Who Wrote the Torah? (Pentateuch)

[@UsefulCharts]

UPDATE: A summary chart is now available: usefulcharts.com/collections/religion/products/timeline-of-the-bible Complete Series: 1. Torah - kzbin.info/www/bejne/hIqQnWOObN56j5I 2. Prophets - kzbin.info/www/bejne/f3Ksmn-JgrSaabM 3. Writings - kzbin.info/www/bejne/haXSYYisfJuUjNU 4. Apocrypha - kzbin.info/www/bejne/forPi55qfdtge5o 5. Gospels & Acts - kzbin.info/www/bejne/kGezo6WknaZ-fLM 6. Epistles - kzbin.info/www/bejne/aIawnYijodKAotE 7. Daniel & Revelation - kzbin.info/www/bejne/nIW4g5eMZchsgJI 8: Summary Chart - kzbin.info/www/bejne/b6asia2Letylhck

[@nongwadbniah2262]

Hi can I use your video into translating into my language and credit and description shall be added to you?

[@briendoyle4680]

The Bible is One, Single, Solitary book, and that is the total extent of your evidence to prove your god??? The Bible is Fiction: This 'Bable' book is backed up by absolutely no facts and no evidence for gods! It is not proof for any god(s) The fables are intertwined within historical places and people... eg Egypt and the Pharaohs existed, whereas Moses did NOT exist, and the Exodus did not happen.. ! A 'global' flood never occurred in Geologic history !

[@briendoyle4680]

@@choward5430 is so wonder-fully nonsense...

[@盧璘壽로인수]

@@briendoyle4680 found the evangelical zealot terrorist

[@aurum6664]

Sir sorry to bother but jew is a term for the people that was descendants of judah? And hebrew are descendants of abraham? So there are alot of tribes? So how come it's only jews are scattered and well known around the world?.

[@DanielS-gv5nj]

To emphasize where source based analysis ends and personal opinion begins characterizes a true scientist. Keep up the great work, Matt.

[@HamsterPants522]

And emphasizing that one knows only that one knows nothing is what characterizes a true philosopher.

[@russophile9874]

He's a historian, not a scientist,

[@DanielS-gv5nj]

@@HamsterPants522 Karl Popper compared that as a socratic ideal vs a platonic ideal. It's one of the most important requirements in the search for truth.

[@SarjanaMY]

The title should be "who change Gospel"?

[@allantidgwell5624]

I prefer to be an Empiricist. You lot keep getting opinion in my data

[@JudgeTyBurns]

I don’t really have much in the way of prior interest or knowledge about this subject, but something about the way you speak and present the material makes it very engaging.

[@cayennenaturetrails8953]

yep

[@spikefivefivefive]

I had a great government teacher in junior high and high school like that. His name was Tim King.

[@luckystriker7489]

I would be careful of that if I were you. Don't confuse charisma with truth. This video is indeed well presented and narrated, but this alone should not make you believe something. Confirm claims with further research before believing them.

[@shitzhu16]

me too, as an atheist its interesting.

[@vincentvonderlinden6952]

One can conclude that someone with a high amount of interest and devotion to a topic can share and transfer his feelings and knowledge when also being charismatic, but it is naturally still necessary to provide sources and evidence for it as a creator of such a video and to question and check it as an interesting viewer.

[@ReligionForBreakfast]

This is very well done. Kudos!

[@UsefulCharts]

Thanks Andrew!

[@usergiodmsilva1983PT]

This just need History From a Jew guy and we are set.

[@abhishekjrp13]

The two of you should collab!

[@stephs8665]

OMG it's Andrew, we need a Collab!

[@zbenx7474]

@@usergiodmsilva1983PT . . v v v .

[@iammrbeat]

This is terrific.

[@UsefulCharts]

Thanks Mr. Beat!

[@SirDerpofCamelot]

Giv me money mister beast,.

[@GambinoTheGoat]

@@SirDerpofCamelot n o

[@whtbobwntsbobget]

Hey Mr Beat. Your video on president's religions was great!

[@DJemvy]

@@UsefulCharts thank you for this. I grew up in a mostly non religious Jewish household and have been interested about more details. Would you mind me asking what denomination you follow? I'm trying to find something I can reconcile with

[@UsefulCharts]

Several people have commented on the strangeness of the Northern Kingdom seeming to have more connections with Egypt and the Southern Kingdom seeming to have more connections to Mesopotamia (considering that Egypt is to South and Mesopotamia is to the North). Well, keep in mind that one must consider time as well as geography. It is likely that the Northern Kingdom was older and originated in the days when Egypt was more dominant, whereas the Southern Kingdom lasted longer and reached its peak when Assyria (followed by Babylon) was dominant.

[@nervouswilly3978]

I can state categorically that I know exactly nothing about this topic, but it seems to me to make sense that a smallish northern tribe that feels threatened by a Mesopotamian empire would cultivate a relationship with a southern power in an attempt to play them off one another. Obviously, if that makes any sense, then the opposite would work in the other direction as well. Of course, the timing of the existence of the four civilizations at play might blow huge holes in this idea, but it sure seems a pretty tidy explanation absent of any other information.

[@joshuagibson6531]

3

[@racingace9959]

Love your vids man very Informative. God Bless you.

[@hokton8555]

could you make a legendary norse king or cambodian chart?

[@Nous98]

When you introduced the new hypothesis, my mind immediately went the opposite way of what you said afterward. In my understanding scholars usually associated the usage of YHWH to the Southern-Judean people, while the (more Canaanite-sounding) name Elohim was associated with the North. (If I remember correctly, northern kings or figures seems to tend to use the name ending in -el of -il (reflect the highest God : El, hence Elohim) while the southern names are usually ended with -jah or -iah (from the YHWH)) So what I think immediately was the Moses legend (where he spoke with YHWH) is the southern legend. While Abraham and the patriarchs (where it seem the name Elohim is associated with them) is the northern narrative. Or is this “supposed” associations are already outdated by the consensus of the scholars?

[@earshad2622]

I have studied these theories 10 years ago, too difficult without an illustration though. I am amazed at how you present these things. We need more content like this. Keep it up.

[@1dundermifflinfinity]

I've tried to research this on my own, but was unable to find this much information. Very unbiased and educational. Thank you for your help!

[@matthias2756]

The real history is so much more fascinating than the literal myths/legends. Understanding how groups were able to synthesis a single narrative to unify and come together is dope

[@UsefulCharts]

I so agree!

[@jeffpayne4697]

And you see that adopting parts of different religions helps transitions of power all through history and still happens today

[@erkinalp]

@@UsefulCharts Can you do the same thing on Quran? I loved this video a lot.

[@TheLincolnrailsplitt]

Maybe, maybe not.

[@williancruz9657]

@@erkinalp We have almost 0 info about the quran in this vein. Most of the arab tribes didn't write and the ones that did didn't have a strong culture of documentation. All our sources come from centuries later.

[@MartinoMaroso]

This topic seems so huge, I hope to see even more detailed videos

[@runkelpokk9]

i realy like your videos about religion, they are very neutral and fact based and dont offend anyone :) a perfect example how to talk about religion

[@Danishmastery]

@Gary Allen yeah I was just about to say that.

[@jrhermosura4600]

offending anyone nowadays can sentence you to a 500 year imprisonment

[@juholaitakari1305]

Talking can be biased, however teaching should not.

[@seekfactsnotfiction9056]

@Gary Allen As a Muslim, I agree with that theory as well. Authentic accurate facts that can be clearly verified and traced it's original divine sources through reliable unbroken seal chain of narrations.

[@fukpoeslaw3613]

@@seekfactsnotfiction9056 'divine sources' have nothing to do with facts

[@Tsudkyk]

I love these charts. Thank you for your work, visual representations like this are extremely useful for understanding the timelines, bloodlines, and general history. So, thanks!

[@Ratchet4647]

Reminds me of the duality in Egyptian mythology which came from the period Egypt was divided into a lower kingdom and an upper kingdom, which were then unified. That's how the feline deity became bast in one kingdom and Sekhmet in the other. With the Reunification causing them to share their role where one was a domestic cat feline goddess: bast and the other a lioness feline goddess: Sekhmet.

[@simplystreeptacular]

I am still not over the fact that Lower Egypt is in the north and Upper Egypt is in the south. (Yeah, I know, the Nile flows from south to north into the Mediterranean, blah blah. Still a mind-screw. [lol])

[@arte0021]

Is that also the reason why Amon and Ra were combined into one god?

[@artu165]

@@arte0021 Yes, They fused Amun and Ra into Amun-Ra or Amun-Re

[@arpitdas4263]

@@simplystreeptacular Become an Australian

[@jakeaurod]

How long before future historians ask similar questions about the North and South in the United States?

[@ThisisBarris]

I’m as atheist as it gets but I still find your religious videos very interesting Matt! So much history in them

[@Nayshjin]

me too

[@nikolaisalvador7609]

I'm an atheist too. Subjects like this is interesting as an atheist because it gives me more explanation to different religions, their essence, and their history.

[@zombielizard218]

as an atheist myself, the writing of the bible fascinates me, once you can disassociate from "unchanging divine text" and start really looking into how and why this stuff was written, its some amazing history.

[@schloops8473]

Same here. Just followed the first one and might become addicted if the others are as good.

[@cocopuffs2]

I'm not an atheist and believe in God. And I'm not one to push my faith on anyone. But I'm curious from an atheists' point-of-view on their thoughts to faiths, in general. Does an atheist not believe in anything because of so many religions in the world, or is it because of scientific proof that's needed for one to believe in something? Or do atheist don't believe in something because of rules and guidelines a person must follow of that faith? Even though I believe in Christianity, even I fall short of not being perfect and following everything I should follow on. And I don't judge others' when many people have. I'm just curious about atheists' way of life. Even agnosticism.

[@108asf]

Last time i was this early Jacob and Israel were two different people

[@thecreativecorner2002]

They both are same

[@108asf]

Which one was the grandson of Brahma, by the way?

[@dogeofgreatness2222]

@@108asf Brahma's only grandson was Zoroaster for FFS. Who has been telling you those lies? Zues or that cousin of his Conficus, damn liars.

[@duprattcarol]

@@108asf You are mixing up Indian and Jewish religious beliefs.

[@kerajohnson1922]

@@dogeofgreatness2222 Zeus? I thought it was Jove, maybe even Amun-Ra. Those bastards.

[@uziel5000]

Call me a nerd, call me a geek, call me whatever you want, but I found this video both fascinating and insightful. A solid foundation for anyone who is looking to delve into this topic deeper. Thank you!

[@DutchJoan]

This clarifies so many things, even for a layperson like myself. Channels like yours help me to overcome my deconversion anger and to give focus to the fascination I still have for (parts of) the bible.

[@nopurposeposting1548]

whats a deconversion anger?

[@mericanraccoon]

@@nopurposeposting1548 while I am not him, I would assume he talks of the anger that would follow discovering that you were lied to about about history and such throughout your life in the name of the bible or any other religious text and the changing of view or "deconversion" that comes with searching for a more sourced and academic truth

[@jorgegonzalez-larramendi5491]

ok God is God He might temporarily "hide" but He Always Smiles. jews are put in a tough spot. their allies have to stand with you. that's what you feel. ps don't fret: indians are also Chosen: and they have been screwed just as good, and Rock just as good hare krishna : )

[@jorgegonzalez-larramendi5491]

@@mericanraccoon no it's the painintheaxx of actually being a chosen people.

[@mericanraccoon]

@@jorgegonzalez-larramendi5491 ?

[@kingshelomah7083]

It’s been a long time coming. Been waiting for something like this.

[@writteninthesky]

when "student" is ready, "Master" appears 🌞

[@laweya]

Mee too

[@RabbiJoeInJerusalem]

I'm an Orthodox rabbi and still found this very intriguing. Especially the part about the name Jacob being associated with the Southern Kingdom.

[@RabbiJoeInJerusalem]

@sassy pethel And what's the problem with that?

[@noyourewrong599]

you might want to do something useful with your life lol.

[@RabbiJoeInJerusalem]

@@noyourewrong599 Something useful like trolling three-month-old comments?

[@noyourewrong599]

@@RabbiJoeInJerusalem I'm not trolling, being religious in 2022 is pretty pathetic

[@RabbiJoeInJerusalem]

@@noyourewrong599 Well, you've convinced me.

[@OhanCockett]

I'd just like to let you know that whenever I need a refresher on the pentateuch (or indeed am currently painting a church hall) I listen to this! So in depth and so detailed. Thankyou

[@QuasarKaraoke2]

Love the topic! Slight typo: Mesop**o**tamia, near the end (15:08). I wouldn't normally be this pedantic, but these get printed as posters, so I thought I would point that one out so it can be fixed in the printed versions.

[@jeff__w]

I’m glad you mentioned it: ‘meso’ in the middle of/between + ‘potamus’ river. The word _hippopotamus_ has the same ‘potamus’ root: ‘hippo’ horse + ‘potamus’ river so it’s not hard to get the spelling right.

[@revcrussell]

Remember there is still a small group of people practising the religion of the North: The Samaritans. Their bible and the differences in it could be a very important clue in how those from the North joined the religion of the South.

[@Achill101]

I wouldn't say it's the religion of the North that is practised by the Samaritants: their Torah is nearly a copy to the Jewish Torah (but instead of Jerusalem Gerizim is the cult center), and the Jewish Torah was developed also in the Babylonian exile. It's more likely that the people living in the area of the old Northern kingdom adopted the Torah after the Babylonian exile had ended. Later, the Hasmoneans conquered Samaria and destroyed their cult center at Gerizim.

[@revcrussell]

@@Achill101 It is more likely that the Torah was composed right after the Babylonian Exile, not during it. This would have included the religion of the Northern Kingdom.

[@Achill101]

@@revcrussell - of course, the Torah included much of the religion of the Northern kingdom: the exodus of educated refugees from the North to Judah during and after the destruction of the Northern kingdom in 722BC led to a threefold increase of Jerusalem and to an influx of their scriptures, like the narratives of the Exodus, of Saul, of the ark, and of Jacob. Those narratives had been integrated into Juda's religion by the time of Josiah. The question is if anything from the Northern kingdom was included in the Torah after the destruction of Jerusalem. You seem to think Yes, I tend to think No. A question that is independent of that: where do you think the Torah was composed after the Babylonian exile? The first answer would probably be Jerusalem, but Jerusalem and its surrounding was sparsely populated during the Persian times, archeology shows. Probably not enough populated to feed a large number of priests and writers. Jerusalem grows again during Hasmonean times - but that's already late for composing the Torah, too late? An alternative would be Babylon, among the exiles and later among those exiles who stayed in Babylon.

[@davidtrak2679]

@@Achill101 This is spot on. It's tempting to see them as the shunned origin story, but their version is really just a copy rendered in their script (a version of the old phoenician script) with some spelling variations, and a few big narrative changes. So either both Jews and Samaritans have a very old, almost 3000 thousand year old, pre-Persian version almost completely unchanged to this day, or the Samaritan one actually branches of from the Judahite one, then only left unchanged, or rather slightly deviating from this canonized version, from around 2000-2500 years ago.

[@Achill101]

@@davidtrak2679 - I share this view: "the Samaritan one actually branches of from the Judahite one, then only left unchanged, or rather slightly deviating from this canonized version, from around 2000-2500 years ago". . . . One small caveat: some copying errors might have entered the bible, before the Masoretes finalized their version. The Samaritan version and the Septuagint allows us in a few cases to peek beyond the Masoretic version. But these cases don't include big changes of meaning and theology IIRC.

[@fordan_gamsy3521]

This series helped me do some deconstructing of the "biblical literalism" that I was raised with. The actual history is a lot more interesting anyways.

[@blueashke]

Right? I was raised Orthodox Presbyterian and got excommunicated at 13. I'm now 40 and still figuring my way away from the insanity I was raised with and this channel helps SO much with it.

[@fordan_gamsy3521]

@@blueashke I was a mormon, really orthodox Utah type. The materials they provide are a complete mockery of actual history. Semtetic, Egyptian, and mesoamerican/great lakes native peoples (depending on the apologist) history were all discarded for a sick narrative that in the end amounted to little more than "obey the mega-corporation even if it costs you everything". This series is revealing a more real, more meaningful Bible that presents itself now more like a philosophical debate among scribes through story telling. That speaks to me more than any "infallible book" ever could.

[@blueashke]

@@fordan_gamsy3521 Right? I think those of us who find our way out are much more able to consider the possibility of science and history proving the existence of Something greater than ourselves rather than merely using it to disprove. I am fascinated as I continue to learn things all these years later. I graduated in 1999 believing the Earth to be only 5000 years old and let me tell you, they churned girls out of my school and threw them to the wolves. On average, we married rather than graduate college. Or in my case, wasn't allowed to go because I had been in psychiatric care so wasn't acceptable at any Biblical school and they didn't help you apply to non-Christian colleges.

[@Achill101]

@@blueashke - excommunicated at THIRTEEN? That sounds weird to me. I wish you a good journey figuring out your way.

[@blueashke]

​@@Achill101 Oh yeah. Heck, my sister was only 11, but because we were both communicant members, when our parents decided it was a cult and wrote a letter expressing their intention to leave the church (due to them demanding that they give up my mother's unborn child because she was not my father's child), we signed as well. The elders rejected the letter and excommunicated all four of us. I'd only been a communicant member for 8 days (sister did her confession of faith earlier than I did).

[@hygieneguy1]

Thanks!

[@kunderemp]

An Indonesian here. I only heard the first theory before watching the video. I didn't know there was the other two competing theories. Thank you for updating our knowledge.

[@charlieduke6393]

Hell yeah, I finally arrived on one of Useful Charts videos within the first 5 hours of its existence. Love the video, excellent work Matt

[@rolesare]

I’m about to start teaching an Old Testament course and this video has got me to change my starting points. Thanks for sharing

[@MrLP3xp3rt]

Wait u teach fairy tales?

[@rolesare]

@@MrLP3xp3rt yes

[@AsafeFialho]

@@MrLP3xp3rt Reddit Moment

[@absentmindedshirokuma8539]

@Ibrahim Alloush fairy tales are products of human culture, it's part that made us human and teach us a lot about humanity.

[@absentmindedshirokuma8539]

@Ibrahim Alloush and what if it's fairy tales?

[@DrBeauHightower]

I have your first chart up in my office. Love it

[@UsefulCharts]

Like a vintage 2012 Timeline of world history? Sweet. Also, hello fellow KZbinr!

[@UsefulCharts]

Yes, I am.

[@DrBeauHightower]

@@UsefulCharts yep It's great

[@Gdgoat222]

@@DomainofKnowlegdia obviously you don’t believe that that’s fine but he’s just putting information out there you don’t have to listen everyone is entitled to discussion

[@Artur_M.]

Oh, this is going to be good. Edit: And it was!

[@cayennenaturetrails8953]

Yep

[@goodmorning8526]

Zdecydowanie

[@matthewserensen36]

This is extremely well done. I'm never one to comment on KZbin but i am impressed. And I've never heard of your third theory before. Looks like I've got some reading to do. Thank you!

[@omargerardolopez3294]

Congratulations, bruv! here starts your comment history

[@igor-yp1xv]

It would be so much funnier if the acronym was JEDI

[@nealjroberts4050]

JEhuDI? 😋💛

[@king_halcyon]

@@nealjroberts4050 interesting connection, wonder if they made JEDI from JEhuDI.

[@mikesmovingimages]

@@king_halcyon Lucas would probably say yes because he wants all his Star Wars names to have deeper meanings than they actually possess.

[@faresalhawaj9936]

Sending much love to Jews and Christians. As a Muslim, I am always interested in the similarities among the three faiths.

[@d.iv.in.e]

may love reach you back brother, our governments may be different but we all live and breath the same

[@suzybailey-koubti8342]

May Allah continue to bless you and your family ❤️☪️✝️✡️

[@adith9327]

Both Christinity and islam are copied from judiasm

[@ashokaphillips7372]

This is an amazing comment

[@Spratt86]

Yet there are too many differences to ignore in regards to Islam.

[@ryans4877]

I dig all your content but this episode was incredibly fascinating. That new theory makes a lot of sense, but I’m just a casual history fan. Can’t wait for the rest of the series!

[@kendramalm8811]

I've always liked Freidman's earlier book "Who Wrote the Bible", so I'll have to check out the newer one you listed in the references, Matt! Thanks for always thought- provoking videos!

[@cayennenaturetrails8953]

Agree

[@davidbarber3821]

I learned this from Prof Christine Hayes Yale videos & bought Friedman's Bible where he highlights the sources in an English translated Tanakh

[@SarahElisabethJoyal]

That's the first book I read on this subject as well, and even if the info is dated I still think it's interesting to see the process of how they put the clues together

[@culwin]

People in the future will ask, "Who wrote Wikipedia?"

[@joecaner]

Various professional and armature academics who's entries are edited by various corporate, financial & intelligence agencies with their particular views of how "sensitive" information ought to be presented would be my guess.

[@Zonnymaka]

Aren't the wise men in the holy basements?

[@timotheelegrincheux2204]

@@joecaner What is an armature academic? Is it something like an armchair academic? Whose, not who's, which means "who is."

[@OzixiThrill]

@@timotheelegrincheux2204 My guess would be an armchair academic, a hobbyist or someone who does operate in the field, but has no formal education in it. Potentially people who are in the process of getting their formal education.

[@timotheelegrincheux2204]

@@OzixiThrill The writing of that "armature" person was definitely not divinely inspired.

[@davidwilsonjunior]

Your delivery of information makes it very accessible and easy to understand. A testament to your teaching skills. You rise to the top Matt. Accolades to you and gratis extremous! Big up yourself. Kudos

[@MetalMachine616]

That was super interesting, can't wait for the next one.

[@cayennenaturetrails8953]

me too

[@1926jqg]

This is great! This is the first time I'm hearing of the 3rd theory. I really like it, I think it explains a lot. I'm looking forward to the rest of this series!

[@NerdyTheologian]

The new hypothesis puts a very interesting interpretive spin on the exhortations to treat the foreigner as one's own! Especially since (I'm going off of memory, so I may be way wrong) the verses containing said exhortations come from the more Levitical and Moses oriented material. Loved this video! I look forward to seeing the rest of the series.

[@grigorij81]

I read 'Who wrote the Bible?' by R. E. Friedman recently. He is a proponent of Documentary hypothesis, and after reading the book I must say he is rather convicing. But whatever hypostesis you prefer the book itself is rather fun read :)

[@interrobang98]

This is an academic paper in video form. Super cool work; I didn't realize you have a PhD in this!

[@jakubolszewski8284]

Jacob as two persons looks great, we have two nations, and when they unite, theytook two heroes and make them one.

[@robertt9342]

Wouldn’t be the first time. Composite characters are common especially when combining stories and reducing them Dow to their basic parts.

[@sam21462]

@@robertt9342 - They do it in modern historically based movies and TV series all the time.

[@peters972]

It would be super interesting to see more detail about the stories and myths from each branch and their origins from the regions.

[@cicalinarrot]

I find all of this absolutely mind-bending. People who try to understand this kind of matters have to cross and weigh data from different eras, different disciplines (archeology, historiography, exegesis and what may be chronicles as well as pure legend), all with a lot of stratification. And the output can be just as messy and intertwined with the classification (hence the validity) of the input! So crazy, so cool.

[@solomontwitchell8243]

This is so brilliant. I just finished reading the Old Testament for the first time cover to cover (but have studied it piece by piece my whole life) - when you mentioned the Third theory and started giving commentary my heart starting beating rapidly, and I had small and brief tears come to my eyes, it made so much sense to me and so many connections were being made inside my head. I have always wondered and been amazed at how Abraham blesses the twelve tribes, and then Moses also blesses the twelve tribes (a little differently). Understanding that the Torah is full of doublets does explain why this could be, but the hypothesis of the dual origin gives further insight into the reason behind this double blessing (as well as an excellent understanding in a plethora of other instances). Thank you so much, this was an amazing, transparent, open-minded, informative, and intriguing presentation! I'm looking forward to the next part!

[@metallkopf988]

The two genesis creation myths are very much distinctive of this duality. One emphasizes water as sth that needs to be separated from the land during creation. (Genesis 1,6 and following) In the other, water is something that gives life to the earth and causes the plants to grow (Genesis 2,5 and following). This sort of thing is likely deliberate and descriptive of a common belief on the nature of water, depending on the different aspects of the nature of water as a giver of life, but also as a destructive force that needs protecting from.

[@cptrelentless80085]

Most of the Old Testament is ripped off from other religions, which is why it doesn’t make sense

[@kathleenrobertpogue6818]

@@cptrelentless80085 yup, like Noah's flood comes from the story of gilgamesh

[@trizvanov]

@@kathleenrobertpogue6818 The story of a "Great Flood" exists in every religion. All to do with the fact that humans tend to live close to their water sources, which as you know tend to swell and flood.

[@zrhalo]

@@trizvanov It's (flood myths) more likely to do with the drastic rise in sea levels at the end of the last ice age and all of the recent focus on the era 12,500 years ago.

[@stephenjablonsky1941]

A the foundation of the problem is the fact that, going way back, many people did not think about the possibility of something we call history--that someone in the future might want to understand the past.

[@thiloreichelt4199]

Or maybe they did NOT want us or even their own children to understand what really happened. If there was a unification of two older kingdoms, the new king would be interested to downplay the older differences. After a few generations, it would not be common knowledge anymore. Only a few older texts, laying half forgotten on a shelv somewhere.

[@peppermintgal4302]

I would argue that there were *some* people who did consider this and did write records, but many did not survive to this day. The middle east area has been, as a crossroads of multiple sub continents, stricken by many wars, so we've lost a lot of that informarion.

[@zrhalo]

Some people who lived many, many thousands of years ago did care about history and that's why we have such a marvelous spectacle at the Giza Plateau. Look it up; it's essentially a bookmark on our timeline pointing back to about 12,500 years ago where, likely, the great flood of legend probably occurred.

[@Thea_MojaveOutliersWhipmakers]

What motivated the extent to which writing was invented and developed? Certainly an oral tradition suggests that contemporaries were deeply concerned with subsequent generations.

[@dougdoesit3013]

Yes, the root of higher criticism says, 'assume everything is wrong unless you can specifically verify each element, then busy yourself hypothesizing alternative explanations.' Meanwhile, they never subject the hypothesis to the same extreme criticism the original claim is subjected too. In the end they end up with infinitely complex theories to describe a rather simple account.

[@mondavou9408]

You sound like the "lock picking lawyer" to me - both in tone and cadence. I love your presentation of this information.

[@ScienceNotFaith]

I was thinking the exact same thing. I had to look to see if they were the same. But this guy said he has a degree in religion and this is his full-time job - creating charts. The LPL is a lawyer whose full-time job is now KZbin. But damn, they sound like the same guy.

[@mondavou9408]

@Aaron Driscoll That's a new channel you've got right there! LOL

[@joeomundson]

@Aaron Driscoll "While it looked pretty convincing at first glance, a closer inspection revealed several major design oversights..."

[@1John3.8]

"Leviticus is binding"

[@jskratnyarlathotep8411]

@@ScienceNotFaith and tho, LPL and UC became the same charachter, and both comment tribes finally re-united to build a second channel with all LPL and UC videos and explanations to it. \0/

[@spencercurtis86]

This is brilliant. It's nice meeting a brother that doesn't accept all text as 100%. Use of logic in this realm is lacking sadly. I loved this video and makes a lot of sense

[@ruptro6658]

You’re looking for things you won’t find. You’ll eventually learn that god loves you

[@kayzeaza]

I like how you start with your credentials off the bat

[@benjaminromm8184]

"Jacob fled to the country of Aram; Israel served to get a wife, and to pay for her he tended sheep. The Lord used a prophet to bring Israel up from Egypt, by a prophet he cared for him." (Hos 12:12-13, NIV) Hosea is one of the earliest biblical books that can be securably dated (c. 760-720 BCE) and is of Northern provenance. This quote demonstrates that both the Jacob=Israel going to Aram and the Prophet-led exodus from Egypt stories were current in Northern Israel in the Assyrian period. This alone is a great difficulty for Schmid's theory (#3 in the video). There are other difficulties as well with positing such a late date for redaction, but I think this suffices.

[@randyrentner2314]

Might not Hosea have had a later redactor as well?

[@benjaminromm8184]

@@randyrentner2314 I see no literary basis for such a claim. Certainly always something to consider (although these claims of redaction tend to be unfalsifiable and can therefore be used by scholars in bad faith to deal with difficult evidence) I say no literary basis because the lines are integral to the prophecy in Hosea and not similar linguistically or in content to texts which are accepted as "later."

[@marvalice3455]

As a believer myself, u would assert that even if #3 was true, the 2 traditions would still be coming from a common source

[@marvalice3455]

@@randyrentner2314 typically you can tell from the structure of the writing.

[@blacksmith67]

I am not particularly religious, but I have always been fascinated by religion. I must admit that I have spent much more time considering the authorship of the NT and practically none on Torah or OT as a whole. You have electrified a renewed interest, and I look forward to the rest of your series. I also have a massive interest in the visualization of information going right back to my younger years an authors like Edward Tufte. Not to mention my interest in history (3 years of Classical Studies at University before I changed tack to information technology). Why had the algorithm not suggested your channel until now? It is obviously not perfect.

[@dg8620]

Blasphemy! You must keep your faith in the Algorithm, peace be upon it.

[@hannojaanniidas9655]

This info is fascinating. Suggest you watched Christine Hayes (Yale) lectures on the Hebrew Bible. Her exposition is brilliant, but her graphics are poor.

[@pen1sman]

I really like your video. I’m a very secular person myself and I don’t really believe much in any religious teachings so your secular take on how the Bible was written really taught me some stuff

[@charleswheeler3689]

Many Jews and Christians of the un-fundamentalist type accept the academic methods used in modern Biblical scholarship while rejecting an avowed atheist of agnostic viewpoint. Like accepting science and the validity of the scientific method but rejecting materialism and scientism.

[@حسينمحمد-غ1ص3ع]

Just read Quran and you will be Muslim

[@pen1sman]

@@حسينمحمد-غ1ص3ع no. No I wouldn’t be 😂

[@حسينمحمد-غ1ص3ع]

@@pen1sman because you afraid from the truth 🙂 Just I do this for myself so if you care or not it's my problem ❤

[@حسينمحمد-غ1ص3ع]

@@pen1sman because you afraid from the truth 🙂 Just I do this for myself so if you care or not it's your problem ❤

[@rebeccacuthbertson1271]

OOOOH this new third theory is pretty interesting!! I'm going to have to dive deeper into that. It sounds really promising. We only learned the first two theories when I was in university (or at least I think that's what we learned. My professor didn't teach it very clearly, at least not to me at the time. Either that or, as I had never studied Tanakh outside of Hebrew school before, that I struggled to reconcile historical analysis with religious analysis because that wasn't a thing at my childhood Hebrew school).

[@HappyBeezerStudios]

The P source really feels like a retcon just looking at the graph at 5:30, almost as if they inserted a book and then had to modify the texts before and after to make the new part fit. Or that happened later on to make it flow better.

[@kevionrogers2605]

@HappyBeezerStudios - by Lord_Mogul Qemant people in Ethiopia use the P source in Leviticus as a stand alone work, so it being added to the Torah as an independent source is very probable to me.

[@manyagaver1946]

UsefulCharts dropping the “we Jews” to let us all know he’s Jewish makes me happy as another jew

[@gnosis2871]

To be honest I pretty much just assumed he was Jewish and was right

[@elle-says]

Thank you for this series! I love that you’re able to break it up into understandable parts.

[@doublebunny6257]

I was originally looking for something random to watch but this is honestly the best thing I could have watch during my free time.

[@extrastuffing7539]

Clear, interesting and thought provoking. Thanks. Would it be possible to add dates for the events, i.e. Babylonian exile, destruction by Assyrians etc?

[@coreyham3753]

Agreed ... good overview.

[@dickwagenaar3684]

The entire time I was watcing this, I wanted DATES because WHEN is as important as WHO.

[@adapienkowska2605]

Assyria conquered Israel around 720 BCE (and it was brutal, Sargon II is said to depot almost 30k people and kill many others) Assyria fell in 609 BCE to Babylon and Medes. Babylon conquered Judah in 587 BCE (in turn Cyrus the Great conquered them in 539 BCE bringing stability, religious freedom and new government system to the Near East).

[@MichaelJohnson-vi6eh]

I will definitely look into this idea of monolatry. I don't see it as a big deal. Either YHWH is the most important God and other gods are just lesser beings or YHWH is the only God and all other beliefs are false teachings.

[@asr2009]

@@MichaelJohnson-vi6eh there is no monolatry in the Torah but monothiesm, i think. The only possible way it got conflated with monolatry is possibly due to the thought process of the northern israelites who were polythiests for some time period. There has been incidents where transition from polythiesm has been to monolatry not monothiesm. for example Pharaoh Akhenetan(i just messed up the spelling i guess)

[@shezie125]

I don't know why KZbin recommended this but I'm sure glad they did!

[@maxk5065]

praise be the algorythm !

[@Hendika]

@dev null all hail youtube algorithm

[@thomasdixon4373]

I love learning about stuff like this, it really helps me understand the world and its people

[@cayennenaturetrails8953]

yep

[@claudiucomlosan]

Thanks

[@MrBull1832]

As a PhD student working on the pentateuch right now, this video is super interesting. Though my work doesn't directly concern authorship or dating, it's naturally come up once or twice or a million times... Personally, I'm quite taken by the Dual Origins theory, but come to the conclusion that it's far messier even than the theories already proposed. You mention the two accounts of Abraham's lie. There's a third story following a similar pattern but featuring Jacob. Like Jacob, Abraham and Sarah go through name changes (as does Joseph in a way). I am intrigued by the possibility that though there were two fairly distinct traditions that developed, these were not exclusively Patriarchs v Moses, but rather slightly more "complete" traditions, but which emphasised different aspects. For example, of Abraham's lies: a longer account takes place with the King Abimelek (as does Jacob's version) but the other features Egypt and a Pharaoh and is a much shorter passage - I can feasibly imagine this version of the tale having developed in the same community which had Moses as their principal figure. A number of other literary parallels between Moses and key figures in the patriarchal narratives also spring to mind, particulary the character Hagar, who is one of the foci of my thesis.

[@theironicmetaphor7400]

I would say a Dual Origins theory is still an oversimplification. It is likely that there were several traditions at different levels of completeness that became incorporated into the text. Yet this process would have gone through the dominant religious leaders and teachers of the time, which is why I think some traditions were excluded or weren't distinct enough in significant ways to hold up on their own. In my opinion multiple origins could also account for the distinct traditions of Samaritans, who essentially can be classified as part of the Israelite community but are definitely not included in the Jewish tradition.

[@natholex]

I’d love to read your paper if its publicly available. Being a Muslim, anything concerning Hagar would be interesting.

[@MrBull1832]

@@natholex The section of my thesis looking at Hagar deals with the wordplay I think is going on in her name with the words ger/guwr/garesh. The parallels I see with Moses are as follows: Hagar, an Egyptian slave in an Isrselite household is oppressed by her master and runs away into the wilderness where she has an encounter with God, the only person to call her ha-gar, and is told to return. She is then driven out (garesh) into the wilderness where she has an encounter with God again and God provides for her and her son's safety. Moses, an Israelite in an Egyptian household, sees the oppression of his people and runs away into the wilderness where he has an encounter with God, he refers to himself as a ger, and is told to return. He and the Israelite slaves are then driven out (garesh) into the wilderness where they collectively have an encounter with God and God provides for them and their descendants. Neat parallels that feed into my wider argument for a reunderstanding of the term ger (often translated as alien/foreigner) in general. I see Hagar as quite an emblematic figure for understanding the term, given her name. I could go into the further wordplay going on with the placement and structure of the Hagar narratives, but I've gone on long enough... 😂

[@natholex]

@@MrBull1832 im gonna read your reply in more detail later but rn, I can say one thing. Hagar wasn’t in an Israelite household. Abraham himself is Israel’s/Jacob’s grandfather

[@MrBull1832]

@@natholex Yes, apologies - I meant to write Hebrew/Aramean etc, I'm just typing quickly on my phone whilst also doing online grocery shopping :P I can assure you that mistake is not made in the chapter ;) Hopefully you can still appreciate the point I was making

[@muhammadnurabdillah371]

Amazing, Thanks a Bunch, greeting from Muslim in Indonesia

[@panzertorte]

Ohh, that dual origins theory makes so much sense and makes for such a satisfying narrative, I'm onboard. Great video, as usual!

[@deponensvogel7261]

That's the danger, though. People tend to believe in narratives, which often blinds us to more grounded approaches.

[@bruce-le-smith]

Interesting video, thanks for summarizing some research and asking some questions!

[@richardwagner02]

I am a philologist and I study the history of texts through time and I have to say that the third hypothesis is kinda logic ! Good job !

[@victoremman4639]

If we considere the economic developpent between the desertic south, and the rich and green north, we undertand directly that they can't have both the same culture. An surely, the rich north interact deeply with the rich Damas culture.

[@EduardoAyresSoares]

I wish there were some dates on this video to situated me chronologically in history.

[@skepticalfaith5201]

There is zero agreement on the time that the events of the bible took place - many don’t even believe they happened. So trying to put to this would be 1. An exercise in frustration and 2. A distraction as more people would argue about the dating than the authorship.

[@jeremypnet]

The destruction of Jerusalem by Babylon is fairly well nailed on at about 587BCE. Persia conquered Babylon in 539BCE The second temple period begins in the years following that. The Northern kingdom of Israel existed from around 900BCE until its fall in the 700’s. This is the point of the joining of the two prongs of the fork in the video, presumably as people fled from the North when the Assyrians invaded. The Southern Kingdom of Judah came into existence a bit later than the Northern kingdom (maybe in the 800’s BCE) and fell with the aforementioned destruction of Jerusalem. Hope that helps a bit. Needless to say, it’s almost impossible to date the events in the Torah, because the evidence suggests they are entirely legendary.

[@1974kew]

Very good to learning English! Thank you for having Subtitles!

[@famouspeoplesing8882]

Can you do a video on the demarcation and divisions of the Vedas? They’re a large body of Hindu texts and have Samhitas, Brahmans, Aranyakas, Upanishads in terms of content differentiation, but also the Rig, Yajur, Sama & Atharvaveda in terms of names of Veda, etc. And like go in depth on the different Upanishads, etc. I feel that’s be a cool video lot to explore.

[@asr2009]

the thing is that the oldest known written copy of vedas is just of 14th century CE. Before that, we only know of oral tradition being used. We know that ancient indians focused on oral tradition a lot.

[@nancychoksi7056]

Make a video on who wrote bhagwad Gita..plz

[@vinodburhade5093]

👍👍An international expert's team schould be appointed to study and rewrite true history of India and true history of all so called religious books.

[@apalahartisebuahnama7684]

@@vinodburhade5093 why need to rewrite original story? You don't need to(for example) rewrite LOTR because you don't like the ending, you would end up with your own fan fiction instead. Religious books are about matters of faith and if you don't like it just abandoned said faith.

[@dogeofgreatness2222]

"Rewrite Indian history" Yeah including the mythological Vikramditiya whose empire stretched from the Philipines to frickin Arabia and the levant.

[@hanwenyap]

If there's ever a new book of the Bible, it'll be called Duderonomy, written by some guy called Chad.

[@igor-yp1xv]

My favourite passage would be the one where God asks through the sound of thunder from the sky: "Dude, where is my car?"

[@XaaviWillow]

There's already a Book of Duderonomy, put out by the Church of the Latter-day Dude, a religion based on the Big Lebowski.

[@cordialmanx2334]

@@igor-yp1xv Unrealistic. Jesus said he would not speak of his own Accord.

[@Wertsir]

The virgin gospel vs the chad apocrypha.

[@cordialmanx2334]

@Ari Edmiston I was also making a joke. An accord is a type of car.

[@devinsmith4790]

Some like to include the Book of Joshua into the mix, leaving us with a unit called the Hexateuch. Indeed Joshua concludes the main story of the Pentateuch while serving as a segue for the remainder of the DH narrative.

[@shayne-1880]

Yeah, Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings form the Deuteronomic History, also believed to be written by D

[@vincenttt8289]

it's segue lol not segway

[@devinsmith4790]

@@vincenttt8289 Ok segue, no need to be pedantic.

[@nHans]

​@@devinsmith4790 Chill, dude, don't get defensive. When someone points out a minor error, the customary response is simply "Done" or "Fixed," not a counter-offensive! Save that for when someone attacks your main point, or you personally. After all, you _do_ want us to pay attention to your main point, not get distracted by easily-correctable typos.

[@devinsmith4790]

@@nHans I wasn't being defensive.

[@alanteutemacher530]

Grew up catholic so never read the Bible. Just had readings and gospels all chopped up. Reading The Message now and the easy read makes so much more sense. Will watch this series as you go along. Done with episode 1. Susie.

[@dawnadmin8119]

Just found this. Very nice presentation! One thing I’ve been wondering for years, that the existing theories never seemed to account for: why do the Samaritans have a nearly-identical Torah? (And one more similar to the Septuagint than the Masoretic text.) How did that happen? Either the Torah would have had to have been written before the Exile. Or if the Samaritans adopted a Torah written by Jews after the Exile, the history of Samaritans and Judaism must be a lot more complicated than we’ve thought.

[@dawnadmin8119]

@don julio That’s not correct: the Dead Sea Scrolls prove that both versions of the Hebrew Bible are older than Jesus. The Masoretic text was neither created later, nor are most of the differences between it and the Septuagint translation errors. There were already two different versions of the text when Jesus was born, and we don’t know exactly how that happened. However, the part about which version the Samaritan Torah is closer to was really a throwaway comment. The real mystery is: if the Torah was only written after the fall of Samaria, how did ir become a Samaritan holy book?

[@BlessYourHeart254]

Refreshing to see this since I live in the bible belt, where the majority say they believe every word literally but don’t know the half of it and where many don’t want critical study done on it. It makes more sense that the geography and location influenced the “marketplace of ideas,” which I think pretty much is what human history turns out to be. And IMHO, that’s way more fascinating than the “god did it/said it/wrote it, so I believe it,” way of thinking prevalent here. Thank you for the historical examination, what a breath of fresh air.

[@maguffle]

When I was in seminary they taught the documentary hypothesis. I love how biblical studies continues to seek, learn and grow. The dual origin theory seems to make a lot of sense!

[@zrhalo]

Do your religious beliefs make more 'sense' than the beliefs of any eastern or Mesoamerican religion?

[@maguffle]

@@zrhalo not at all. I was simply saying that the dual origin hypothesis makes more sense to me than the documentary hypothesis. That's all. In no way, shape or form was I commenting on the "sense" of any other faith tradition.

[@marvalice3455]

@@zrhalo yes.

[@theazureknight9399]

@@zrhalo I'm gonma butt in on the discussion because i find this particular type of dishonest, leading question very interesting as a law student. Of course someone who faithfully and dutifully follows religion "A" will personally find their own beliefs to make more sense than those of religion "B". If this wasn't the case they'd either swap religions or lose faith. There's no good answer to this question because if the answer is"yes" then the person who first asked would go into the attack and attempt to either shame the other guy or start and argument. If the answer is no then why would he even follow that particular religion? I'm almost sure it was an attempt go goad Maguffle into saying yes so that zr halo could start an argument and bash his faith as it so commonly happens in youtube comment sections, because as i said, it's a leading question with no right answer. Maguffle managed to dodge it nicely by answering that his original comment had nothing to do with this subject, which I'd say is one of the better ways to avoid an unwanted debate in this particular scenario. If someone's reading this and you find yourself in a similar situation, now you know to either ignore the question or handle it like mr. Maguffle here.

[@theotakuoutlook]

Amazing work honestly appreciate the amount of effort and research you put in .

[@ghostwriter7547]

I love how objectively you explain the topics, there is so much research behind it. Thank you so much for your work

[@rogerhwerner6997]

In the field of biblical studies itextrdmely difficult to keep fact separate from faith-based opinion. This video manages the difficult very well.

[@ryanvoll7088]

I strongly agree with the Dual Theory. With Judaism in two kingdoms, it’s very likely that they had different beliefs. Plus there is many scripts found that were never in the bible. Genesis is definitely more than one author. It’s noticeable in the first few paragraphs. With it talking about how god made humans. Then later begins the story of Adam, as if it didn’t already tell us that humans existed. It’s a clear example of two different stories being meshed together. One being simplistic in just saying humans were created, while the other author trying to narrow it down to one first human. I find history of religion very fascinating, even though I have a huge struggle with believing in any god(s). I’m not exactly atheist, I just believe I won’t know for sure until I die. As nothing humans have created so far can detect if any god exist. Making it plausible that no god exist. But with so many mysteries about the universe still unresolved, I cannot fully rule out the possibility of any gods.

[@johnchiu]

I think you are referring to agnosticism. I was there myself and I think it was a better place to be than just saying you are an atheist, as you leave room for questions and possibilities.

[@irenejohnston6802]

You won't know at all after you die, unless you're resurrected Ps 146:3,4. So it all becomes a mere intellectual exercise. Knowledge puffs up but accurate knowledge builds up (prognosis)

[@rahowherox1177]

You are atheist... albeit an agnostic atheist - like 99% of those whom are "atheist". However an intellectually honest agnostic atheist can only consider the possible as possible ... and not the nonsensical fairytale known as the bible and it's silly version of a god.

[@adehl4805]

you’re so right about genesis! never noticed that

[@Laggy2000]

1 Corinthians 21-25 (In response to your last statement) 21 For after that in the wisdom of God the world by wisdom knew not God, it pleased God by the foolishness of preaching to save them that believe. 22 For the Jews require a sign, and the Greeks seek after wisdom: 23 But we preach Christ crucified, unto the Jews a stumblingblock, and unto the Greeks foolishness; 24 But unto them which are called, both Jews and Greeks, Christ the power of God, and the wisdom of God. 25 Because the foolishness of God is wiser than men; and the weakness of God is stronger than men.

[@Jamesthor]

Theory 3 has been what I have been subscribed to for the last 35 years

[@TheAndreas1008]

This was very well taught and insightful! I'm a Christian myself, so these videos do bring challenge and nuance to some beliefs I hold, but I'm also eager to find out what's true about well ... everything, so challenging knowledge won't hurt! An intriguing journey indeed!

[@zrhalo]

If you really want to find the truth about "everything" you should look at other, non-abrahamic religions, and what recent discoveries we have made about our ancient history. Zeitgeist The Movie, Richard Dawkins debates, simulation theory, and stuff on multiple dimensions and universes.

[@marvalice3455]

@@zrhalo zietgeist is such a mess xD. But you should look into other religions. I find it extremely faith strengthening

[@JxTREME7]

5:24 - thought that was gonna spell 'Jedi' then I got very excited haha

[@nojatha4637]

Jesus used the force to turn water into wine

[@ernestolombardo5811]

Ancient Hebrew: (stands on the shores of the Dead Sea) Everyone else on the planet: "It's over, I have the high ground"

[@bustamousegaming4423]

I was sitting here getting flashbacks to my Ancient Near East History/Theology Course in Undergrad and covering each theory in turn. I do feel my professor believed more in The Dual Origins Theory himself and made a convincing case for it. I distinctly remember him referencing the Moses story coming out of Egypt by pointing out that, "Moses," itself could be considered an Egyptian name.

[@rescuearch7802]

@Joseph Douek As well, Jacob appears to be a Hyksos personal name, and the name Joseph itself looks very Egyptian itself to me ("-seph" being an Egyptian name element, as in Osarseph).

[@kumahbmimshach9177]

you are doing a great job

[@jcortese3300]

The third theory is really interesting -- the first Torah cycle I even read through, I remember hitting the golden calf bit and thinking that they were talking about Moses and Aaron as representatives of two different peoples who were a bit grumpy about each other. Thank you for this!

[@nadavlemberger6115]

Small tidbit: the two mentions of Abraham lying about Sarah actually take place in different locations and with different character. The first (chapter 12) is in Egypt and the person who takes Sarah is Pharaoh, and the second (chapter 20) is in a place called Gerar and the person who takes Sarah is Avimelech (Abimelech).

[@blyrax]

One has to wonder how a guy with a PhD. made that kind of mistake. They are two different stories.

[@TheAlexSchmidt]

I think the idea is that despite having different locations and characters, they have the same core premise, so it might've been that they were two different versions of the same story that changed up where and with whom it happened.

[@waltercardcollector]

This was fascinating!

[@JasonCunliffe]

marvellous presentation = graphics, sequence of terms, names, sources, concepts, ideas, QUESTIONS Thank you, very helpful and interesting much appreciated

[@urasam2]

I really like this video. Clear, concise, scholarly.

[@igor-yp1xv]

I would LOVE if you made videos summarizing the sacred books while commenting on their historical aspects, please consider! 📖♥️

[@davidbarber3821]

Look up the Documentary Hypothesis

[@bxdanny]

An interesting theory. But how then to explain the "J" and "E" versions of the same stories? Anyway, "Deuteronomy" always sounds to me like it should be the study of heavy hydrogen nuclei. :=)

[@a14a17k]

I thought of it as maybe early on in both developments as the stories were just beginning to take hold in each region..you have maybe a few travelers that spread word, and maybe bits got through and redeveloped as their own? ....that or when they came together it was like a game of telephone except the start and end were from different regions/origins. Like how you tell a person a story they weren't there for, then when they go and retell it, you have the main elements but not the exact same details.

[@marvalice3455]

The fact that they are mostly independent doesn't mean that they aren't based on a common source. It would just mean they didn't cross pollinate

[@victoremman4639]

Easy. Genesis story exists before Moses story, and the concept of YHWH came after Moses's time, according to the sentence "I'm who/That is the beeing" or in the classical latin way "I'm who I am". See ? From the 1rst person it turned to the 3rd person. The invention of the word YHWH must be from philosophers with some linguistic skills, a reflexion on the Torah words, interpretations.

[@GODDAMNLETMEJOIN]

Since deuterium is in space you could say a book about it would be heavenly inspired

[@bxdanny]

@@GODDAMNLETMEJOIN Well, it's also been in somewhat "demonic" places, like that Nazi factory that was famously blown up by Resistance fighters during WW II.

[@tigeremmy]

As a bible enthusiast ,I consider this explanation as the best the i had evern encountered . Well done

[@friedsensei]

Is it ignorant for me to ask what reason we have to truly believe any of these historical facts? It just seems to me like the records kept with paper by distant people, especially nomadic tribal people, were literally so fragile and such little coordination could've happened between different authors. Scholars have nothing to work off of other than very few artifacts and locations, and just madly cross referencing various writings from similiar time periods. There is no reason to think that in any point in time, an author who knew real historical events didn't just slap together a fiction that would hold up under basic examination, like the kind done by scholars 3000 years later lol.

[@nikolairau7663]

You are going to help me for my Archeology, Anthropology, and Psychology of Religion-Studies. So, in future, we will become colleauges! ;) Maybe. Your knowledge and videos related to it, is incredible. Thank you very much.

[@brendanward2991]

Fascinating. I like your take on the dual origins theory.

[@regisdudley7098]

For reals: you are my outright favorite channel now. Full-on zero-to-hero. This was amazing and soooo fucking baffling to just 🤯 I’ve been sitting & thinking about this third-theory for like 10 minutes just in awe over “what we thought” vs “what is prevalent now/future” is soooo fun. Thank you so much for doing what you do!

[@lionspawfilmandphoto]

These deep dive studies into human history have been massively helpful to me and also cataclysmic to a lot of my old beliefs.

[@SamAronow]

I don't think this was clarified, but critical scholars generally believe now that Abraham was a later addition during the Babylonian exile, mirroring the exile itself and subsequent return to Judea after the Persian conquest.

[@UsefulCharts]

That's one theory but there definitely isn't consensus on it yet.

[@cyclonicleo]

Excellent and I think you're spot on here - well done!

[@Kirktrgs]

It would be great to see a similar video on the Qur'an

[@justaminute3111]

Not if he values his life.

[@lobstered_blue-lobster]

@@justaminute3111 XD this!

[@newyoupersonaldevelopment3497]

I don’t think he has the balls ... Christians and Christianity are a safe group and doctrine to bash

[@SaeedAhmed-gz8ub]

Wont be a long enough video

[@thenameisyaso4254]

So apparently my comment is not accepted by youtube for some reason (even though it has absolutely no insults of offenses or racial slurs), so idk what to do.

[@johnbecay3859]

thank you for clarifying a very confusing topic. the charts are very helpful.