The Perplexing Prehistory of the Sahara

#paleoanthropology #human #ancienthuman
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Sources:
D’Atanasio, E., Trombetta, B., Bonito, M. et al. The peopling of the last Green Sahara revealed by high-coverage resequencing of trans-Saharan patrilineages. Genome Biol19, 20 (2018). doi.org/10.1186/s13059-018-13...
Dommain, René; Riedl, Simon; Olaka, Lydia A.; deMenocal, Peter; Deino, Alan L.; Owen, R. Bernhart; Muiruri, Veronica; Müller, Johannes; Potts, Richard; Strecker, Manfred R. (12 July 2022). "Holocene bidirectional river system along the Kenya Rift and its influence on East African faunal exchange and diversity gradients". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 119 (28): e2121388119. doi:10.1073/pnas.2121388119. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 9282390. PMID 35759654. S2CID 250090985.
"New insights into the termination of the African Humid Period (5.5 ka BP) in central Ethiopia from detailed analysis of a diatom record" (PDF). Journal of Paleolimnology. 61 (1): 99-110. Bibcode:2019JPall..61...99R. doi:10.1007/s10933-018-0047-7. ISSN 1573-0417. S2CID 134871122.
McGee, David; deMenocal, Peter B. (20 November 2017). "Climatic Changes and Cultural Responses During the African Humid Period Recorded in Multi-Proxy Data". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Climate Science. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Climate Science.
Coulson, David; Campbell, Alec. "Rock Art of the Tassili n'Ajjer, Algeria" (PDF). AfricanRockArt.org.
Soukopova, Jitka (2017). "Central Saharan rock art: Considering the kettles and cupules". Journal of Arid Environments. 143: 10. Bibcode:2017JArEn.143...10S. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2016.12.011.
Soukopova, Jitka (Jan 16, 2013). Round Heads: The Earliest Rock Paintings in the Sahara. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 38. ISBN 9781443845793.
Rowland, Joanne M. (2021). Revolutions The Neolithisation of the Mediterranean Basin: The Transition to Food Producing Economics in North Africa, Southern Europe and the Levant. Giulio Lucarini, Geoffrey J. Tassie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Excellence Cluster Topoi (1. Auflage ed.). Berlin. ISBN 978-3-9819685-6-9. OCLC 1265037731.
Duque-Villegas, Mateo; Claussen, Martin; Brovkin, Victor; Kleinen, Thomas (22 August 2022). "Effects of orbital forcing, greenhouse gases and ice sheets on Saharan greening in past and future multi-millennia". Climate of the Past. 18 (8): 1897-1914. doi:10.5194/cp-18-1897-2022. ISSN 1814-9324. S2CID 251465373.
Soriano, S.; Tribolo, Ch; Maggetti, M.; Ozainne, S.; Ballouche, A.; Fahmy, A.; Neumann, K.; Lespez, L.; Rasse, M.; Huysecom, E. (2009). "The emergence of pottery in Africa during the tenth millennium cal BC: new evidence from Ounjougou (Mali)". Antiquity. 83 (322): 905-917.
Stivers, Jeffrey P.; Dutheil, Didier B.; Moots, Hannah M.; Cocca, Enzo; N'siala, Isabella Massamba; Giraudi, Carlo; Kaye, Thomas G.; Stafford, Thomas W. Jr.; Mercuri, Anna Maria (14 August 2008). "Lakeside Cemeteries in the Sahara: 5000 Years of Holocene Population and Environmental Change". PLOS ONE. 3 (8): e2995. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.2995S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002995. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 2515196. PMID 18701936.
di Lernia, S. (2022). Saharan Hunter-Gatherers: Specialization and Diversification in Holocene Southwestern Libya (1st ed.). Routledge. doi.org/10.4324/9781003083580
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[@NORTH02]

What would you guys like to learn next?

[@Pouncer9000]

I'd like to learn more about horses drawn by chariots? (14:55):)

[@rring44]

The beginnings of animal husbandry and maybe even how we domesticated various cereal grains.

[@helmann9265]

1: south America prehistoric life in the amazonas 2: the The origins of humans in the Pacific Ocean. Polynesians, Polynesia. (Maori?) Do they originate from South America? or on the side of the Far East (from China) 🤔 3:" Ubeidiya site" in Jorden Valley makes me curious 🧐 (Cenozoic---> Pleistocene era)

[@hannahdixon8365]

id love to learn more about the travel of different species, esp overseas, and how they did it. it fascinates me how much work must have gone into it or how long it wouldve taken compared to today

[@invadertron100]

Natufian's please

[@dondidotchi]

I live in algeria and now I'm in a city called tindouf and its in the Sahara.. This region is not well studied

[@naponroy]

I've been over on the other side of the Mauritanian border. How is it in Tindouf? Is it safe for travel? Is French widely spoken?

[@dondidotchi]

Oui tu peux utiliser le français ici And about safety yeah it is safe even though its a sensitive place cause of the borders and all that sahraoui and Moroccan case You are welcome here the locals are very welcoming

[@csx3180]

​@@naponroyit's miserable, absolutely nothing to see, and you can't travel freely, since the area is given to the POLISARIO front by Algeria, it practically aims to be a mini (imaginary) temporary sahraoui state, it's being investigated for human rights violations such as torture and killing of countless voices that protest the state or caught trying to escape to the moroccan controlled Sahara, You can find info online about the topic, give it a try Sametime

[@naponroy]

@@dondidotchi Like I said, I have been on the Mauritanian side, and it was very friendly. The desert somehow has such a beautiful draw. Thanks for the welcome

[@naponroy]

@@csx3180 Where do you recomend I look online? Like I said before, the Mauritanian side was said to be dangerous but it was really ok. You really think it;d be dangerous to go there?

[@lastofmygeneration]

When people try to say Ancient Egyptian civilization seemed to spring from nowhere, I try to communicate to them this completely ignores what we know about prehistory. It makes perfect sense they would congregate along the Nile after the inland lakes dried up. There is no doubt they learned some amazing strategies for survival while the Sahara was turning to desert.

[@IsaacHarvison-mt5xt]

No Egyptian new who they were they knew who lived around them at the time they pottery depicting different tribes and them 😂😂 they weren't dark skinned Africans

[@lastofmygeneration]

@@IsaacHarvison-mt5xt what exactly are you scoffing at here?

[@romanpaladino]

@@IsaacHarvison-mt5xt You shouldn't be laughing when you can't even write a coherent post.

[@benjammin1212]

@@IsaacHarvison-mt5xt Err black pharaoh's ???

[@ateethestar1531]

What? @@IsaacHarvison-mt5xt

[@Glassgothgirl]

No worries about video output. You're investing in your academic development right now, and that in turn means enhanced content for us later! This is a fascinating video and I'm glad you brought up acceptance of **Natural** climate change at the end. The lessons we should be learning now is not to mess with the planet on such a level. Deserts are as important as lush forest in terms of diversity. Enjoy your time in Italy and happy studies!

[@scottconlon5124]

If we can destroy I assume we can create

[@eliteventurer62]

Extremely heart warming to see positive and encouraging comments.

[@xLILxWANGx]

Yes be told what to think not how! I mean learn!

[@ThursonJames]

“It wasn’t ‘natural’! The ancient Atlantans did it, even though they also didn’t exist!” Should’ve been all caps, but I couldn’t bring myself to do it…

[@renato7184]

​@@scottconlon5124 Destroy is a lot easyier than create

[@Kadath_Gaming]

If you regreen the Sahara, you cut off the nitrate flow through the trade winds which precipitates out in the daily rainfall in the Amazon basin. So if you look back in time in the Amazon basin you find contemporary environmental retreat and civilisational spread at times when the Sahara is greener.

[@mrbaab5932]

Look at that latitude of the Sahara and the Amazon. The Sahara is up north and parallel with Florida, USA and Northern Mexico, while the Amazon is parallel to the Congo and Angola.

[@4d4fastwitch454]

@@mrbaab5932 hey stop making dumb comments on everybody’s posts, if you don’t know something go look it up before you speak because you are consistently wrong everytime you mind someone else’s business.

[@4d4fastwitch454]

@@mrbaab5932 what he said is true, the Amazon depends on dust from the Sahara.

[@C-Farsene_5]

@@4d4fastwitch454 the amazon would still exist thanks to the rich rivers that flow from the andes and the general moisture just not in the same scale or size

[@haotian9421]

If the Amazon needs dust blown across the Atlantic, how do the rainforests of Australasia and Africa thrive so well? There doesn’t seem to be another comparable dust source that might fertilise those rainforests, and it seems unlikely that the dust would get blown right around the world to the Congo without getting dispersed or rained down to the ground?

[@paulrward]

The Circular Tools you show at 8:39 are quite well known to North American Anthropologists and Archaeologists - they are Hide Scrapers, used to remove the flesh and fat from animal hides without damaging the hides, prior to tanning.

[@EuroWarsOrg]

You talking about Clovis or Solutrean? They are way more shaped

[@conniead5206]

The disks seem too round to be an effective or efficient hide scraping tool. Do not look like other stone tools used for that either.

[@atomic_bomba]

@@conniead5206Their rounded edges hide a very real sharpness. You can find examples of other circular hide-scrapers from prehistoric caves around Israel.

[@ElGreaseMan]

⁠​⁠@@atomic_bomba I think Connie means that there is no flat or blunted portion/segment that would go into the palm during the scraping, therefore, the tools are “too round” to be effective. Maybe?

[@atomic_bomba]

@@ElGreaseMan Not really. Appearances can be deceiving. Think of it like the lid of a can - round, but very sharp.

[@marjoriejohnston3038]

I love the ancient rock art that leaves us a flavour of the times.

[@oneshothunter9877]

I live in Greenland, and recently I've been carving both elephants and rhinos on cliff walls here, preferably near the inland ice. Wonder what people will think if my carvings are found some thousands of years from now. 😁

[@perceivedvelocity9914]

​@@oneshothunter9877 I wonder what future generations will think of modern monuments. For example Mount Rushmore in the US. Imagine coming across that if you didn't know why it was put there.

[@maxsmith8196]

@@perceivedvelocity9914 I feel like at this point we have left behind way too much in the archelogical record to surprise anyone with what they find…

[@samuraijackoff5354]

@maxsmith8196 If enough time past, a lot of the things we do will just disappear. The dinosaurs lived for thousands of years before us and we have only bones and some eggs. For us humans we only have recent things in the grand scheme of things, everything from before is hard to find.

[@sharpiepenfinepoint]

Prehistoric art is probably my favorite thing, loved seeing so much of it!

[@harrietharlow9929]

My late godson was enthralled with prehistoric art, especially cave art. I am, too. I especiay ove te art of caves such as Lasceaux andAltimira. They had a wonderful sense of techinque and perspective was incredible. One interesting development is that Neanderthals not ony produced cave art, but they were probaby the first cave artists in Europe. Paintings were found in caves in Spain that have been dates to about 65,000 years. this says that the artistic impulse has been with us for a long, long time now.

[@HistoryTime]

Loved this one. Nice work!

[@iamb34]

This is not only beautiful but soothing, your videos are the best when you’re walking or in the bus or whenever, it’s basically a high quality audiobook Keep up North!

[@daylightbright7675]

I...well yes I suppose you would be "in" the bus. Jeez even though I'd always say you're "on" the bus, that really doesn't make a lot of sense when you actually think about it lmao

[@florentineeffect]

@@daylightbright7675typical Redditor 🤣

[@daylightbright7675]

@@florentineeffect I'm saying that it makes more sense to say it that way when you think about it? We say "in the car." Why tf do we say ON the bus? Are you riding on the bike rack or up on the roof? No, no you're not. English is weird

[@ordinaryman2299]

imagine all the great wooden monuments we will never know about ???

[@owellafehr5191]

That rock art is amazing! I can't believe I've never seen pictures of any of it before. A lot of it is so stylistically unique from rock art in other parts of the world. I particularly love the giraffes at 10:01 and 10:05 and the crocodiles at 10:12.

[@hildahilpert5018]

My late father was in Africa during WW2.He spoke about the cave paintings in the Lybian Desert.He was a flight crew chief and airplane mechanic.He spoke about flying over that area during the war, and you could see what looked like the remains of villages or towns from the Air.Asked if any archeologists had done excavations there.He said not that he knew of ,because of the difficulty getting to these areas.

[@agent1821]

Mo

[@brooklyna007]

Thank you so much for doing a video on the green Sahara. It is one of the portions of the Neolithic transition that is nearly completely lost to us. It is impossible to figure out where the Niger-Congo, Bantu, Guanches and Fulani civilizations trace back to without knowing what their interactions with the Saharan people were. I really hope we start getting clues like ancient DNA and archeological sites connected to cultures that still or exist or that we at least know more about.

[@JayKahns]

They all likely trace back to the Garama, Mauri, and Meroe.

[@brooklyna007]

​@@JayKahns Those are some of the people that are very likely to be related to ancient Saharan peoples. But note that the histories for those people all start at least 4,000 years after the Sahara mostly dried up. It continued drying afterwards but most of it was done by 4,000-3,000 BC. For the Garama and Meroe we don't even know their language.The Mauri can't be tied to much else other than "likely Berber". And we don't know how these can be related to the Fulani and other south Sahel groups. There is hard disconnect in classical archeology, archeogenetics and linguistics when looking to the north and south of the Sahel. There is a missing history in the middle.

[@4d4fastwitch454]

West African civilizations also have input from cultures in the area of shum laka in northwestern Cameroon who arrived around 30,000 bc. There were also cultures in those regions that could smelt iron as early as 2300 bc and is also a place of independently invented ceramic technology and engaged in transcontinental trade in domesticated crops as far back as the 10th and 6th millennia, respectively.

[@mrbaab5932]

​@@4d4fastwitch454There are only two examples of iron working dating back before 1000 BC with no examples of iron smelting sites or iron smithing sites. There are no examples of bronze smelting and working, which is easier than iron smelting. The two examples of iron knives are generally thought to have fallen into older depths of earth like creek beds. There needs to be more than two questionable examples to prove iron working. Maybe that will happen in the future.

[@4d4fastwitch454]

@@mrbaab5932 so what you mean to tell me is that you’ve been living under a rock?

[@smacky101]

Thanks for still putting time into these videos. They are always welcome even if we have to wait :)

[@JJ-fe1mx]

Huge fan of your content. I’m genuinely appreciative you take the time and put in so much effort.

[@haiguizeify]

Hey man, I just wanna say your style is great. It's very listenable - I can follow along with what you're saying while you drive, and the soft-spoken, slow paced speech is very relaxing. Your new mic is great (compared to earlier videos) and I'd recommend you keep using it. Keep it up man, I'm excited to see more!

[@williamromine5715]

This is the first time I have heard someone bring up the question of humans trying change the climate to keep it as it as it has been recently. That is a question that should be discussed rationally. Thank you for bringing it up. I have only recently found your channel, and really like it.

[@oscarerikssonbrindbergs3572]

Greatings from Sweden. I'm currentlly writing an appointment on human evolution and your ancient human series has been a great help. Love your videos, keep doing you.

[@acaydia2982]

We didn’t really evolve as much as we interbred.

[@AITrademarket]

Thank you for another great video! And don’t worry about the frequency of the output. We are grateful for whatever you can do and indeed provide us. And that your videos are a much watched event in our household whenever they are released. I sometimes have to pause the video and look up the scientific terms you use (I studied economics and so I’m almost illiterate by scientific jargon standards LOL), but thank you nonetheless. Compelling!

[@meechneek]

Not only do I love it, as it contains of priceless knowledge. Your voice really calms me down, every time I watch new episode, I find it hugely relaxing, thank you! 👍👏👌

[@paul6925]

A good narrator really helps. I have to turn some videos off because the voice is so annoying. Even if the content is good

[@DakiniDream]

Agree, the voice is awesome, i'm so tired about people screaming at me. ;)

[@canchero724]

No loud bangs or sound effects too. It's such a blissful experience listening to these videos

[@OriginalChicagoKrawZ]

Hey North02 . I've been a fan a your videos since I stumbled across them over a year ago and now I watch them as soon as I can when they are put on KZbin. I have recently learned a little bit about ancient Marsupials of Australia and New Zealand and think you would make an excellent video on them if you don't already have one in the works. That said Thank you so much for the wonderful informative videos you make for everyone to enjoy and learn from. I tell everyone I know about your channel when these topics come up and friends my age and older are blown away by your attention to detail and your drive to be thorough with all your information. Thank you so much and I can't wait to see and hear your take on ancient Australia and New Zealand. Arrivederci 🙋

[@Peter-zv8cy]

The editing and the video quality is really good in this video. Great job!

[@paulajmchugh]

I get so excited when you have a new video! Keep up the amazing work!

[@sabrinaleedance]

This makes so much sense that Egypt became the civilization it became, bc all of the people of the Sahara and their civilizations, culture, and technology mustve migrated to the Nile reigon when their homelands became uninhabitable

[@celestenova777]

Fascinating video with the history of the changing landscape over thousands of years. Makes me wonder of future people, animals, plants etc and how they will evolve.Thanks for your work.

[@draganjagodic4056]

Beautiful work as ever. Thank you so much.

[@420haxx]

I always appreciate a NORTH 02 video before bed, so chill yet fascinating. Enjoy yourself in Italy !

[@hollymorris785]

Happy to see a new video from you, thanks!

[@grace7961]

This video is beautiful! Very relaxing to watch and informative!

[@cynthiashepherd7754]

Missed you. Great video. Some others I tried had great subjects but they spoke so fast I could not understand. Yours are perfect.

[@stigcc]

You can adjust the speed of the video. Some times I increase the speed and others I reduce it

[@cenedraleaheldra5275]

I just love your calm voice with it intoxicating knowledge. Your wise evoking wisps of taunting questions. Enjoy your time in Italy. Thanks

[@MrKiwifruit2011]

wow! so glad to have stumbled upon your work. thanks for the effort, learning a lot.

[@JustArtsCreations]

Such a top top quality video. Really well done!

[@thomasschwarz1973]

Great perspective on climate. Thank you!

[@tpench0754]

Man i always look forward to your videos, great quality as always!

[@kalrandom7387]

Always good to see a video of yours

[@kevting4512]

“Humans painted realistically” shown in the midst of a coitus. Ah I see our ancestors taste in cultured art still lives on.

[@kankeinaittebayo]

I wasn't expecting the xxx rock art. I guess it has always been human nature to draw such things

[@canchero724]

Also interesting that they're doing the deed the same way the animals do. It's a practical style as the man can still look out for dangers and threats.

[@adityamohan1773]

I'd assumed that horses were brought into Egypt by Hyksos. But seeing cave art thousands of years ago makes me realise horses were introduced earlier.

[@v_nix]

Thank you for another great video. I hope you'll enjoy your stay in Italy. Love from Belgium.

[@rorydonaldson2794]

What a fantastic subject matter for a video. I didn't expect to see a video on the Sahara, but boy am I siked.

[@NORTH02]

Kinda crazy, my last 3 videos have more or less been about Africa whereas I usually do not cover it

[@helmann9265]

Indeed. Awesome one. P.s The Sahara sand crosses the Atlantic Ocean with wind and lands on the rainforest in Brazil and Amazonas area making fresh soil for the rain forest....

[@NORTH02]

@@helmann9265 oooh a video on Brazil and South America is needed

[@owenhowever1958]

thank you for another amazing vid!!!!

[@marjorie6573]

You cantinue to amaze me with the depth of information provided in your videos. Simply fabulous!

[@justme8837]

I don't mind waiting on videos, they are always worth the wait. Congratulations on studying in Italy, it must be amazing. Take care.

[@Joyride37]

A green sahara and lower sea levels, wider coasts, the persia gulf being a river valley; how much more of our history is buried under sand and sea?

[@shablya]

Appreciate your work and fresh insight on this topic. I think a green Sahara could support a billion people if we still exist during the next humid period.

[@stigcc]

Sub Saharan Africa only supported 100 million people. Only after Europeans gave them their inventions (such as agriculture, animal domestication, modern medicine, steam engines, metallurgy etc) they could increase beyond that

[@stevensoto1710]

@@stigcc actually the population increased after the European countries gave them independence not inventions, also its more due to famine and a lower life expectancy which caused Africans to have more children to survive into adulthood. tho no one can argue that the Chinese helped the population grow faster within a shorter period of time due to the infrastructure and higher rate of living

[@maureenamadasun8779]

​@@stigccStop lying. Subsaharans Already had Kingdoms and Iron since 1000BCE,Farming and And all u mentioned. Racist

[@zynato2321]

not european invention @@stigcc

[@philosopherkink]

Dude, I love the vibe of your conent I put headphones on, watch the sun set, and literally trip substanceless.

[@lincolnyaco5626]

to be--as usual--entertaining AND edifying. My thanx. Yr efforts are appreciated. You are an articulate and informed individual!!! I hope you enjoy creating these as much as I enjoy viewing.

[@paul6925]

The art is quite beautiful and in a surprisingly naturalistic style. The flowing lines and overlapping legs are quite similar to early European art.

[@maxwellmain7809]

It is related. EEMH migrated into N. Africa about 30k ago, and- later- there was a migration from N. Africa into Spain and the UK. There are culturally similar finds and art in both regions, occuring at the same time, and even into today.

[@paul6925]

@@maxwellmain7809 source?

[@0rlanix]

@@paul6925 i think he's talking about the iberomaurisians, they're the ancestors of the berbers (natives of north africa), they existed across the Iberian peninsula and north africa.

[@paul6925]

@@0rlanix Could be. But 30k is around 10k early for Ibero-Maurusians. I don't think it's really settled yet where berbers came from

[@maxwellmain7809]

@@paul6925 I mean even OLDER than the Ibero-maurusians. The earliest of the EEMH to migrate into N. Africa were cold-adapted. Some mixed w/native N. African groups, while others did not. The desertification of N. Africa (which has actually happened a number of times over human history) caused a transitioning of EEMH phenotype characteristics, to those better adapted to handle a dry desert (longer, thinner faces/longer noses, etc. Traditionally, these had been labeled as Med phenotypes (that would have possibly evolved just before 25kya, ya, so YES, it's true that it would would take place during the mesolithic/Epipalepaleolithic era) although EEMH, native N. African phenotypes, transitions between EEMH AND MED phenotypes, as well as mixtures between these various phenotypes (including later Ibero-Maurusian ones, that someone else mentioned), could still be found on their own as well. Keep in mind, too, that that's focusing strictly on face/body structures, whereas lighter skin/eye/hair color (even in EEMH) may have appeared later in Europe, and therefore made it's way into N.Africa via later migrations. Also, Neanderthals had some influence on groups that ended up in N. Africa, just to further muddy the waters.......

[@DakiniDream]

Nicely done video, beautiful pictures and overall views. Comments was also good. I'm still very grateful for less stressy video, and accurate content. These old stories around the aliens become realy tiresome over time, these people have no imagination with that. ;) Thankies !

[@cavecavecavecave5295]

Your videos are always quality. Thank you. 😊

[@grandregentthragg7896]

I often think of my ancestors before colonization before Europeans came to Africa or Arabs invaded. They were in the green Saharah. Hunting running the savanna’s looking at stats at night. I can only imagine how simple life must of seemed.

[@one_field]

Great video, don't worry about producing fewer if they're of this quality. It's important work you're doing, translating scholarly info into bite-sized layman's lessons. Bravo!

[@ScottWorthington]

Outstanding as always.

[@TJSaw]

I wish I was a time traveller. I would’ve loved to have seen the progress of mankind over the millennia. Ancient history is so fascinating! Whole civilisations lost to time.

[@isoinic4575]

amazing video. i just found your channel and am looking forward to watching your other videos.

[@Andrea-rw9tf]

Hey study, we appreciate the info you share! You have an awesome channel and I’ll continue to watch!

[@charlesjmouse]

Thanks for another excellent video... I hadn't put together until now just how short the last Sahara humid period was.

[@mandynewey7215]

Good for you studying and in beautiful Italy! Love your videos, thanks.

[@junestanich7888]

Thanks! Always enjoy your videos.

[@davewalter1216]

I liked the way you framed the discussion at the end. I always wonder if there really is some perfect climate that we should be conserving? The climate has changed constantly through this very long and highly variable Ice Age. People live in very different climatic zones today and always have, and probably most don't even understand that others experience different climate regimes from their own. How could one possibly balance all the different climatic needs of all the organisms living on Earth? Hubris - well known to the Greeks, but always ignored by those with a message.

[@jandrews6254]

Winters cold enough to get in some skiing but not too long, because shovelling snow sucks. Summers warm enough to enjoy the beach but not too hot, because burnie Anything outside those parameters is “Climate Armageddon “ doom and gloom.

[@something1600]

We should just let the climate do its thing and stop causing man made climate change.

[@korey15]

Good video and research. You showed pictures of Napta Playa but I wish you would have gone more in-depth about its significance as one of the oldest astrological observatories in the world, also, The Tashiwnat Mummy is the oldest mummy to have been found in Africa, he comes from this same time period. These two finds have monumental implications for the origins of Nile Valley culture just like the stone burials you mentioned. Maybe for another video? Good luck with your studies.

[@PaoloZero]

It's always a pleasure to listen to you. Greetings from Sicilia

[@someoneelse4492]

Excellent video North, thankyou.

[@aj.a1845]

Great video and informative as always. Your voice is so soothing and a pleasure to listen too.

[@daniell1483]

I love your videos, North. What exactly is your area of study? You cover so much material, it is hard to pin down. Anthropology is my best guess, and if so, it honestly makes me consider studying the subject as well.

[@trrblv3]

He's made a q&a before he's like an IT major and this is just his hobby

[@daniell1483]

@@trrblv3 I think that makes the expertise all the more impressive, if accurate. Thanks for the info.

[@NORTH02]

Marketing major haha

[@10Greencubs]

@@NORTH02 Congrats man. This amount of knowledge you teach is a gift to society.

[@07438724]

@@NORTH02 I would have not bet that!

[@JB-gw8ee]

Love your videos. Thank you!

[@4Beats4Me]

Wonderful artwork! They each read like an essay, Thank you!

[@EJD339]

I always wondered what kind of amazing artifacts there are in the Sahara. I’m sure it’s extremely costly to go look for stuff there

[@johnhorton4089]

Love learning about the Sahara

[@Hollylivengood]

I love the little questions you raise at the end.

[@JamesSmith-wn6ws]

Always a treat keep it up. Butiful editing and soundtrack to go with a well presented interesting video.

[@JesseP.Watson]

That was a truly beautiful piece of work good fellow. As an artist myself I never cease to be amazed by the incredible accuracy of the ancient's depiction of the animals around them, it so clearly exhibits highly sophisticated aesthetic sensibilities... not only accurate, but truly beautiful - those are drawn by eyes with great appreciation of their subjects. I recently released a short film on my channel here created over several months travelling the ancient and wild places of the British Isles which touches upon that more grounded viewpoint regarding the ever-changing climate you point towards here, I believe you may enjoy it. Thank you for that, a deeply intriguing pocket of history there, it makes me want to go and wander the Sahara (which may not be all that great a plan, but all the same... such a mystical place. All the best to ye, subscribed.

[@winkiiiie]

Talk about over analyzing something.. "highly sophisticated aesthetic". Not really what you would call sophisticated...lol and no we wont watch your video stop commenting that in every thread

[@ignachioelsmith9053]

Quality over quantity is always welcome. Hope the studies are going. I wish you luck with everything. ☺

[@MWB_FoolsParadisePictures]

Great video, as usual man! Interesting ethical questions to point out, too. Down for quality over quantity

[@dizzious]

Thanks! Awesome video as always

[@frances9099]

Louder volume please!

[@Christian-wu3mp]

I legit could not understand him at all. I had to rewind multiple times and eventually gave up watching

[@colinleat8309]

Thanks so much for this! I've always wondered what the reasons are for the Sahara. I didn't realize it is an on going process over geological time. Fascinating. I felt I was reaching when I considered the tilt of the Earth Axis. That never made sense. Good luck with your studies, and get out when you can. VERY terrible the new government. Best regards 🤘😁🖖🇨🇦

[@maxcasteel2141]

Fantastic video! Seeing chariots and wheels on cave art kinda blew my mind. Also really like the questions you brought up, I think about that kind of thing too, like how polar bears are currently evolving their behavior to survive and go further south. A must watch channel for debunking ancient civilization conspiracy theories is Miniminuteman, his current series talking about the netflix ancient apocalypse show is top notch

[@bigbillybadass]

Rock paintings not cave!

[@spinlevien9078]

Love the stuff bro

[@cokemachine5510]

There was a creek in the 70s i built dams and fished as a kid . Old timers at the time said they remember when the creek was a river, and before that back when the Indians ruled the land, it was a quarter mile wide river and marsh for 100 miles. I brought my wife back to show her where i played, and the creek was 2 inches wide and bright yellow 😔. Ice age moisture is vanishing quickly. That was, well 70s till now! Im i that old?

[@rpbajb]

Me too. There have been many changes in Western Pennsylvania in my lifetime. There were feet of snow every winter that lasted for months when I was a kid in the 50's. The Ohio, Allegheny, and Monongehela rivers used to freeze over. People drove their cars out onto Lake Erie. Now we rarely get snow cover, even in the mountains.

[@agathoklesmartinios8414]

I think, regardless of the ethics of the matter, humans *will*, given the technology, re-green the Sahara. If nothing else, the Saharan countries will have major incentives to do so, to improve the lives of their citizens and their economies. Such projects could involve building massive channels from the seas to the ancient lakebeds to fill them again, setting up desalinization plants along the way, so the lakes are filled up with fresh water. At best, we can hope the ethical dilemma will give cause to setting up areas for preservation, to be left unaffected by any deliberate human geoengineering projects. Of course, if the climate overall becomes wetter again, that's not something we can really do much about.

[@stigcc]

If White people had taken over Africa, it would have been turned into paradise

[@eyemallears2647]

Great job dude!

[@parksto]

Very good content, as usual. Thank you very much :)

[@nive7299]

There it is again :). Really well done video. I haven't watched all your videos lately but the many cave paintings in this one were amazing to see 👍

[@ErikGsson]

I got so sad when it got privated when i were like in the middle of it LUL

[@Where_is_Waldo]

I appreciate the shout out to World Of Antiquity. I would like to add that Stefan Milo and Miniminuteman also go into the subject of debunking alternate history claims and Miniminutemen is currently producing a series of videos debunking graham hancock's recent series on netflix.

[@FreeManFreeThought]

History With Kayleigh as well. Remember when we all thought that they spread of the internet would spread info to kill these nutso ideas? How naïve we all were.

[@cynthiashepherd7754]

Love Stefan.

[@jadecarpentier888]

Thank youu for another great video

[@TheMg49]

Enjoying your vids. Thanks. Thumbs up!

[@onandonitgoes5957]

im sorry to correct you but saharan bovine animal husbandry is at least 10,000 years old.

[@ohlangeni]

Nabta Playa in the East Sahara is where cattle were first domesticated.

[@stigcc]

@@ohlangeni So, Egypt. Interesting that they never domesticated animals south of Sahara, except when learning it from arabs

[@ohlangeni]

@@stigcc What??? All animals that were in the Egyptians environs where also all over Africa except the Dodo in Mauritius (an island in the Indian Ocean). There is no evidence that the Kingdom of Egypt (Kemit) domesticated any animal or crop. Rather the ancient population of the Sahara and the Nile Valley domesticated animals and crops that were later cultivated, used and eaten in Pharaonic Egypt

[@stigcc]

@@ohlangeni Isn't Nabta Playa where Egypt is?

[@ohlangeni]

@@stigcc no. Nabta Playa is a 12000 year old archeological site in north-west Sudan (Lower Nubia) extending to south-west Egypt and south-east Libya. Yes, Nabta Playa culture is the mother of the Egyptian civilisation.

[@LilOleme_TV]

Love your videos!!! Keep it up!

[@mickymaust2059]

I am glad you are choosing quality over quantity keep you videos captivating and I'll watch everyone you produce

[@mycroft_moriarty]

Hey, you already give us amazing quality, and I would much rather see a slow down than a loss on that front! Enjoy your studies abroad, and if you haven't yet been, don't forget to visit Florence! A lot of...questionable things went into making it the jewel it is today, but now that those deeds are done, we might as well appreciate it.

[@truthseeker215]

My ancestors inhabited the green sahrah then traveled to south west and east Africa when it dried up. I often wish I could see this era and ice age america if I ever could go back in time and see what the earth and ppl looked like. How much did they look like modern humans what did those extinct animals look like ect. Create time travel please

[@cam-1760]

I love your videos! The idea that human caused climate change might be doing some good in all the bad it brings is really comforting. Thanks for making the videos they always make my day!

[@chrisbflory]

Worth the wait. Can’t ever click fast enough. Thanks.

[@baronvonjo1929]

I find it easy to say old ancient people drew these cave arts and to leave it at that. But then if I get in the zen or whatever and really start imagining it. Sounds so crazy how long ago it all was and how so many generations lived the same way for so long. The amount of progress we have seen in the past 1,000 years really is kinda a outlier. Imagining everything from the past just puts things in a weird perspective.

[@Yora21]

By the rainfall definition, Iceland is not a desert. But in biological production, it very much is a wet desert.

[@Turdfergusen382]

Fascinating research my friend. Thanks for sharing

[@koaladude1852]

I went to the sahara in march of 2022 , in the timimoon area of algeria. My uncle took us to a spot where there used to be water. We found so many fish fossils it was crazy. If you see this north 02 i can send you the pictures i took

[@swirvinbirds1971]

The rock art at 12:32 tells us some things just never change with us humans... 😂