Viruses (Updated)

Explore the lytic and lysogenic viral replication cycles with the Amoeba Sisters! This video also discusses virus structures and why a host is critical for viral reproduction. Expand details for table of contents and further reading suggestions! This updated video replaces our older virus video from 2013.
Table of Contents:
00:00 Video Intro
0:29 Intro to a Virus
1:10 Virus Structure
2:30 Lytic Cycle
3:41 Lysogenic Cycle
4:48 HIV
5:52 Viruses in Gene Therapy, Pesticide
We cover the basics in biology concepts at the secondary level. If you are looking to discover more about biology and go into depth beyond these basics, our recommended reference is the FREE, peer reviewed, open source OpenStax biology textbook: openstax.org/details/books/bi...
***************************************************************
Further Reading Suggestions:
Learn more about the Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (NPV)- a virus that can target pest insects. www.researchgate.net/publicat...
How does Gene Therapy Work? (from NIH)
ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/therap...
We received a great comment asking about how viral DNA may go undetected. Check out this great journal article:
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
****************************************************************
The Amoeba Sisters videos demystify science with humor and relevance. The videos center on Pinky's certification and experience in teaching biology at the high school level. For more information about The Amoeba Sisters, visit:
www.amoebasisters.com/about-us...
We cover the basics in biology concepts at the secondary level. If you are looking to discover more about biology and go into depth beyond these basics, our recommended reference is the FREE, peer reviewed, open source OpenStax biology textbook: openstax.org/details/books/bi...
⭐We have a menu of our resources that complement our videos! Visit docs.google.com/spreadsheets/...
Support Us? www.amoebasisters.com/support-us
Our Resources:
Biology Playlist: • Amoeba Sisters Biology...
GIFs: www.amoebasisters.com/gifs.html
Handouts: www.amoebasisters.com/handout...
Comics: www.amoebasisters.com/paramec...
Unlectured Series: www.amoebasisters.com/unlectured
Connect with us!
Website: www.AmoebaSisters.com
Twitter: / amoebasisters
Facebook: / amoebasisters
Tumblr: / www
Pinterest: / amoebasister­s
Instagram: / amoebasistersofficial
Visit our Redbubble store at www.amoebasisters.com/store
TIPS FOR VIEWING EDU KZbin VIDEOS:
Want to learn tips for viewing edu KZbin videos including changing the speed, language, viewing the transcript, etc? www.amoebasisters.com/pinkys-...
MUSIC:
Music in this video is listed free to use/no attribution required from the KZbin audio library kzbin.info...
COMMUNITY:
We take pride in our AWESOME community, and we welcome feedback and discussion. However, please remember that this is an education channel. See KZbin's community guidelines and how KZbin handles comments that are reported by the community. We also reserve the right to remove comments.
TRANSLATIONS:
Hindi Subtitling Credit: Alisha Aggarwal
Some translated subtitles on our videos were translated by the community using KZbin's community-contributed subtitle feature. After the feature was discontinued by KZbin, we have another option for submitting translated subtitles here: www.amoebasisters.com/pinkys-... We want to thank our amazing community for the generosity of their time in continuing to create translated subtitles. If you have a concern about community contributed contributions, please contact us.
UPDATE: We have videos dubbed in Spanish and Portuguese using an artificial voice via aloud.area120.google.com to increase accessibility. See our Amoeba Sisters en Español channel / @amoebasistersespanol and Amoeba Sisters em Português / @amoebasistersportuguese Want to help translate our subtitles in any language? Learn more here www.amoebasisters.com/pinkys-...

[@AmoebaSisters]

Important Video Notes: At 3:23 - it makes a difference whether those viruses in that illustration are enveloped or not. *If* the viruses *lack* envelopes, the viruses usually do lyse this cell membrane. *If* they *are* enveloped, the viruses usually (some exceptions) would exit this eukaryotic cell without lysing. Two things to mention! 1. UPDATE: We have videos dubbed in Spanish and Portuguese using an artificial voice via aloud.area120.google.com to increase accessibility. See our Amoeba Sisters en Español channel kzbin.info/door/1Njo3LBy53cOPngz6ArV8Q and Amoeba Sisters em Português kzbin.info/door/YTQPX2X_mXe0ZMPi0fXxbg Want to help translate our subtitles in any language? Learn more here www.amoebasisters.com/pinkys-ed-tech-favorites/community-contributed-subtitles 2. This topic is now an Unlectured Series topic! www.amoebasisters.com/unlectured One of the question starters in the Unlectured topic mentions two therapies still being explored that can use viruses: *phage therapy* and *gene therapy.* Something fascinating to research if you have an interest in learning more about viruses. Also, there are some intriguing viruses that are exceptions. For example, while viruses are smaller than their host cells, there are some types of viruses that are very large and potentially larger than some of the smaller bacterial cells!

[@allessandrodeleon7250]

you need to be monetized

[@Rachel_127]

Can you do a video about Rhinoviruses?

[@valhallaarts4213]

Amoeba Sisters, I have been a sufferer of what people call "cystic acne" since I was around the age of 15 and I have tried a lot of things to cure or at least put it in a state of idle and I have found nothing that works so far. I'm curious if instead of this "cystic acne" issue myself and others have is not a bacterial problem but a viral problem and that is the reason that antibiotics do not work for us. Any thoughts or questions or anything you may have to help will be greatly appreciated.

[@krizo3824]

your the best teacher on youtube i mean that i hope you ser my message you've helped me so much

[@mr.potato2209]

5:12

[@AllTrickss]

So how do these things get into my computer

[@AnimeLuvzU456]

OMG XD I dunno if your serious or not

[@Vincent-sk1tb]

They infect the computer cells obv

[@raanoooshh9296]

I always wipe my computer screen from bacteria so my computer don't get infected

[@omegafern1832]

its something mean peeps send to u that eats away at your files and shuts down your computer

[@Zizzyyzz]

Lol.

[@jordanalex6880]

Amoeba Sisters: *exist* Science Teachers: _it's free real estate_

[@jessicakempf6510]

am science teacher, can relate

[@3atrocks]

*_yes._*

[@shubhamkatyal6391]

More like students... My science teacher doesn't show any of these videos 🙄

[@moved4149]

Yeah lol

[@maddi3291]

Am pharm teachers

[@randomsucc3897]

you probably don’t realise how much you’re helping sad a level students like me doing last minute revision for our biology exam tomorrow

[@aseal316]

that aint the case anymore

[@trainman2226]

yeah uh now we are here because of bio teachers

[@HSCTestExamination]

Aahhhhaaaa us bruh us

[@jisooyah8440]

we the same

[@amekyandi]

real 😭

[@scottbowey]

who’s here cuz their teacher assigned a coronavirus assignment on gc

[@krishnannarayanan8819]

Our physics teacher made us do biology review. OOF

[@laboniakter4659]

me from my biology teacher, but im pretty sure u dont go 2 my school because she gave me the hw 2 hours ago in gc

[@ryansmith9082]

when u done reply with the link

[@rubensantiago2157]

Yessir

[@livinwithjennifer6151]

Me

[@igotnogoodnametoreplacemyr6988]

this channel actually does the work my teacher should , so thanks . Really thanks

[@army4life838]

your welcome! we're always trying to do our best to help our fans learn the easiest way POSSIBLE!!! :)

[@733_subscribers]

fantage you're*

[@mayadawg3287]

bloody oath

[@alixhudspeth4912]

Who is ARMY4LIFE ? Is that one of the Amoeba sis's?

[@daddylonglegs3698]

Alix Hudspeth They have very little subscribers so I’m going to assume they aren’t.

[@skatef2761]

well, i think we know why were here for 2 reasons. 1. COVID-19 2. Teacher is making us do this.

[@lptmbbyy]

SkateF HAH. both 😔

[@ValentinaVariety]

Idk why, but my READING/ENGLISH teacher is.

[@otterfox488]

actually neither no joke

[@droitwichmtb8934]

Yep

[@Acsnds]

yess

[@joyli._.0225]

My teacher: **Forgot to plan a lesson** Amoeba Sisters: **Exist** Teacher: 👁️👄👁️ y e s

[@vans3535]

Let me guess you’re here bc your teacher assigned you to.

[@stephen2231]

Fishy ._. 😭😭😭😭

[@kehindesalami5710]

Yep🥱🥱

[@rainm9894]

it just so happens that the unit on Viruses was this week...

[@AshwiniR.007]

Some of us are millennials fool

[@rajveerbhardwaj8470]

No

[@ajkrivutza6739]

you guys literally taught more in 40 seconds than what i learned from an hour of my teacher maybe ill pass this class yet

[@ihyDJ2x]

ong i am

[@derickennedy8535]

pov: your down here looking for answers to your assignment your teacher gave you lolll

[@ribonucleoprotein8413]

My biology teacher shows your videos in class! Now i watch them for fun... Love your videos!!

[@Bryzerse]

Same

[@itsmerafa8231]

Me too

[@debdyutibiswas6721]

Meee too

[@UnknownAsian]

Same, my 7th and 8th grade science teacher and my 9th grade Biology teacher have always showed these videos

[@foocii_]

You are weird

[@mekaylaanastasia259]

You guys are literally the reason that I’m passing Bio😭💕

[@user-il9hm2nv8i]

right

[@pseudogravityy]

same

[@rainm9894]

I cant understand the notes, these videos help a ton

[@etimaaffiah6192]

For real, same here🤲😩

[@xzettxhabenx3389]

Nobody: This video: *exists* Our instructors: *Assigns this video to watch*

[@liz221]

l o l

[@KD-sz5bx]

What makes it intrinsically motivating to watch your videos is not only the intellect you display but the tone of voice you produce. It's an attention grabber and should be a lesson to all teachers who are very monotone which can come off boring. Thank you for being intellectually uplifting!

[@struckbyasyclone9284]

*KZbin recommended has... um... interesting timing with this video.*

[@brandon.hendrickson]

Once again, the Amoeba Sisters prove themselves to be the best source of microbiological education on the internet! Thanks, guys.

[@jamassexd4134]

"Viruses can infect any living thing" Amoeba Sisters -2018 really wish that guy who ate the bat knew that

[@biologybackpack8862]

This video is so good! You guys managed to hit all the important points without making this video too long or tedious. Great work - thank you!

[@tomandjc4201]

Coronavuris has joined the party

[@Randomthenightguard]

DJ Jerry509 not funny

[@BonesYouTube]

no, cornavius, not coronavirus conavus

[@sofiaezzat3576]

can’t y’all take a joke

[@kirannadeer4977]

Sofia Ezzat We can take a joke but not a bad one

[@becketthor6478]

not funny didnt laugh

[@dmimidipizza3689]

Who is here because their science teacher assigned them this video.

[@j4dnnkrx_]

pretty much all of us

[@wildzone31]

☝️

[@JonSmith-cx7gr]

Who is here after starting coughing and their city is on lockdown......?

[@f-chan]

Me

[@PowerProductions199]

A.k.a covid 19

[@kjireland3567]

I'm in isolation for a couple of weeks. I'm young but this has moments where it feels challenging. I'm looking forward to being healthy again and I'm surprised I got sick in the first place because for me that's rare. Try get info from trusted sources,not the media.. Good luck everyone

[@masmon5458]

me

[@gogpoydi]

I think my best friend contracted the disease and I’m starting to feel off

[@lunatik8272]

Dang these vids are so much more fun to watch than sit through my biology teachers slide shows. And it even covers the same stuff! Thx!

[@antwon3139]

Who else is here because their teacher assigned it for online school?

[@pangding2662]

me

[@fantaconde3021]

Me

[@iimxsty2598]

Yesss lol

[@maigarduce9238]

not me

[@tellthemnaegi]

Me

[@aneshkumar4513]

Imagine going subatomic like ant man and getting trapped in virus realm

[@frodoswaggins3132]

For something that probably isn’t alive, viruses are geniuses.

[@SahilSingh-ym7ui]

CaptainCyberNinja lol

[@PoppiesOfBlood]

Exactly if it isn't alive how can you infect others around you. All this fear in media is very suscpicious. Like HiV it is transmited via bloodstream that makes more sense

[@antigoneanddimitrakatsaras9420]

And for something that is alive, cells are stupid not to notice the virus.

[@alanbareiro6806]

@@antigoneanddimitrakatsaras9420 White cells do detect the virus

[@alanbareiro6806]

@@PoppiesOfBlood The SARS-coV-2 can travel through aerosolized droplets. Also it has some time of lifespan on surfaces. That's how people get infected.

[@rozihanafi5447]

internet population : i will make something viral corona virus : let me teach you what viral really is

[@lexuankhoi-james3657]

3:38 Mr Other Cell I don't feel so good

[@caseyco3026]

4:35, so you're telling me if I eat all the time i wont get covid 19? right on

[@katiegilb9221]

Big Brain

[@thenmhc6210]

face palm

[@Afk4521]

Anyone else watching this while Coronavirus is going on

[@rainm9894]

no.

[@kelvinnjoroge7207]

This is virally funny and educative at the same time......can't believe I have so much information from cartoons

[@alanbareiro6806]

I really recommend you to watch Cells at Work!, which is also very fun and educative.

[@amandagonzalez3967]

a bad bactiria comes into your body:MWAHAHAHAHA bactiriophage:hello can i make copys of myself in you :3 bad bactiria:NO NO NO NO NO!!!! BACTIRIOPHAGE:thanks! bad bactiria:*dead

[@user-zl8mp2tr4y]

yall are my favorite youtubers ever!!!

[@teonfall8821]

I LOVE waking up, getting on my computer, and watching the Amoeba Sisters! This was an amazing video!

[@Wintertidal]

watching from the time of the pandemic, lol... 2020, you crazy.

[@averagejoe6031]

You haven’t seen nothing yet, makes me miss how it was 4 months ago

[@kimluna9584]

It helps me so much with passing my Biology course. And it makes me enjoy learning them. I can't thank you enough!

[@annabeldelarosa9534]

You guys are life savers thank you so much. Your interpretation makes it so easy to understand!

[@MrHexTheGhost]

I like the drawing a lot. It's awesome and pretty cute!

[@cannonbrooker4130]

EpicDJgamerboy that’s an animation

[@mushroomme64]

I am entering the sea of comments, and this particular comment Will most likely go forever unseen.

[@autumncody653]

I highly doubt that

[@trent_trent]

@@autumncody653 IKR

[@Darkwell0071]

Then play games seems like the more interesting the more viewers

[@liz221]

nope. at least nineteen people has seen your comment :) yw, i liked lol

[@valerievaldivia7157]

My favorite biology channel to watch , thank you for your existence.

[@salmanmahbub7360]

really. I read about virus in my science book. But you make me understand the fact more clearly than done by our teacher in 1 hour!!!!!!

[@alisonlaett9625]

Just remember, it's always easier to learn something the second time around. You're already familiar with the terminology and can follow the discussion more clearly. The Amoeba Sisters create awesome content, but I'm sure your teacher played a vital role in you learning this as well :) It's also much easier to teach to a mic than a classroom full of students. I understand your point, and maybe your teacher didn't explain it too well, but I think you should still giver him/her some credit :P

[@adilahnageib9554]

lol I haven't stopped watching these videos even after I graduated.. Ameoba sisters videos are simply attractive and entertaining in a very cute way

[@joelpearce1372]

Coronavirus brought me here!

[@lorenangelli9169]

hahahaha same

[@BetweentheBeans]

These newer videos look incredible! Keep it up you guys. You are doing a great thing.

[@RangoAj]

Between the Beans you are a vegetal.

[@hopehope9316]

we really APPRECIATE the effort you put in each video.... THANK you 🌸

[@itz_unicorn_gacha5174]

For those who wonder, "what are the steps the bacteriophage goes through to replicate?" Well, in the first step, it uses a (sort of) syringe to puncture a small hole in the bacteria's cell wall. In the second step, it does a weird movement to inject it's genetic stuff into the bacteria, hijacking and forcing the bacteria to manufacture all of the parts to make new bacteriophages. In the last step, they produce an enzyme called *endolysin* (not sure if I spelled that right) that punches a hole in the bacteria. Since the pressure is so high, it makes it look like the bacteria vomits out its own insides and it dies. Now, new bacteriophages are released and now begin the cycle again, and again, and again.

[@elizabethharvester6111]

WOW! I finally understand more how viruses operate and how they make us sick. Thank you for making these funny and easy to understand educational videos!

[@JSwagy]

learnt more from this video than 3 years of biology class

[@afrozsohail1040]

0:29 le virus: My entry should be like a villian in a criminal story, i would be sitting on a gaming chair typpa thing with a cat in my hand. Salute to you guys love your content

[@riazshah7863]

😊😊

[@Booga04Minecraft]

This video is awesome. I hope it goes *viral.*

[@jharananayak8729]

Yes true

[@virologi3348]

It really did

[@TheTheoTherone]

Can you follow up with how this relates to coronavirus, specifically covid 19 , please?

[@Novak2611]

Covid19 is similar to flu. Same mechanism.

[@dobermanalfa1]

@@Novak2611 But can Covid 19 reach the lysogenic phase?

[@sarah-fk6ue]

my teacher has us do long notes and i dont really understand them, but after i do them my teacher has a link in the slides and i always watch them. these videos are sooo fun and creative and help me finally understand! thank you so much❤

[@amishagarg9622]

Awesome as usual. Waiting for your videos and watching them is really fun

[@WeeeeeeWooooooo]

Ah always making learning fun. Keep up the good work :)

[@paws4life928]

I love you guys! You make learning biology so much fun❤️ and the drawings help so much too.

[@hamda4550]

I am a medical student and your videos are so helpful. Thank you so much!

[@muggedinmadrid]

whoever did the pics has a great sense of humour. love the video. edutainment at its best.

[@Corifogelsong]

1:24 the epic "It sounds very fancy"

[@rinisannoyed3991]

Shout out to all my fellow watchers in quarantine, here bc of our teachers

[@isabellagrace340]

worddd!

[@iamfrankbiesta]

Thanks for a great and very clear video! I will definitely watch some (or more likely: all) of the other videos you made!

[@stanzinzangmo09]

This channel is where the learning happens 🙌♥️ thanks!

[@starstruck2784]

POV: You are in class, and your teacher tells you to watch this video for biology

[@coversbyria]

Why did you guys have to draw the viruses so cute 😞

[@daniellevoke3852]

this is an incredibly comprehensive and fun video! thank you!

[@GalileoFigar0]

What a fantastic video. A very well structured lesson. Thank you.

[@blackcat7741]

Coronavirus symptoms: Coughing, Vomiting, Fever and the urge to travel around the world

[@sophia7425]

LMAO

[@sophia7425]

“so anyway i started traveling”

[@wyfin5619]

Not vomit tho

[@surpnurp2917]

Memes want to know your location

[@slightlydistressedslug6627]

E-Learning week! Gooooo bingeing of the amoeba sisters for biology class!

[@genealvarez3094]

These ladies always present education in an awesome manner. Keep it up ladies as I am sharing your presentation to the ignorant.

[@getsweetseenu1613]

It was really helpful! Thank you Amoeba Sisters!!

[@nityanthm9459]

when you are here because your teacher made you watch this. During a pandemic

[@zehraali5393]

Why is it that whenever I open my bio book, you guys upload a bio video?

[@mariamneamatallah6027]

magic

[@ressiesCoffeeBeans]

okay ... I messed up I forgot that I have a test at 3pm and it's 10 am in Computer class now!!. I will listen to the Ameoba sisters till then coz ayyy 😂✨🤙🏽

[@artificialartist1]

Wow amazing! Love the way you’ve explained everything!!! Amazing. I’ve subbed

[@benticogarcia7203]

how come I can't feel happy anymore

[@elij1130]

Now that's epic

[@gwennnnnnnnnnnn]

me to

[@ymani6463]

You read my thoughts exactly

[@rickkrockstar]

Great Information for the Coronavirus pandemic 🤔

[@kanichiwagacha5385]

My teacher loves the amoeba sisters. So basically for homework we just summarize all their videos!⛑⚛

[@user-zg2np1po1z]

Thank you very much for making me understand the topic in a very fun way and a short video . Thank you !!!

[@amazingzie378]

We watch your videos all the time in my science class…and we love then!

[@olivertheblob21]

3:04 We all start thinking the same thing

[@RafaelaThe1]

I am here studying for exams, I love this channel, it always helps me!

[@astrospeedcuber]

This should really be updated again.

[@chetnasingh5165]

Love from India.. Thanks

[@bleh9154]

Everyone: Here for school projects Me: I'm just bored so I'm just here to say hi to covid'19 Hi.

[@charliespiano9893]

this is THE BEST BIOLOGY CHANEL I HAVE FOUND!

[@shadowcat4529]

You've got a new subscriber here! I have exams next week and this was a great revision video. Thank you!

[@thedapane2]

Some viruses (like your favorite the bacteriophage) can also be used to fight antibiotic resistant super bacteria and save people's lives

[@waitingfor90daystochangemy17]

I...love...this... Helped me with homework

[@sariahcoleman2057]

I love watching your videos

[@eugenevanderlinde7936]

my teacher uses your material when explaining the work for us. she enjoys your content and the entire class as well

[@user-uz6yr3rx1x]

Wow always veryyyyyyyy fun tooo learnnnn👍👍👍👍👍👍👆

[@ameliawalker1720]

Can someone tell me the answers to the worksheet

[@aydenburdge]

no

[@No-ek6jk]

you guys are literal life savers. I subscribed from all my accounts

[@mariemmohamed9578]

Thank you so much . I did really enjoy it 💕

[@Callia_Cat]

The “Sniffles B’gone” returns

[@timmy18135]

Could you do one on the coronavirus

[@hiba4149]

Because of her voice, the video becomes interesting. Good job!

[@spencerworkman8893]

RIP KOBE. I Love you

[@blueflameplays1931]

Always remember to clean your computer cells so it doesn't get a virus!

[@samnoah6019]

Thaank you so much 💕💕

[@manik0w4t1]

Bacterial infections Viral infection Fungal infections

[@kidfromyesterday9916]

Thank you for captions. 🙏