The Plankton Paradox

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The competitive exclusion principle predicts that there would just be a few species of plankton, but instead there are thousands.
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To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords:
Competitive Exclusion Principle: The idea that two similar species cannot inhabit the same ecological niche.
Phytoplankton: Microscopic flora that drift with the ocean currents.
Lotka-Volterra Competitive Equations: A simple model of the population dynamics of species competing for the same resources.
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CREDITS
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David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and Director
Arcadi Garcia i Rius | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation
Nathaniel Schroeder | Music
MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC
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Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius
David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez
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REFERENCES
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Scheffer, M., Rinaldi, S., Huisman, J. et al. (2003) Why plankton communities have no equilibrium: solutions to the paradox. Hydrobiologia 491, 9-18. Retrieved from: doi.org/10.1023/A:1024404804748
Nicholas R. Record, Andrew J. Pershing, Frédéric Maps (2014) The paradox of the “paradox of the plankton”, ICES Journal of Marine Science, Volume 71, Issue 2,Pages 236-240. Retrieved from: doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fst049
Harden, Garrett. (1960). The Competitive Exclusion Principle. Science. 131. 3409 (1292-1297). Retrieved from: www.esf.edu/efb/schulz/semina...
Shovonlal Roy, J. Chattopadhyay, (2007) Towards a resolution of ‘the paradox of the plankton’: A brief overview of the proposed mechanisms. Ecological Complexity, Volume 4, Issues 1-2 (26-33). Retrieved from: www.sciencedirect.com/science...
Susan Harrison, Howard Cornell and Kara A. Moore (2010) Spatial niches and coexistence: testing theory with tarweeds. Ecology, Vol. 91, No. 7 pp. 2141-2150 Retrieved from: www.jstor.org/stable/25680467

[@MinuteEarth]

Thanks for supporting MinuteEarth, you help us defy the competitive exclusion principle here on KZbin. Want to become our Patreon or member on KZbin? Just visit www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth or click "JOIN". Thanks!

[@camolion7529]

Lmao

[@camolion7529]

@flopus floppa :'(

[@jonahjerryson4913]

How did you message 20 hours ago?

[@vcreativeart16]

E

[@Aunimations]

I swear each time you guys make the pokemon- I mean creatures more detailed its eventually gonna get yall copyright striked lol

[@balljuice]

They're all competing for the same thing... The Krabby Patty Formula

[@1_3_37]

Fax

[@pratyushkoppolu190]

Truer words haven't been said

[@Ponera-Sama]

The Krabby Patty formula is crab meat Secret ingredient is brainwashing drug

[@meetaverma8372]

Agreed

[@Link-to-the-Smash]

Oh yeah mr Krabs.

[@josh11735]

MinuteEarth: That plankton may have a minor advantage that allows them to win over their competitors Plankton: “I WENT TO COLLEGE!”

[@philipmeisterl]

N is for no survivors

[@omaralghailani6287]

That actually explains a lot of things

[@checcmac8693]

@@philipmeisterl negus ethiopia king

[@pedropedrohan102]

@@checcmac8693 where is your n-word pass?

[@iluvmilktea3224]

YOU GO RANDOM PLANKTON! YOU GO TINY SEA CREATURE! YOU GO!

[@f3tsch906]

2:37 "the model is right, but it occasionally spits out something weird" Basically the explanation on how to science

[@EvTheBadConlanger]

You betrayed me once more: that purple plankton was too suspicious.

[@enricobautista3844]

plankmogus

[@alyssrynsoffen4848]

yea u r right

[@gandalfthegray4144]

Don't you mean *sus?*

[@YouberChannel]

@@enricobautista3844 Planktogus

[@NowNormal]

pink*

[@imbattlnscurvy5922]

Ngl that one plankton was looking pretty sus

[@Nateguana]

Extremely Sus

[@Lloyd_CK]

I was looking for this comment

[@TheRealStewpid]

@@Lloyd_CK lol me too

[@krobusstardew4139]

AMOGUS

[@aminulhussain2277]

Vote pink.

[@nemodaremo9524]

Just gotta say, I love how Dr. Kujo keeps getting into the frames with any marine biologists at all

[@muymuymg71889]

Yea

[@ireallyhatemakingupnamesfo1758]

It seems strange that an expert on dolphins is so interested in Plankton. It might just be that they stand in the same kind of water

[@Hat_shaped]

@@ireallyhatemakingupnamesfo1758 The dolphin thing is mostly a meme right ? Because of his character design and all. In reality he's an expert of Starfish I think (Still doesn't make much sense with plankton I guess)

[@takenname8053]

missed oppurtunity to put FF in the video

[@quoccuongtran724]

a character in jojo part 6, foo fighters, is a sentient mass of plankton

[@LostInForums]

Including a marine biologist like Jotaro Kujo in the intro was a nice touch.

[@Kobolds_in_a_trenchcoat]

I love that flareon was the strongest eeveelution in this video when flareon has been competitively considered among the weakest due to it being a physical attacker while fire was, up until gen 4, a special type (also flareon having almost no good physical fire attacks even after that).

[@lulugaj5859]

i wanted to comment that but i found another pokemon nerd

[@legendarybroliz4578]

Krabs: you planted grass? Plankton: GRASS?! HAHAHA!

[@CallMeMimi27]

I WENT TO COLLEGE!

[@sq.u]

dont look at 1:28, worst mistake of my life

[@spycrab3723]

@@sq.u ding ding ding ding ding ding ding- ding ding ding.

[@lochiegriffiths4712]

@@sq.u don't look at the thumbnail either

[@user-ck7yp1ry4g]

I think he needs to get off it lol

[@SayaAensland]

0:19 That awkward moment when Flareon is the most competitively unviable Eeveelution.

[@usernametaken017]

And its also completely outclassed by arcanine

[@BosonCollider]

Prophet of dome

[@shoom7666]

he has to win SOMETHING yk

[@Namerex]

In terms of male humans and female pokemons-

[@blurrysuprisedcat8334]

@@Namerex so thats why... vaporeon survived

[@trumanbeland2000]

I expected better research, there’s no way Flareon would outcompete Jolteon. In all seriousness great video!

[@SnuuySnuuy]

Yea Flareon is the worse one out of all Eevees

[@youtubestudiosucks978]

Just burn em. Burned status does damage each turn

[@SnuuySnuuy]

Flareon would want to use its giant attack stat to flare blitz something not go for a status move

[@gloriagomez1088]

I thought that vaporeon was the best with it’s water absorb

[@pustota7254]

Your comment got liked 69 times.

[@bramvanduijn8086]

Interesting! I haven't thought of the Lotka-Volterra model in a decade. I'm glad to be reminded of it :) That chaotic semi-stability can only exist long term if the populations are humongous, since smaller populations are statistically more likely to go extinct through random chance.

[@npip99]

That makes sense though, Plankton number in the billions _of_ billions _of_ billions.

[@AverytheCubanAmerican]

If this is Plankton's new Plan Z to get us to say *"ALL HAIL PLANKTON"* , it's definitely working

[@GiantsRTheBest1]

Dude I see you in every comment section wtf

[@jordandino417]

Y e s

[@Joe_Potts]

*ALL HAIL PLANKTON*

[@angrynoodletwentyfive6463]

that was such a strange leap in logic for the spongebob movie... Throughout most of the series all plankton wants is to run a successful resturaunt then all of a sudden he is trying to take over a country?

[@Joe_Potts]

@@angrynoodletwentyfive6463 to be fair, Plankton has never been the one to escalate things slowly. Putting Spongebob's brain into a fry cook robot after failing to win him over to #TeamChumBucket being one example

[@prathameshkapase2816]

Hahahah Jotaro Kujo the marine biologist

[@thatsmartkid]

time?

[@mythrilly]

@@thatsmartkid at the start, on the left side of the group of the biologists

[@thatsmartkid]

@@mythrilly oh i see, nice

[@mrbakeryx7358]

Everyone talks about plankton Me: *looks at pink plankton* Also me: AMONGUS

[@ortherner]

haha amogos plesae lauf i said mogos sussy imposter amogus haha AAAAAAAAAA

[@fqih511]

i love that there's a jotaro with the other scientist

[@OtakuUnitedStudio]

He IS a marine biologist.

[@fqih511]

@@OtakuUnitedStudio yes that is why i love the reference, it wouldnt be nearly as good if he isnt one

[@victorribera5796]

I don't want the amongus plankton to win, you wont be able to rely on planckton anymore

[@user-dz9ew8pf9m]

o hel neaw plamktol gmt beted by pig plicton

[@fongus6420]

1:22 do you see the plankton on the left? it looks a little s- GET OUT OF MY HEAD GET OUT OF MY HEAD GET OUT OF MY HEAD GET OUT OF MY HEAD

[@huyhuy8247]

SUS

[@Pusong_Taho]

Among us

[@LordKittenfish]

0:22 Vaporeon sure tried something “different” alright…

[@gnochhuos645]

Did you know that Vaporeon

[@noodlesthe1st]

For the second hypothesis could you put all the plankton types in a simulated environment and see if A) they separate into different areas to live or B) one plankton wins out and the rest don't survive.

[@gusty7153]

now that's a good idea

[@garg4531]

One factor to consider though is that many plankton are just the larval form of other sea creatures, so what’ll happen when they reach maturity and no longer become plankton?

[@skeepodoop5197]

Me after having the 3rd among us induced panic attack this week; "Goodbye everyone, I'll see you all in therapy."

[@isaquedopao6667]

ok?

[@acerIOstream]

mogus

[@skeepodoop5197]

You wouln't get it.

[@bluemarineboy3091]

when the imposter is a plankton

[@lontongtepungroti2777]

su monga ?

[@galaxiaknight]

This is personally one of the most interesting videos you've made! I love seeing the equations I learnt in my Ecology course present in one of my favourite KZbin channels

[@ShortFuseNL]

Seems sad to me that we don't know more already.

[@galaxiaknight]

@@ShortFuseNL About what?

[@travcollier]

This multiple species complex (quasi) equilibrium was a result that came out of artificial life experiments (simulations) back in there early 2000s. Multiple resources are the key, but instead of getting a single species optimized for each particular resource, you get them optimizing for combinations. Adding in randomness (eg a bit of stirring) is also pretty important as it selects for a degree of generalization.

[@chloroplast8611]

1:25 sus

[@plapin3538]

Ohhhhhh so that’s why Hillenburg’s company, that made spongebob, is named United Plankton.

[@TojiFushigoroWasTaken]

The red plankton 2:17 looks like he is about to steal a certain crabby patty recipie

[@pedropedrohan102]

and the other looks pretty SUS

[@Core_Of_The_Void]

SHELDON PLANKTON!

[@youtubeaccount5673]

I really like the last interpretation Instead of just saying the model is wrong it brings up this unique beautiful chaos that probably has some fascinating secrets to it I wonder what could be derived from these chaotic, weird answers

[@HansLemurson]

I always thought it was due to viruses. If a species reached a critical density, they'd be vulnerable to a species-specific viral outbreak that would decimate their population.

[@alphaapple1375]

The Pokémon featured in this video are Vaporeon, Jolteon, Flareon, Espeon, Leafeon; the Bubble Jet, Lightning, Flame, Sun, and Verdant Pokémon. All of them evolve from Eevee, the Evolution Pokémon.

[@ethandollarhide7943]

Jolteon: " Goes Extinct" Me: "Noooooooooooo! It should have been Flareon!"

[@Dr.J42]

RIP Jolteon

[@Funky_Duncy]

amen

[@bivcbmtgstgtssscqcrddgtrsm2257]

Flareon is the best Eeveelution.

[@lgitsx9665]

@@bivcbmtgstgtssscqcrddgtrsm2257 That's not how you spell vaporeon

[@tudoraragornofgreyscot8482]

@@lgitsx9665 best in terms of human male compatibility

[@thebrickinquestion]

Me, visibly crying: *WHY IS EVERYTHING SUS???!!?!*

[@thevioletskull8158]

Plankton: Now I finally have the plan to get the Krabby Patty and defeat Mr.Krabs!

[@TreeCantTalk]

1:30 plankton sus

[@SupremeLeaderKimJong-un]

The tree at 0:44: In the colors of the Armenian flag Turkey and Azerbaijan: *We don't do that here*

[@cardiepie9157]

i edited this comment to confuse people

[@jongyon7192p]

@@cardiepie9157 Off topic, wrong thread?

[@sneakyspy2838]

@@cardiepie9157 he said Armenian not American

[@Moosh_]

I like how you used Jotaro’s stone ocean design in a video about an ocean

[@OtakuUnitedStudio]

He's a marine biologist, after all.

[@confusioned2249]

"don't say it don't say it don't say it doN'T SAY IT DON'T SAY IT DON'T SAY IT" WHEN THE PLANKT-

[@ninjatintin9074]

WHEN THE PLANKTON IS SUS

[@BlipFanatic]

WHEN THE PLANKTON WENT TO COLLEGE

[@Alverant]

I gotta go with the last one. Multiple resources, ever-changing environment, fast reproductive cycles, and a huge area (I bet there are trillions of plankton in a 1m*3 volume of seawater) keeps one from dominating. I'm not sure how any microorganisms can go extinct in the ocean given the sizes involved.

[@ARVash]

So I guess for game design sometimes it may be good to have at least 5 characters and 3 resources. I wonder if this is similar to nontransitive dice.

[@painzockt]

I always love to see the yeen in the intro, abd I also love to learn new things I even don't know they exist or stuff I would never had think about.

[@taniaguzman5884]

Amazing explanation, thank u so much!

[@evank06]

Now this a video I'm excited for, sounds like a random thing I would use to procrastinate

[@MinuteEarth]

Our speciality.

[@TrainerGoldAlt]

@@MinuteEarth cool

[@goddessdeedeebubblesofimag7789]

NEBBY- :)

[@ortherner]

@@MinuteEarth among plankton

[@SeporiBowi]

0:08 JoJo's reference. Nice.

[@iamgreatalwaysgreat8209]

Jotaro

[@ronanclark2129]

3:03 a Planck ton sounds like a name for the smallest unit of mass

[@Jouzou87]

When it comes to plankton, looks like we've barely scratched the surface

[@DM-mq6hx]

Woa! I like that chaotic loop design

[@diamondjub2318]

how did Plankton manage to build Karen with a failing restaurant?

[@kevintrang3007]

When you have no customers, you need someone to complain

[@microwave221]

He went to college

[@macrisabella]

0:01 See? Even MinuteEarth is hyped for Stone Ocean

[@ezminj]

Not gonna lie, that last line, "We have a plankTON more to learn" winked at me so hard I clicked the like button just to ask for its phone number.

[@firedropcutie]

I must ask, did you purposely make the pink plankton look like the among us characters? My brain still keeps seeing them everywhere I look

[@nighttimetelevision2969]

Sus

[@Nugcon]

Sus

[@samuelsmith2707]

Probably just coincidence, it's a pretty generic shape.

[@planetearth8044]

Sus

[@goddessdeedeebubblesofimag7789]

Why does google think sus means their

[@Ddddddddddd381]

I think the most unrealistic part of this video is flareon succeeding over jolteon and vaporeon lol

[@supernukey419]

*cries in Flareon favourite eeveelution*

[@mr.minnesoulja1257]

Jolteon is a beast

[@TheSpencermacdougall]

Yeah, vaporeon would drown Flareon, and jolteon would electrocute vaporeon.

[@KarlaO711]

I thought the same. Wasn't Flareon the worst of those Eeveelutions?

[@Ddddddddddd381]

@@KarlaO711 flareon has poor stats to (poorly) complement a lackluster moveset. it is a physical attacker that doesn't really have the speed or defence to back itself up and gets mediocre fire type physical moces

[@bastienmassion299]

Liked the Lorentz attractor shown in the background without explanation simply for the beauty of this shape

[@cerilious]

I can't help but notice that my town has a multitude of tall evergreen trees that seem to fill the same ecological niches. I wonder that it's the same thing with them. The trees in question Pine (multiple kinds), Douglas Fir, incense cedar, redwood, and others.

[@EebstertheGreat]

The trees might be managed to some extent (home owners, associations, the town, or whatever). But the trees also might actually be occupying different niches. Niches don't just depend on location. The trees could be vulnerable to different predators or parasites for instance, or they could have slightly different growing seasons, or they could require different organic compounds in the soil. What is unusual about the plankton is that there are thousands of species that don't seem to be differentiating themselves from each other hardly at all after hundreds of millions of years.

[@cerilious]

@@EebstertheGreat That's a good point. The Redwood and Sugar Pine are probably planted. I can imagine the Ponderosa Pine, Incense Cedar, and Douglas Fir having different little advantages. I expect trees are more complex and have more ways they can diversify compared to plankton. It's just interesting to see all three of them growing right next to each other being roughly the same size and competing for many of the same resources.

[@quitlife9279]

@@cerilious an interesting things about long lived trees is that most of the actual competition is already over once you're looking at the established tree, because once mature they're unlikely to be overtaken by another tree due to shading/roots etc. The real competition would be when they're all seeds/seedlings competing for the same space, and myriad factors could come into play such as predator, disease, seasonal weather conditions etc, and these conditions can be significantly different year to year. So the presence of a given mature tree could actually be the result of a few years of changeable conditions 100 years ago that allowed it to become established. And the trees growing next to each other in a forest could have faced and succeeded in different conditions centuries apart.

[@dallinlaw6785]

I know it's not, but I chose to believe that 2:56 is a reference to Turn A Gundam, and that scientist is about to use the moonlight butterfly to pull a pro gamer move

[@TojiFushigoroWasTaken]

Pro ganer move....you mean rage quit?

[@dallinlaw6785]

@@TojiFushigoroWasTaken sorta, if initiating the apocalypse counts as a rage quit

[@ghijklabcdef]

0:12 if you watch _CAREFULLY_ , you will see 2 same stickmen

[@ghyslainabel]

For some reason, I first read the title "The Plank Paradox" and I expected some physic. It was still an interesting video.

[@sohkaswifteagle2604]

I'm not an expert marine biologist, but during my biology degree, I remember that plankton reproduces SOO fast and because "predators" are soo much bigger than them, they break the model or something like that. They reproduce so fast that by the time one species get an advantage, the other species have already "evolved" ahead of them. They reproduce so fast, that by the time predator start eating them, more plankton is already born. Then because animal-like whales are for all intended purposes an extinction-like event for the plankton of a region, the plankton ecosystem is constantly restarting stage where no species have time to exploit their advantage over the other. Imagine your tarweed and rosinweed example, but each time the rosinweed starts getting ahead, a human came by and killed all the plants except 1 tarweed and 1 rosinweed, leaving them to restart their fight, and when Rosinweed start getting ahead again, humans come back again and kills everything except one of each again

[@illiacvie]

this explain why me and my brother have very different list of like and disliked food.

[@justanotherhuman.3649]

You may be into something...

[@theMxiden6fF7re]

When you get bored, so you draw *AMOGUS PLANKTON*

[@fdrthegret]

one of the drawn planktons looks like… *AMOGUS*

[@jet_yb]

0:01 that marine biologist got some drip

[@bcjmythical9576]

Careful, you LITERALLY won't see a punch coming if you screw your words up

[@IMAMEETOOL]

Poor Jolteon :(

[@ShadyForest]

How could you have commented 18 hours ago on a video that was uploaded less than a minute ago?

[@Magic_beans_]

Or to put it less rudely, Patreon supporters at the $3/month or higher levels get early access to the videos. In this case, the video was posted privately yesterday (10 Nov ‘21) and went public today (11 Nov ‘21).

[@justanotherhuman.3649]

Chaos is a ladder. -Plankton Gang.

[@ComfyDents]

Some who try to climb it up get cought in a bottle and never get a second chance. :O

[@UnPuntoCircular]

@@ComfyDents And some are given a chance to climb, but they refuse.

[@Feliciano151]

It feels silly but it kinda made me glad that Flareon is the eeveelution that came out on top, it's always been my favorite

[@bluemarineboy3091]

1:20 when plankton is sus

[@muntherdoesstuff9615]

1:42 AMONG US

[@Ascend777]

Additionally: The ocean is extremely diverse. Water and sunlight are natural food sources for many species in there. Land, on the other hand, is less diverse because (well) soil, air, and sunlight aren't natural food source for many species. So basically, diversity correlates with the availability of resources. Edit: Also, species that can eat sunlight (such as planktons) are naturally more diverse.

[@mookfaru835]

Water isnt a food. You mean a takeaway of a need

[@Ascend777]

@@mookfaru835 I've heard that saying before, but it seems dated. food: any nutritious substance that people or animals eat or drink or that plants absorb in order to maintain life and growth. "Water" fits the definition.

[@Green24152]

I like how not only did they add the classic SpongeBob design, they added an amogus too.

[@iropthegamer726]

I noticed something about the planktons, one is sus, one is long, one looks like a snail, one wants the recipe for a burger, and one is completely normal.

[@Sunflower-lk2xo]

Plankton looks pretty sus

[@sol5047]

*was it just me or Part Stone Ocean Jotaro appeared when he said "Why are the so many different species" nice bro*

[@julioequinones]

One comment. Conditions vary with time and are dependent on the system. That's to say, if the tar weed wins it's not the case that is eternal. When the trees next to the mound get tall they will shade the mound and perhaps the other weed wins under the new conditions imposed on the system by the system.

[@JkCaron1]

Plank-ton more to learn, love it.

[@deathlessgamer]

"I WENT TO COLLEGE!" - Plankton

[@shadowseeker97]

I appreciate the love for flareon in this video.

[@jacobwise6364]

It’s all fun and games until a sentient hivemind of plankton possesses the corpse of a female convict

[@UltimateStarky]

SpongeBob, JoJo, Pokemon, and Among Us references in the same video? Consider me impressed.

[@rizkyramadhan655]

Yeah, flareon ftw

[@LavenderLushLuxury]

Science is so cool, Biology as well one of my favorite subjects.

[@Orang3tangerine]

I like that jotaro is in the beginning because he is a marine biologist

[@fariesz6786]

"a Planck ton more to learn" so 1,000,000× a Planck mass?

[@premnaren8675]

We've got a *plank-ton* more to learn" 😂

[@brittneyziegler5742]

As a Flareon lover, I appreciate that it was the dominant species

[@jorjinabegum5776]

Ironic considering it's the worst of the three in competitive

[@luthfihar3211]

we have plankton, amogus plankton, the snail plankton, and Sheldon J. plankton

[@godminnette2]

This might be my favorite MinuteEarth video. One fascinating example is used to demonstrate nuanced aspects to biological evolution, and three compelling theories are presented to answer a question that experts in the field have. Cute and clear visuals, concise script, and it leaves the viewer with a better understanding not just of the immediate topic, but of aspects of evolution as whole they may not have considered, and of the nature of how confounding variables can arise. Very well done!

[@taotaoliu2229]

Nobody: The thumbnail: AMONG US

[@sealeo5772]

Everywhere I go I see his face.

[@Steph737]

Nice Idea 💡🎇

[@randomdingleguy4599]

The reason why there's all lot of species of plankton. The krabby patty formula.

[@unicornnumber1987]

I congratulate you for putting in all those eeveelutions! Good job, well done!

[@Bubbalubagus]

Would've made more sense to have the Jolteon win out in the graphical examples every time instead of Flareon. Jolteon is strong against Vaporeon who is strong against Flareon and Flareon has no advantage over Jolteon. Jolteon is also the quickest.

[@raymatt9793]

video: explains plankton paradox* tittle image: šùś

[@BunnyOnASnuman]

There are 3 kinds of plankton in this video 1) hehe SpongeBob reference 2) actual plankton 3) *A.......AM......AMO....*

[@noahosborne6454]

the problem is their all competing for the craby patty secret fromula and none of them has got any it yet

[@Glockenspheal]

No way Flareon would win against Jolteon and/or Vaporeon

[@alvinip9128]

I love how the famous icthyologist jotaro is referenced at the start

[@gracegaylord9025]

Jolteon got done dirty

[@arbazna]

Extinct Jolteon. Noooo! :'c

[@jonahjerryson4913]

Haha plankton be sus.

[@jjim6477]

Every time there’s a marine biologist in frame there’s a jojo reference in it

[@Eleora1997Msia]

i can heard Plankton's evil laugh , of how he rule the sea with his micro body ....