Рет қаралды 20,748
Disproportionate dwarfism
Most people with dwarfism have disorders that cause disproportionately short stature. Usually, this means that a person has an average-size trunk and very short limbs, but some people may have a very short trunk and shortened (but disproportionately large) limbs. In these disorders, the head is disproportionately large compared with the body.
An average-size trunk
Short arms and legs, with particularly short upper arms and upper legs
Short fingers, often with a wide separation between the middle and ring fingers
Limited mobility at the elbows
A disproportionately large head, with a prominent forehead and a flattened bridge of the nose
Progressive development of bowed legs
Progressive development of swayed lower back
An adult height around 4 feet (122 cm)
Another cause of disproportionate dwarfism is a rare disorder called spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita (SEDC). Signs may include:
A very short trunk
A short neck
Shortened arms and legs
Average-size hands and feet
Broad, rounded chest
Slightly flattened cheekbones
Opening in the roof of the mouth (cleft palate)
Hip deformities that result in thighbones turning inward
A foot that's twisted or out of shape
Instability of the neck bones
Progressive hunching curvature of the upper spine
Progressive development of swayed lower back
Vision and hearing problems
Arthritis and problems with joint movement
Adult height ranging from 3 feet (91 cm) to just over 4 feet (122 cm)
Proportionate dwarfism
Proportionate dwarfism results from medical conditions present at birth or appearing in early childhood that limit overall growth and development. So the head, trunk and limbs are all small, but they're proportionate to each other. Because these disorders affect overall growth, many of them result in poor development of one or more body systems.
Growth hormone deficiency is a relatively common cause of proportionate dwarfism. It occurs when the pituitary gland fails to produce an adequate supply of growth hormone, which is essential for normal childhood growth. Signs include:
#ഉയരംവെക്കാൻ #Heightincreasemalayalam #പൊക്കംവെക്കാൻ
Causes
Most dwarfism-related conditions are genetic disorders, but the causes of some disorders are unknown. Most occurrences of dwarfism result from a random genetic mutation in either the father's sperm or the mother's egg rather than from either parent's complete genetic makeup.
Achondroplasia
About 80 percent of people with achondroplasia are born to parents of average height. A person with achondroplasia and with two average-size parents received one mutated copy of the gene associated with the disorder and one normal copy of the gene. A person with the disorder may pass along either a mutated or normal copy to his or her own children.
Turner syndrome
Turner syndrome, a condition that affects only girls and women, results when a sex chromosome (the X chromosome) is missing or partially missing. A female inherits an X chromosome from each parent. A girl with Turner syndrome has only one fully functioning copy of the female sex chromosome rather than two.
Growth hormone deficiency
The cause of growth hormone deficiency can sometimes be traced to a genetic mutation or injury, but for most people with the disorder, no cause can be identified.
Other causes
Other causes of dwarfism include other genetic disorders, deficiencies in other hormones or poor nutrition. Sometimes the cause is unknown.
Complications
Complications of dwarfism-related disorders can vary greatly, but some complications are common to a number of conditions.
Disproportionate dwarfism
The characteristic features of the skull, spine and limbs shared by most forms of disproportionate dwarfism result in some common problems:
Delays in motor skills development, such as sitting up, crawling and walking
Frequent ear infections and risk of hearing loss
Bowing of the legs
Difficulty breathing during sleep (sleep apnea)
Pressure on the spinal cord at the base of the skull
Excess fluid around the brain (hydrocephalus)
Crowded teeth
Progressive severe hunching or swaying of the back with back pain or problems breathing
Narrowing of the channel in the lower spine (spinal stenosis), resulting in pressure on the spinal cord and subsequent pain or numbness in the legs
Arthritis
Weight gain that can further complicate problems with joints and the spine and place pressure on nerves
Proportionate dwarfism
With proportionate dwarfism, problems in growth and development often result in complications with poorly developed organs. For example, heart problems that often occur with Turner syndrome can have a significant effect on health. An absence of sexual maturation associated with growth hormone deficiency or Turner syndrome affects both physical development and social functioning.