban7972]

I so appreciate your videos, Stefan. I’m addicted. Keep them coming.

[@daveswinington896]

Really enjoyed and got a lot from this video .. very improved production values .. keep it up Stefan!!

[@Siemius]

This deserves way more attention than it has. Great work.

[@MrTimetravler]

This was great!! I hope you do move videos like this on every single hominid ancestor one by one be awesome!!!!

[@StefanMilo]

I definitely plan on doing that. Just takes a little bit of time due to the amount of research.

[@MrTimetravler]

@@StefanMilo awesomeness!!!

[@lindascanlan6317]

Your videos are fantastic, humorous and always informative.. As a lover of evolutionary biology, but an untrained humanities major, your videos help make it possible for me to understand the terminology and chronology which often gets heavy and dense...ty Stefan.

[@JeffNeelzebub]

Wow, I was just doing a google search of Paranthropus just yesterday, and thought Toutube was snooping my search history. But no, just Stefan. Phew! Good video!

[@alexburke1899]

Google owns KZbin and I’m pretty sure they have access to both sets of data without any conspiracies involved:) I just assume my phone and these companies listen in all the time but it’s their loss because my life isn’t that exciting lol.

[@williamliamsmith4923]

Stefan, love your videos! I realize the ginormous effort you (and others who create such videos) put into making such videos. And here I am who watches them and nitpick. Apologies in advance. One thing that really could benefit is if the maps used in such videos (eg at 00:45) were from a elegant times where possible. Probably the planet looks very different when these hominids walked the earth. The sea levels were probably different and the vegetation was different. Sahara may have been greener etc. If there was a library of more accurate maps with sea levels, ice coverage, and proper vegetation the quality will improve further.

[@jameskirk6030]

Your videos are informative, entertaining, and just short enough to keep one attention. Well done sir

[@lesliesylvan]

Wonderful! . . . Wonderful! . . . ty, Stefan. Always look forward to seeing you show up on my notification board.

[@georgepretnick4460]

Human diet has changed more in the last 100 years, than it did since Paranthropus. Yes, the Agri revolution was a big change, but it was much slower. Another new major player in our diet is sugar.

[@ingwiafraujaz3126]

I'm studying human evolutionary biology in university and I have an exam this Friday on the human lineage, including Paranthropus evolution; I'm sure this video will help me ace it. Thanks Stefan!

[@magnvss]

Diet specialists always have a harder time surviving changing environmental conditions. Humans weren’t; in fact their advantage was being the contrary of this species: the become “the hunters” whose rich diet not only allowed for a bigger and more nutritionally demanding brain but were more adaptable to periods of a given source of type of food scarcity. Even today young children whose diet is nutritionally lacking result in for life cognitive disadvantage or even disability. Our species is notable because we are able to out-run (literally) every other species (not in velocity but in persistence, we kept going, following up and able to dissipate body heat while our preys would eventually whether succumb to exhaustion or overheat). That’s why perspiration and lack of hair (that allows for a better and more efficient loss of heat due to perspiration) is so specialized in humans. Having assured a rich source of food that no other hominid could access to in the same way (other than the incidental awkward occurrence like trapping a little animal or taking advantage of a dead animal whore weren’t still devoured by other carnivores) gave us a hand-in-hand (literally) change of develop complex strategies that no other animals could exploit (we were a social species who had an ample range of communication sounds that could improve hunting strategies or food gathering AND whose upper limbs could be used on an almost unlimited variety of forms to take advantage of environment changes and circumstances and faster tool specialization AND who were also able to use its marathon-like capabilities to abandon whether habitat or dangerous species in a more efficient way and even defend themselves or kill those who may thought that we were an easy prey to eat). Fire made meat even MORE accessible to us than other carnivores as it killed a rage of bacteria and parasites other carnivores had cope with detriment to their changes. Of course we always took advantage of whatever other sources of vegetable food were available , but all kinds of animal source food (including bugs) were in our diet.

[@davehallett3128]

Are you angling for a writing credit on the show

[@evxl-]

@@davehallett3128 Not with those sentence structures and awful spelling.

[@ramablair262]

You are smooshing so much info into my brain, I might freak out. Thanks!!!

[@oj5218]

When it comes to diet: saw a lecture from ucla, I think, that groups of modern humans living by the coast of South Africa. It showed the groups liveed on very different diets although living just 10 km apart. Might seem that the more intelligent and advanced we get the more varied lifestyles/culture we get = adjusting to local opportunities?

[@yanickanick4721]

Your videos make me want to go back to school and focus more during my anthropology major. But then I remember all the great jobs that got me....

[@tristenjames7462]

Your explanation of how humans got herpes is hilarious.

[@StefanMilo]

Thanks

[@DennisMathias]

I've been subscribed for a long time and it's enlightening to go back and watch some of the old ones. I wonder if a really good idea might be to explain what has changed from the early ones to now. Kind of an addendum to bring us up to date. What were our preconceived notions that have been supplanted? Your stuff is great!

[@HenrythePaleoGuy]

Great video. Paranthropus were a really cool group of animals.

[@janegael]

Like you, I'm interested in these guys, so I was going to watch a couple of minutes and move in. You're an excellent presenter and completely sucked me in. I've subscribed and am looking forward to learning more from you.

[@bonemo7783]

I loved learning about these guys in my forensic Anthro class. They also have super robust simian shelves.

[@slidymctuesday5711]

When I logged onto KZbin today you had 96.4 k subscribers, now you’re at 96.6 k subscribers and I’m proud to count myself among the new ones.

[@Mr_Right]

If they lived during an age without razors and covered from head to toe in pubic hair, they most likely went extinct when the crabs sucked them dry.

[@chicagoliightsx]

@Herbal Shaman True...🤔

[@adriennehunt1799]

Another gem. Thanks Stefan.

[@Hala-ataa]

So crazy 🤯 at 9:04 you can see our ancestors had writing on the inside of their eye sockets! Science will never cease to amaze me.

[@diorocks5858]

you always present brilliant content eloquently ...thank you

[@mothlightmedia1936]

Great video, very interesting

[@StefanMilo]

Thanks! So was yours, we'll have to do this again sometime.

[@tylerlogan4747]

Not gonna lie I'd love to see a cross over video between the two of you

[@yes_head]

Excellent video -- thanks. I came here due to the NYT article that just dropped about P. Boisei possibly co-existing with Home erectus. I imagine I won't be alone.

[@mariojeromechavez6663]

Wow, ancient primates certainly had an interesting and good looking appearance.

[@satyr1349]

New one and info for me and many others I imagine, thanks for making a vid on the topic!

[@StormofSteelWargaming]

This is an excellent video, your mad skillz have come miles sine the TYM days. Really good and professional looking. Keep knocking them out!

[@StefanMilo]

I know! lol I cringe looking back at older videos a little bit. Got to keep on improving though.

[@StormofSteelWargaming]

@@StefanMilo It's all a learning process, there's nothing cringey about them, tbf

[@njkauto2394]

Thanks for your hard work producing great information and entertainment. Love your sense of humour.

[@poisontoad8007]

Yep that's why I chose archaeology too. You get to study EVERYTHING :)

[@NobodysSmartButMe]

This was a very fascinating, and amusing, watch. Thank you! I'm now subscribing to your channel.

[@sisyphusvasilias3943]

"....and THICC enamel"

[@Sharonc64]

I am glad that I stumbled upon your video. Thank you for my latest binge.

[@Jacob-yg7lz]

Could the grasses they ate be grains? Or passed down isotopes from their prey?

[@christosvoskresye]

Regarding the second question, the isotopic ratios change whenever you have another step away from plants. It's sort of like heavy metal concentrations -- the farther up the food chain you go, the more the heavy metals tend to concentrate.

[@StefanMilo]

Yeah so in Victoria's explanation, the part she didn't cover, Nitrogen, can indicate whether you're consuming plants directly or consuming them through eating prey. Boisei and Robustus both consumed them directly. That being said 77% of the diet coming from grasses still leaves 23% from somewhere else. I'm sure they'd have hunted and eaten some meat.

[@mattiasdahlstrom2024]

But cannot it be argued that we a lot of grass seeds in the form of wheat, barley, rye, oats?

[@ernstvangelderen9537]

At 12:53. That is the one U get downstairs? I love it!! Not the Herpes b.t.w! Such a good video. Thank you!

[@thundercliff93]

I remember reading that robust Australopithecines may have been eating papyrus

[@StefanMilo]

Yeah different forms of sedges are possible. It depends on whether we think they lived in an aquatic environment or not. As we discover more and more fossils, we may be able to understand where they preferred to live.

[@applejack9482]

Your videos are amazing! Thank you for your learns

[@caviramus0993]

Creo que querías decir teaches. Learn es cuando nosotros estamos aprendiendo algo. Teach es cuando enseñamos algo a alguien.

[@applejack9482]

@@caviramus0993 gracias

[@caviramus0993]

@@applejack9482 No problema. Quería traducir todo este video pero no soy el nativo de español y me falta tiempo para hacerlo.

[@tomselvijssusts1996]

Just curious, and would be thankfull if someone elaborated this to me. Would'n your c13 amount be higher even if you ate just the animals that eat c4 plants aka grasslike plants?

[@StefanMilo]

It would yeah but I believe their nitrogen scores would also be higher. That can indicate how high in the food chain you are

[@nmarbletoe8210]

yup. Depending on the study, you may need a combination of isotopes N -- how high on the food chain C -- C4 vs C3 plant diet H -- altitude and latitude Strontium -- old vs young rock where you live and more!

[@ralfgroh5967]

Instructive and well-preserved. Thanks!

[@ralfgroh5967]

Instructive and well-presented

[@chopin65]

Yes, move over diamonds. Remind that special lady in your life: herpes are forever, too.

[@moralesm8883]

Great video, commitment to consistency is always appreciated:)

[@danm7298]

I wish i could go back in time 2.2 million years ago when australopithicus, paranthrous and homo habilis were all living at the same time! 3 completely diffrent species in the human family tree.

[@cazgerald9471]

Go back as part of a team with modern technology and a way back to our time, or just dropped in naked and alone?

[@Kyle-gw6qp]

Go back and stop us getting herpes

[@paulscarponescarpone.8681]

Great video Stefan. I just got my parenthesis Boise skull. Absolutely love it

[@firmaith]

When you say. "Don't trust anything I say, " that makes me trust you more

[@jadavis7235]

I admire you faith, you kook.

[@garethbaus5471]

At least it is more honest than someone repeatedly saying "believe me" without evidence.

[@pallexa]

Yes,ur awesome.

[@chicagoliightsx]

You'd make a perfect Christian; or really any other religious mark lmao

[@firmaith]

@@chicagoliightsx not really, im not ideological at all. Im just saying that Milo inspires confidence in his humble deprecating

[@VictorAdad]

Amazing work. Love your videos.

[@FreekVerkerk]

hi, i have a (few) small stones that are probably tools from the ice-age or earlier. I have difficulty intepreting them. One of them is 5 cm and has a hole in it,. I guess it was used as a weight for a nett or for making fire, or for carrying and saving fire. Do you have a emailadress or a name i can contact. The stones were found in Germany. Maybe similar stones are found. The other stones just look they are touched by humans.

[@StefanMilo]

To be honest I'm no pro. You'd be better off taking them to a museum or university.

[@professorsogol5824]

Mr Verkerk, where do you live? I understand the British Museum regularly has someone scheduled to meet members of the public who can bring in their curiosities for identification and evaluation. Here's an amusing KZbin video that explains the British Museum's approach: kzbin.info/www/bejne/qZDJnKOQiNOtaKs I encourage you to look; the relevant discussion is within the first 5 minutes The American Museum of Natural History in New York has weekend drop in seasons at the Sackler Educational Lab where the public talk to an expert about human evolution, etc. www.amnh.org/calendar/weekend-drop-in-sessions-in-the-sackler-educational-lab You could bring your items and ask the person on duty about them. If neither of those options are viable for you, look for a nearby university with an anthropology department and give it a phone call. You'll find somebody who will look at the items or photos of the items and make a comment.

[@shruggzdastr8-facedclown]

I've been eagerly awaiting new content from you, Stefan -- thanks for delivering this new video!

[@anniesearle6181]

The paranthropine foods were identified via microscopic tooth wear on their teeth - it can distinguish between types of plants - ie fruit based diets /leaf based/ nut based

Is it supposed to show an image of boisei at 8:52 and robustus at 9:48? I think the skull photos got mixed-up at this point in the video. The robustus skull is shown at 8:52 while talking about boisei, and the boisei skull is shown at 9:48 while talking about robustus. Please correct me if I’m confused! Thank you for all you do, Stefan!

[@tsopmocful1958]

I first found out about these guys in the early '70s when I was about 5 in the Time-Life book 'Early Man'. They were still called Australopithecus robustus then, but I was fascinated with the beautiful artwork that depicted them in their natural setting and even having fisticuffs with A. africanus. The book is now of course quite out of date, but I would still recommend checking it out for its great examples of palaeoart.

[@muhamadsayyidabidin3906]

i have similar book like that. the publisher is different in my country but i saw that the original is Time-life lol. i think the title is archaic human (in my native language). i still have it because its a book that my grandmother give to my mother and passed it to me.

[@sg777sg]

Great video. Thanks so much for your hard work and attention to detail.

[@silasdense4725]

Really enjoyed your video. I have also been fascinated about those particular hominids. Early human evolution/development fascinates me. I'm definitely subscribing. Thank You.

[@richierich2229]

Same I love early human history I wish I had a time machine so I could watch them

[@simonward-horner7605]

Very interesting. Thanks.

[@johnathanwalker8395]

I really like your content. You deserve so many more subs and likes.

[@andrejmucic5003]

I'm a Serb and I have pronounced frontal bossing on my forehead. Should I eat more grasses and less roast pork? I'm confused. Can garlic or alcohol help? Ziveli Zemljak!

[@skipinkoreaable]

Fermented grass?

[@StefanMilo]

Couldn't hurt lol. Hvala puno!

[@charlypetra191]

Watch your channel a lot and really liked the lay out and topic of this one, thanks.

[@gyalpoirgyud4759]

Here's an important question: where did you get that skull replica?

[@StefanMilo]

Boneclones.com

[@NorthForkFisherman]

@@StefanMilo Expensive, but worth it. I have some of their work myself. An Au. afarensis jaw.

[@IanHutchings_KTF]

Just added your channel to my subscription list purely based on your fearless confrontation of the herpes question in early hominins. Keep it up!

[@keekwai2]

0:12 "Our origins as apes" ... err, last time I checked, we're STILL APES! Homo Sapien, apparently the smartest animal on the planet, but most don't even know what type of animal they are.

[@SurtierWood]

We are a very special animal we are an animal that's also and angel our other ancestors besides neanderthal are angels and those other hominids were said to be apes spliced with angel dna untill the Angels got the the last genetically engineered hominid which is neanderthals but one of the Angels thought these hominids were cool so he had sex with three neanderthal women and made good old homo sapiens

[@Red_Diaries24]

Interesting topic. Well made video

[@doctorpicardnononono7469]

my grandfather used to tell my grandmother, ach wijf vreet gras dan kan je hooi scheiten! i had forgotten about that until now.

[@StefanMilo]

Thanks, I presume that's Afrikaans or Dutch? What's the meaning of the saying?

[@erynlasgalen1949]

@@StefanMilo It's something about grass and defecation, based on what little of the Germanic languages I know. I too would relish a translation. It sounds like it could be rather funny.

[@professorsogol5824]

@@erynlasgalen1949 Google Translate says its Dutch and provides the following as the translation oh, my wife eats grass, then you can hay hay

[@jeremypickard2372]

You always kill me dude. Good one

[@StefanMilo]

Thanks!

[@Waterhouse1666]

I. HAVE. COMMENTED.

[@pieternel101]

First time watcher of your channel. Cool film, funny and educational. Thanks.

[@StefanMilo]

Thanks, I try my best.