Warfare in Ancient India 5,000 BC-300 BC

[@SandRhomanHistory]

Take care of your mental health and visit our sponsor: BetterHelp.com/Sandrhoman. Clicking this link gets you 10% off your first month of BetterHelp. So, for those people who do NOT actually watch the video but nonetheless claim wild things about it: We never say that there was an invasion into India instead we talk about migration. And yes, as pretty much every historian who researched India would tell you: migration did happen. And NO it's not "debunked", it's actually the mainstream opion in historiography with a plethora of evidence, from linguistics to archaeology, backing it up. And let me be clear: historiography is an international field. You don't have to be Indian to talk about Indian history but let me assure you that however you may see this, this video builds on the work of an Indian historian: BurjorAvari. His books are brilliant, were well received and positively reviewed among historians. Lastly, this channel is dedicated to reporting the insights of historians and historiography. We will never report a fringe opinion. So, only If the nationalistic Indian view on history will become the mainstream opion, we will use it to write our videos. To people who hold this view dearly and want us to consider these views, I suggest you become a historian and start shaping the field of history with your potentially new and insightful research. Because as of right now, there are only fringe historians that claim those things and we can't use these books because they are always negatively reviewed and their flaws both in content and methodology are plentiful. .

[@arnijulian6241]

Without the Englishmen James Prinsep most known fo4r deciphering the Kharosthi and Brahmi scripts of ancient India. Sir William Jones a philologist discovered the connection between European & Indic languages. Without England India would not know it's ancient history as the natives forgot & actively destroyed their own history till English intellectuals revived Sanskrit among other languages by various means. On a seperate note: Deciphering ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs was done by 2 great minds being Thomas Young a Englishmen & polymath with the other being Jean-François Champollion a Frenchmen involved with deciphering the rosette stone the Arab Muslim population used as target practice for canons. Without England & partly France much of the world would not even know of their ancient history ironically. I can't help but laugh at people trying to demonise the past when today they are all hypocritical for the most part.

[@dkbros1592]

first resech ur video this video full of misinformation and biased based on westrn history

[@dkbros1592]

kzbin.info/www/bejne/Z5PWqpxqr757hpI&pp=ygUTb3V0IG9mIGluZGlhIHRoZW9yeQ%3D%3D

[@arnijulian6241]

​@@dkbros1592 You & that fella are a hoot as homo sapiens only left Africa some 160,000 years ago. Those simple napped tools were made by Homo erectus that died out 110,000 years ago across the globe not homo sapiens/true humans. Homo sapiens only reached south Asia 60,000 years ago then 50,000 in east Asia & roughly 40,000 in Europe. No Humans even existed in the America's till 16,000 years ago for perspective. You & that so called Docter Raj Vedam don't even know basic human migration or the difference between homo erectus & homo sapiens. I can't help but laugh! I genuinely spat up my tea & hurt my chest after looking at (Indian Civilisation: The Untold Story - Revisited | Raj Vedam | Aryan Invasion/Migration Theory) video. 2 hours of nonsense. I look forward to watching the rest as only 5 minutes in this is hilarious!

[@arnijulian6241]

​@@dkbros1592I really don't mean to offend but I have not laughed so much in a long while, you have my genuine gratitude! I shifted something I had on my throat for about a month now. Feels much better!

[@Jim58223]

Finally a good video on ancient Indian warfare. Most channels hardly touch this area or time. I wish people would also do some on Sri Lanka.

[@avlaus2629]

Very nice SandRhoman. KZbin has this problem with tabloid pop history that spreads everywhere. Not here.

[@IllustriousBagel]

Please do a video on the Mauryan-Seleucid war. I'm having a hard time finding any information on the period, and most sources just summarize it to "Chandragupta defeated Seleucus, took some land, married his daughter, then gave him 500 elephants."

[@History_Teller1250]

Because no sources describe the conflict. Even contemporary sources summarize sources the conflict like this : "In 305 BC, Chandragupta Maurya personnaly invaded the Seleucid Empire accompagnied by his minister Chanakya to re-conquer the Indian lands Alexander III of Macedon had conquered 20 years prior. Seleucus I Nicator personnaly led an army to stop him. After 2 years of costly fighting in both men and money, Chandragupta Maurya won the war. In the subsequent peace treaty, Seleucus I Nicator ceded those lands to Chandragupta Maurya and recieved 500 war elephants as compensation. The 2 then concluded an alliance after they realised that they had more to gain by working toguether rather than fighting each other. To seal the alliance, Berenice, Seleucus I Nicator's daughter, was married to Bindusara, Chandragupta Maurya's son..."

[@ashrithrao06]

⁠​⁠@@History_Teller1250 I greatly disagree because Chandragupta’s rule ended in 298 BC. Sources really do tell Chandragupta was in his early 30s when he married teenage Helena. They made a really good couple and Helena was considered to be married off to an older Ptolemy of Egypt if she wouldn’t have married Chandragupta. They both had a really beautiful Son and Bindusara’s was not threatened by him as his position was secured by Chanakya. Also Helena was daughter of Seleucid and a Princess of Bacteria. So, the Timeline do not match here.

[@History_Teller1250]

@@ashrithrao06Firstly, the name of Seleucus I Nicator's daughrer is not Helena. It's Berenice. Secondly, Chandragupta Maurya was born in 350 BC and tge marriage took place in 303 BC, meaning that he was 47 years old when the marriage took place. Not in his early 30's...

[@ravikumarpillay8419]

@@IllustriousBagel Chandragupta of Maurya dynasty 1635BCE as per ecidence ( many Chandragupta were there and don't confuse with Chandragupta of Andhra bhritya dynasty of 325BCE)

[@binbows2258]

I love how you are doing more ancient era stuff now. Please do some on ancient greek warfare, and maybe some videos about ancient mercenaries? would be really cool

[@MagnusTarquinius]

Finally a video on ancient Indian history...I'm tired of people talking about the Mughals, Mauryas and other Indian dynasties all the time

[@elkingoh4543]

They only thought Indian Muslims empire better than older Hindu empire. Btw, I agree with your opinion 🥹

[@MagnusTarquinius]

@@elkingoh4543 Let's be honest...the Muslim Empires were much more powerful...but the Hindu Empires also need some recognition...they were also significant in the history of India

[@elkingoh4543]

@@MagnusTarquinius they are very underrated like Buddhist/Bengalis Pala Dynasty and Others Tamils kingdoms or Chola empire

[@RR-pc7yv]

​@@elkingoh4543 Mughals were not Indian M0sl!ms but Turks. They were foreigners and as hostile to non-Muslims as to the other Muslim groups and ethnicities. Of course, they just like others, were also Sunni supremacists and Isl@m!c bigots. Actually, Hindus empires were far more larger and most influential of all the empires that have existed in the Indian Subcontinent. Read about the Mauryan and Gupta Empires. And not to forget the Maratha Empire which replaced the Mughal Empire in India in the 18th century.

[@anaesthete5592]

@@MagnusTarquinius powerful in terms what? If you mean cause they come much later the Muslim dynasties ruled in the mediaeval times so obviously they are more advanced and powerful than ancient Empires

[@EDF1919]

Everyone arguing about modern Indian nationalism and other youtubers while I'm just interested in learning about ancient civilizations.

[@eee9034]

We all want to learn , And about arguing , we still hold our indus vally civilisation values, As a hindu nationalist , the worst thing that i can/will do to you is argue with you , ask you for proof, We don't argue for argument sake, we argue to find truth, We have suffered a lot in last 1000+ years, this time we will make sure this will never happen till eternity

[@Playerone1287]

​@@eee9034the worse thing you guys do is not to listen to proofs and logics Abhijeet chawada, Rajiv Malhotra are not historians stop watching the

[@eee9034]

@@Playerone1287 hum jante hae kya sach hae kya jooth but inki nafrat sirf isme hae kyou ki hum hindu hae , christian nahi , aur inse purani civilization hae 1. Ye loug khud kehete hae India kabhi united nahi tha (jo ki sach hae) but yahi loug kahete hae alexander ne india par hum la kiya & jeeta (tabh India ko united dikhaya jata hae 2. In logo ke liya aryan invasion theory isliye important hae taki Indians/ya koi aur, is theory me ulje rahae, jabki ye english khud asal me germany se hae aur 1600saal pehele british island pe kabza kiya . Mae to northeast se hu, muje is AIT se koi fark nahi parta, hua to hua nahi hua to nahi hua, par mere shatru jnda hae, jo mere barbadi me khushiya manate hae, tabh tak aaram nahi jabtak ye loug na mar jaye

[@Playerone1287]

@@eee9034 Abe kya bol rha hai bhai 😂 India ko United kab dikhaya unhone Punjab par attack Kiya aur chote kingdoms par attack Kiya Alexander ne, United kaise hua Mene bas tera 1st point padha baki ke liye time nhi hai

[@eee9034]

@@Playerone1287 abe i am not talling about this video specificly, Alexander ke jitne bhi doccumentry video hae, osme aise dikhaya/bataya jata that "Alexander invaded India & defeated " , tabh pure india ko hara diya aise dikhate hae ye gore chamri specially british & english, Jabki ye europeans khud roman empire ke hare huye talwe chate huye hae

[@josephkavanagh7055]

Archaeologists seem to want to prove that some civilisations were peaceful and without was. The claimed the Mayans were also peaceful but now we know different.. I myself am skeptical of any civilisation has ever gone totally without wars. Human nature says different.

[@marcpaulus6291]

Exactly. You may have a civilisation that dosnt invade other and mainly has an army for defence purpose but that may only to the time a more ambicious king/priest/council comes to power. If you are a civilisation that is peacfull you only exist as long as your not so peacfull neighbor discover that you have no army, then you are free real estate.

[@perrytran9504]

Perhaps no large civilization was as frequently subject to this claim as Imperial China. The myth that they were more concerned with peaceful bureaucracy than expansionism really needs to die; it may be true for various parts of Chinese history, but we're talking about thousands of years under many different administrations, and these peaceful periods invariably followed bloody periods of civil war for unification.

[@abcdedfg8340]

Not necessarily. Perhaps the indus valley competed more through trade than war. But maybe they had limited militias for law and order and keeping the borders safe at least before the start of the decline of the urban centers?

[@BigBrotherTheWatcher1984]

A peaceful civilisation has no chance of surviving so long specially in an era when braindead hordes of barbarians were known to raid and pillage random settlements.

[@Vajrapani108]

​@@abcdedfg8340"""maybe"""

[@NavneetKumar-m3o]

Alexander didn't let Porus Rule on behalf of him ,he was defeated in battle. Fatigue and loss of war was main reason for Alexander Going back.

[@andreascovano7742]

inb4 Hindu nationalists barge in and claim that aryan invasion never happened or that Alexander lost in India

[@loowick4074]

Hindu nationalists when you tell them that Hindus did not infact defeat the emperor of mankind and conquered the 9 realms and defeated sauron in the 4th century bc

[@Harib_Al-Saq]

​@@loowick4074🤣🤣😭

[@dkbros1592]

well its right ya it never happend its been debunked by scientist and ya alexander lost to an border warlord lol so ur saying scientist are false wow

[@dkbros1592]

@@loowick4074 ya like this westen history is also been debunked

[@dkbros1592]

soo all that scientist who debunked the theory are stupid this is western biased history dude but an u have to have superority complex

[@keshav3479]

Thanks for this video. It's pretty hard to find good content about ancient Indian military history. You guys handled the subject with respect and really nailed it. Hope you do more videos about India!

[@Agastyasharma9796]

Migration into india happened in different phases 1. First people from Africa came around 70,000 to 90,000 2. Next wave came 60,000 to 70,000 - probably modern day descendents of Australian aboriginal 3. Next wave came around 30,000 to 40,000 - andomanese people 4. Austroasiatic people migrated from southern china, Thailand into eastern India - 5,000 to 10,000 5. Around same time neolithic Iranian farmers migrated 10,000 to 5,000 - Dravidian speakers of Indus valley After the collapse of IVC they moved west and south 6.proto Indo Iranian people diverse into two groups in central Asia 1. Iranian who migrated south west (perisan,pastun, Kurds etc) 2. Indo Aryan (vedic people or Aryans) who migrated south east into sapta Sindhu (modern day Punjab and later to gangetic plain) 7. When Aryan arrived in India Northern India was Dravidianized mixed with locals while Eastern India was more like Austroasiatic mixed with locals Best example of this is eastern Indo-Aryan language (Bengali, Assamese, maithili, odia) who lost or very hesitant to use retroflex sounds because of their contact with Austroasiatic people North indo Aryan language use heavy retroflex because of their contact with dravdian Vedic Sanskrit adopted it from mixing with Dravidian language 8. Then came greeks, sakas, huns, mughal, etc Migration isn't one way ,many people that lived in india migrated outside too Humans have always migrated from one place to another

[@yoshimitsu8643]

Have you read about mysteries of Elusis I’m reading a book on “the secret history of the religion with no name” It’s about a founding religion who used psychedelic rituals and has its roots spreading from Greeks to Christianity. In the Rigveda there is a sacramental drink called “soma” which is described as a hallucinogenic. If that is true then Proto Indo European language the origin of Vedic Sanskrit which goes back around 8-9k years back could be the one. Isn’t it amezing the source of all religion being a psychedelic experience

[@cephalonbob15]

First lesson of KZbin: Stay away from anyting related to india, least there be death threats

[@NationalistBhartiya]

?.

[@skylark5249]

King Porus had a tiny army compared to what the Greeks would have encountered further inland beyond the Indus. The encounter with Porus (Puru) gave the Greek army second thoughts and they returned home even though India at the time was as reknowned for its great wealth as Persia was. It took a 300 years of repeated invasions by the Islamic forces to conquer India and that too only the north and central kingdoms were taken over. The kingdoms of the southen Peninsula remained unconquered until the Europeans showed up...for trade.

[@christianriddler5063]

I wish India could've resisted the islamic invasions. I wonder what India could have been if that calamity never happened.

[@uelibinde]

very interesting take on this bit of history. thoughtful, nuanced and well researched. thank you for your work.

[@anonymouslyopinionated656]

FINALLY! I've been hoping for you to touch non-european parts of the world... especially mine!

[@semi-useful5178]

I think that the reason that the myth of a Peaceful Hrappan Civilization has persisted for two factors: Firstly that it is attractive to those deconstructionists that believe that humanity is fundamentally good and merely corrupted by institutions to have an actual civilization that they can point to to justify their belief. Secondly it could also be used to justify the racist view that the peoples of Bharat are little more than harmless cattle to be pushed around by their betters.

[@majesticfool]

post modernists doing there thing. only white people can be violent!!

[@martytu20]

A third factor, history as a science is constantly shifting and we reevaluate previous hypothesis and theories based on newer evidence. A lot of the narratives around the Peace Hrappan hypothesis was based on works that have been cast into doubt in recent times.

[@ashrithrao06]

King Rimush of Akkad (Mesopotamia) proudly tells in his inscriptions that he had defeated Persian Kingdom along with the Meluha Army which came to assist. Now Meluha is Sindhu-Saraswati Civilisation. And this happened around 3000 BC.

[@TheLocalLt]

Let’s be honest a lot has to do with a certain sect of self-flagellating Westerners who try to make all non-European civilizations out to be “peaceful and nature loving, until war was needlessly brought upon them by those damn warlike Europeans…” It’s a crock of bs used to justify their modern domestic and foreign policy, but it is nothing less than revisionist history. History is a continuous and ongoing clash of civilizations, cultures, states, and interests; in fact we in the present day live in by far the most peaceful time in world history.

[@Kestrel-777]

A society without the will or means of defending itself will crumble against the very first aggressor. The fact that Indus Valley civilisation survived for some time before falling to non-invasion causes should be proof enough for people that they possessed the capacity and willingness to wage war even if the evidence is not forthcoming.

[@Alias_Anybody]

You could argue that they've been less of a warrior culture *on an individual level* simply due to the fact that if you have a far greater population than your neighbours you need fewer warriors per capita to outmatch them. Compare the US vs the Native Americans of the Great Plains in the mid 1800s.

[@oldrabbit8290]

but then again, the Indian subcontinent is very well protected by its natural barrier: mountain range in the north and desert in the west. The Mesopotamia city-states (and later kingdoms) were too busy fighting each other to cross the desert to conquest them, so the main opponent of Indus civilization would mostly be themselves. And that is where the lack of a clear authority figure may play a part: a single ruler with ambition is much more likely to wage wars of conquest against other city-states than a merchant oligarchy or citizen assembly, especially when its leading citizens were not wealthy or powerful enough to ignore the masses. Hence they may only need a small number of armed men to keep order and deal with low-level threats, and warfare is relatively few and small in scope that it didn't play a big part in their society. All in all, I think their attitude to warfare is quite similar to the Minoan civilization: while they do understand and employ some of it, it's just a minor (if not forgettable) part of their society.

[@Kestrel-777]

@@oldrabbit8290 Indian history is practically littered with instances of invaders crossing the Hindu Kush and entering the Indus Valley to either be turned back, stalled, or to instead conquer most of the subcontinent. You forget that there were other people in India and Central Asia who would have been in continuous contact with the Indus Valley cities. A smaller but highly motivated force can conquer a numerically stronger one, so I am not convinced that the IVC survived through throwing bodies at their enemies. If they were so advanced they could surely organise an effective military as ALL other ancient civilisations did so effectively. The comparison with the Minoans is an interesting choice. They dominated the Aegean sea, conducting a series of imperial and possibly colonial conquests against other islands. Their navy was very advanced and certainly was militarised. It was despite this militarisation that they were conquered by the Mycenaeans, not because they had no military system.

[@Kestrel-777]

@@Alias_Anybody Perhaps numerical superiority was a large advantage, but you still need a military hierarchy and system of organisation to make use of it - otherwise you have peasants not soldiers or warriors, and thus no actual numerical advantage. Discipline, weaponry, and some sort of warrior culture is a prequisite to having any army at all, and usually organised civilisations are better at war because they have these thing just as much or more than their opponents.

[@dkbros1592]

@@Kestrel-777 they where defeted the invaders only hun where integrated after there defeat

[@aashutoshsrivastava7592]

Kalpa vigraha is over 28000 years old, pashupati seal is 5000 years old, clearly IVC would have existed before or other civilizations who worshipped Lord Shiva. Vedic Period is older than IVC, the yagna ritual deities(devatas) like indra,surya,etc were brought by Aryans, when they came in Indian Subcontinent, the worship of Lord Shiva and Vishnu got assimilated with theirs.

[@aurriusthepure7323]

Better help is a scam organization that does not use actual therapists but sells personal data gathered from talk sessions to advertisers. Please find sponsors from more reputable sources

[@evelgent1847]

Really now? 🤨🧐

[@evelgent1847]

Ok yeah i checked. Seems like they do have problems

[@agrajyadav2951]

You have already lost in life if you need therapy

[@antokarman2064]

Man, i miss the days when raid shadow legend was the worst youtube sponsor there is

[@thfkmnIII]

They don't care as long as they get paid by their ad sponsor. Very swiss of them

[@arunstalin5965]

Alexander didnt win against porus.

[@soham6649]

Source: Trust me bro

[@marschallhistory3286]

Es ist eher unwahrscheinlich das Alexander gegen Porus verlor. Da er sein Feldzug fortsetzte bis er den Ganges erreichte. Wo seine Armee Meuterte da sie nicht so weit vom eigenen Territorium entfernt gegen das Nanda Reich kämpfen wollte.

[@soumyakumar1049]

@@soham6649 There is no credible source of Alexander winning either, all of it is from what Greek wrote and they embellished it but the truth is Alexander got defeated and that's the reason why he went back

[@Amoghavarsha.]

​@@marschallhistory3286joker , atleast know your fake narrative correctly. Alexander was stopped in the banks of indus. After defeat he ran back. Do you even know the difference between indus and ganges rivers 😆

[@marschallhistory3286]

@@Amoghavarsha. I think you misunderstood my comment, maybe it was because of Google Translate. Because as you rightly mentioned, Alexander fought a battle against Porus on the Indus. I'm just assuming he won it. which, among other things, is underpinned by this. That Porus was a vassal of Seleucus. So long after Alexander's death. After Alexander was victorious on the Indus, he moved his army on to the Ganges (approximately to today's city of Jaipur). His army mutinied there because his soldiers didn't want to fight against the Nanda Empire. Which, in contrast to the city states in the Punjab, was a large area state.

[@f-man3274]

1:09 It's especially ironic that first sewage system was made in India

[@rajsinghji-84]

It’s not ironic, it’s tragic. India had everything before illiterate Muslims and Christian Barbarians came here to loot us.

[@zackcarl7861]

Give me enough time, and power and I can turn the most civilized and development European country in to a slum Where people would be so hammered and miserable that they would forget all manners and could not afford a toilet I can give you that and more 500yrs 500ys of misery looting the most evolved European country and making its mannered populous into unmannred and dirty peasants - under fed, weak , with complete loss of self esteem and yes they will all be doubting their culture

[@panbaiye]

More like the original lego valley civilization wth those uniform bricks

[@Oneplay_IV]

Found this channel accidentally and now I'm a daily viewer, I'm grateful KZbin recommended me your channel!

[@acethesupervillain348]

I hope you guys will do some North American warfare sometime, Conquests of Aztecs and Inca, Metacomet's War, Beaver Wars, French & Indian War, American Revolution, etc.

[@anonyverse9349]

As someone that has studied Sanskrit for decades and has read portions of the Vedas and particularly the Upanishads, the amount of ignorance in this video is sad. “Hinduism” was “brought” to “India” just because they spoke a language that was the predecessor of Vedic sanskrit, is a claim that makes absolutely no sense. The migration took centuries. It took them centuries to adapt and assimilate into the indigenous society. Most of the vedas is praise poetry of nature that they were in direct contact with. If the vedas were indeed “brought”, as said in the video, then it should have been “taken” to many other regions that the Steppe horseman migrated to. That’s just not the case. It feeds into the narrative that the great scriptures that we have is due to it being “brought” into India from the west. And that it was impossible for these works to be composed and inspired in the east.

[@aakashnair5170]

Sanksrit is a product of indians and indians alone its impossible for it to have been brought there. Its predecessor was definitely brought there at some point but calling that language sanskrit is stupid cos its not. Vedic sanskrit already has so many 'dravidian' features that indo europeans languages do not have its stupid to claim that it was brought there rather its definitely a product of the multiple cultures mashing and that would be a fair way to represent it but it almost never is explained that way.

[@fatherofhistory]

This video was fascinating! I learned so much about the evolution of warfare in ancient India. I'm also interested in the Indus Valley Civilization, so I'll definitely check out the video you recommended. Thanks for sharing!

[@sriharshadaggubati2009]

Hinduism existed even before the Aryan migration to india there is pashupathi seals in harappa civilization and the proof of asanas of yoga depictions you can research it if you want to know more don't spread false stories

[@hlibushok]

The Pashupati seal depicts the so-called "proto-Shiva", which is the only purported divinity in Harappan culture. There is no doubt that some elements of Hinduism were adopted from local traditions of the Harappans, but the system of polytheism that eventually evolved into Hinduism was definitely brought by the Indo-Aryans.

[@mohitaggarwal7583]

Sindoor in lady's forehead . Cow and bull are important symbols, pipal leaves too

[@nitintyagi2024]

You seem to be bw by western med ia, constant bombardment of I'll info. It is as true as nu. weapons in iraq. Snap out of it ​@@hlibushok

[@WillyWonka.-]

​@@hlibushok What about kalpa vigrha is that some Harrapan God too And not to mention that is 28,000 years old

[@hlibushok]

@@WillyWonka.- It's very hard to find any worthwhile information on the Kalpa Vigraha idol because literally all Google search results are non peer reviewed Hindu nationalist ramblings about how the CIA is hiding the real age of the Indian civilization. At first I thought it might be an actual archeological find that was simply misused for spreading misinformation. However, I couldn't find any actually scientific papers mentioning this thing, and the primary source for the idol's origin story and the image we have of it seems to be an unsourced Booksfact article. The story has a lot of elements that sound really fictional: the CIA having a secret base in then politically neutral India, American scientists somehow carbon dating the idol (even though it's made of metal), the CIA using the idol to "charge water", there being an untranslated manuscript alongside the idol that never got any attention, etc. Even if all of that is true (which is *doubtful* to say the least), it still doesn't say anything about the age of the find, since only organic materials (i.e. the wood from the chest in which the idol was supposedly discovered) can be carbon dated, and there are several circumstances under which the find can seem much older than it actually is, so there is no reason to think this idol is 28 000 years old. And also, when we look at the idol itself - it's pretty obviously an Iron Age (so 3800-2200 years old) statuette of the Hindu god Vishnu - there is nothing indicating it being older. If there was a 28 000 year old civilization in India that was making similarly styled statuettes of Hindu gods millennia before the traditional date for the emergence of Hinduism we'd definitely know by now. So while it's impossible to learn more about the "Kalpa Vigraha idol" since the image search is clouded in Hindu nationalist nonsense, there is no reason to believe it's a Harappan god or that it is 28 000 years old when a much simpler and logically consistent answer is right there.

[@feekalphabeet9217]

This is why you guys are top tier. You do actual research instead of regurgitating existing content and pretending it's new.

[@kindlad6087]

Judging by the comments making a video about indian history seems to be more trouble than it's worth lol.

[@SandRhomanHistory]

Yeah but history is about disagreeing on things in order to agree at some point in the future, so it's alright I guess.

[@DoloMalo-mw4zl]

There was no country called Endia before British empire of 1859

[@vikhsn]

@@DoloMalo-mw4zl what was indus or H_indus_than according to u 🤣

[@DoloMalo-mw4zl]

@@vikhsn Arabs called it Hind Greeks called it Indus - River Indus it had more connections with Middle Eastern Persian and Near Eastern civilisations than Endia of today- Pakistani civilisation Endian civilisations are Ganga Jamna and khajuraho mandir

[@vikhsn]

@@DoloMalo-mw4zl wtf is ENDia . bro fact is india existed before Pakisthan I mean before 1859. whats ur point? and what the fuck is Pakistani civilization??🤣🤣

[@JayzsMr]

War and civilization are interlinked, one cannot be without the other . Civilization started because people built settlements to defend themselves from others

[@benjaminloyd6056]

Glad to see you expanding your focus, and bringing your narrative talents to often-neglected eastern history.

[@anniasthamajius9927]

Oh it’s not neglected I can assure you

[@throbert8244]

Glad to see you guys branching out into other periods and cultures. I’d love to see content about china and pre-columbian americas

[@adityakashyap430]

Hinduism was NOT brought by Aryans in India please... For the lack of evidence, you could just stay silent on that subject...

[@Fatherofheroesandheroines]

It's a theory. There's no need to insult someone. Present your evidence not attack in this case. If you want to be heard, prove it.

[@abhijeetvasishtha4627]

Schlptures of goddess and seal of proto shiva, worshipping of bull and cow, cremation of bodies, lightning incense in front of those female deities, all are still practiced today in hinduism. Godess shakti, kali, saraswati are evolved versions of harappan ones. Worshipping of ferrility( yoni and phallax(ling)) still found in every temple of india. Name according to mesopotamian records, was meluha, harppan civ. Is modern name, ivc is wrong name. Problem is westerners had few centuries and they think they are the flagbearers of civilisation.it is really stupid that all of these youtuber kids, who think they know history,refer to western historians but none to indian ones. I can imagine arrogance and ignorance that they think(30 billion) they know more about indian history than imdians themselves(150billion)😂​@@Fatherofheroesandheroines

[@sureshkumar-qw9ny]

You are right Hinduism is created by British in 1800 by collecting every local region in British colonized India other than Islam and Christianity into a single faith. What Aryans brought is Brahmanism which has vedas, which helped create cast which in turn discriminated people by their birth.

[@abhijeetvasishtha4627]

@@sureshkumar-qw9ny aryans brought vedas, upnishad, ayurveda, dhanurveda, rigveda, yajurveda, atharvaveda, indian political system, Arthashastra of chanakya,great mahajanoadas, 1st pan indian mauryan empire followed by shunga, kanva, gupta dynasties, india was divided among varnas, Portuguese called it caste, coz they couldn't understand varna. Modern politicians like bsp brought divisions among society. I earlier india maharana fought for bheels and marathas fought for pindaris against british.

[@sureshkumar-qw9ny]

@@abhijeetvasishtha4627 I mean there is lie then there is dilution. It's easy to dispel a lie but dilutions are hard. It's takes time and KZbin isn't a platform for that kind of treatment. It needs a special mental care facility...need a number?.

[@kunalrao2134]

Very well researched video. Just a correction, Indo- Aryans used copper instead of bronze and they also wore copper armours (maybe only worn by elites). One more peculiar thing is that women very often participated in warfare during Vedic period, can also mention that. Also do some research on Ajatshatru and weapons he used.

[@NirmalKumar-ru2ke]

JOURNEY OF CIVILIZATION INDUS TO VAGAI BOOK IS MAIN PROOF ... Then i am also lot evidence available people speak to Mainly Tamil language only.. Why?..I have proof. 1.) TAMIL language total Number of inscription 67000 nos.. Then inscription age 700.B.C. 2.)SANSKRIT total inscription is 4500 only..Sanskrit INSCRIPTION is 100.B.C 3.)Sangam literature lot proof avaialable..Sangam Literature land wise People how survive lot poem available. Kurinji land - mountain land, Mullai land- Tree land, Marutham land -aggreculture land, Neythal land - sea land, Paalai land - Sesertland or Sand land or waste land,So land wise poem avaialable..Sangam Litrature lot poem avaialable in desert land poems..Sangam Literature writing 2500 year ago.. This is the mainly Proof .. India lot INSCRIPTION avaialable 1.) Tamizhi inscription 2.)Poly language inscription 3.)Ashoca inscription 4.)Devanagari inscription.. 5.)SANSKRIT inscription Then Tamil language world wide Lot of evidence is available. But Sanskrit evidence little bit only available.. Tamil Literature Sangam Literature Three Sangams wrote poems and developed the Tamil language. Names of those three Sangams. 1.)First Association 2.)Second Association 3.) Third Association. Sangha literature is reorganized and written between 600 BC and 1300 AD. 1.) Poems of the First Sangam relate to events before 6000 BC. 2.) Poems of the Second Sangam relate to events which took place before 2500 BC. Says it like a song. 3.) The hymns of the Third Sangam relate events from 800 BC to 1200 AD. The following are not mentioned in any literature in India. The following has been said in only one literature and that is Sangam literature only. Apartment buildings, Sewerage, Bricks, Forts, Education, Straight roads, Seals, What creatures were around the Indus Valley?, How many types of trees were around the Indus Valley?, What kind of clothes did the people of the Indus Valley wear?, What were their foods?, People of the Indus Valley Literature is one that can tell about daily life and many more things. It is Sangam literature. Indus Valley has more than 2100 Sangam literary town names. These names date back to 5000 BC..the evidence is journey of civilization indus to vaigai book.latitude and longitude are given in this book..the names of this town are only in two areas. One is in Indus Valley in Pakistan and the other is in Tamil Nadu in India..Indus Valley has more Sanga Literary town names than Tamil Nadu.. As Tamil language is very ancient it has changed in every period. Tamil language has changed more than 15 times so its ancient form is not readable now. The alphabet of the Tamil language can be read twelve times, but its primitive form cannot be read. But the Aryans destroyed the source of it...Sanskrit was created by the Tamils themselves. The meaning of Sanskirudam is not even in Rigveda. That meaning is 'Samaikka patta kirudam '. If so, it is a 'Samaikka patta language'. English meaning is cooked language..Created with Tamil grammar and words from literature of many languages.. Everyone explores Indus Valley north and east of India there is no evidence there. But they don't want to explore south of India and places around Indian ocean..why India doesn't allow it..

[@Journeyman107]

A channel that has proved not only good research but originality and good visual taste still matter

[@Journeyman107]

and a keen awareness of references beloved to history nerds: Osprey illustrations and miniature war gaming

[@manu18190]

One question , Alexander replaced all the defeated kings with his loyalists, why did he give back Porus kingdom ? . If he had to give back why did he fight putting his men’s life at risk ? . Second if he had won the battle why did he return , he could have proceeded further to Pataliputra. I don’t think Magadha was bigger than Persian empire . If he had defeated an empire , he could have easily defeated Magadha ( which was just a kingdom ) . Also there was a university called taxila near the place where the battle took place , there were no records found there . There are several gaps in this story

[@skylark5249]

Porus was barely a king. He was at best a chieftan of the Jats. Magadha was a different ball game. It was a powerful empire. Alexander wouldve met his match there. He was brave but not stupid.

[@dv9239]

What? Alexander had no loyalists in East he just made existing kings his satraps just like Darius did before him All the macedonian forces he brought from home travelled with him

[@persikthecatcutecat6538]

I disagree on there's no advance military in ancient Indian if there's is no strong military no way you can achieve peace ,

[@vercingetorix3839]

Indeed. A commonly made mistake in prehistorical analysis is assuming a lack of evidence as evidence of absence.

[@Reticent.Breeze]

Defeated king put winning king in power?

[@Thraim.]

I know basically nothing about this part of history. I'm looking forward to changing that.

[@anonymouslyopinionated656]

as a bearer of the white tree, you're welcome to explore our history

[@indrajeetsinhjhala4213]

Thank you very much for bringing this topic

[@napoleonibonaparte7198]

Got to love the uneducated ultranationalists in the comments.

[@Skypad00]

Posting from their mudhuts and slums lol.

[@RandomVidsforthought]

​@@Skypad00Not brian johnson 🤮

[@vishnusharma-ht1pu]

Defeated porus the great and allowed to rule Praise the king Alexanders kindness . Also not going further that guy turned back and ran away 😂😂😂

[@JustGrowingUp84]

Very interesting video and excellent choice of topic SandRhoman!

[@nimblehuman]

My dad is from less than an hour from the site of Harappa, in Pakistan. Deciphering Indus Valley writing is one of the greatest mysteries we have yet to solve. Great video, loved it! (DNA test says I'm around 10% Greek myself, likely because of Alexander's invasion of Punjab).

[@tsar_zo8007]

No offense to you or your country but over the border, us Indians have also been trying to decipher this ancient script and language 😅

[@eee9034]

By DNA test , did you personally went to a hospital and checked it ?

[@nvelsen1975]

@@spiritualseeker410 Because Hindu extremists have been claiming they're better at literally everything and Pakistan sucks. Any 'Indian research' is suspect as a result. Much like this is 1935 and a German with a Hindu symbol on his uniform shows up claiming he's found scientific evidence that Germans are 40% better at everything than the French.

[@VainerCactus0]

@@nvelsen1975 You example would have worked better if you had used any other people on the planet, unfortunately you chose the French🤢 I believe every country on the planet has produced a study showing their people are some % better at everything than the French🤢 Or maybe it is just the English that do that sort of thing. 🤣

[@KnickGurr]

@@nvelsen1975That wasn’t a Hindu symbol. It was a Christian cross.

[@johntheknight3062]

I always fund super funny when somebody tries to idealize some part of the history and acts like these people were somehow better. If you know a little bit about history, you realize humans didn't change at all and it was the same everywhere.

[@TDLightt]

I love these videos because you're always so measured in your descriptions and back up the everything with citations These recent dives into ancient warfare have been really cool. This covers such a huge timespan I can't imagine how much time this must have taken to research. Hats off to you! As an aside, I wonder if you could slip in a slightly more clickbaity title like "Warfare in Ancient India - From the Indus Valley Civilisation to Alexander the Great" to highlight the two parts of the video people are most likely to have heard of. (You can still accurately describe the video somewhere between the thumbnail and title.) The care you guys put in is clear and I want you to be as successful as possible!

[@SandRhomanHistory]

I will try your title suggestion for a bit. Within 12-24 hours the analytics will tell me if it works. We're not against trying out titles and I don't think your suggestion is clickbaity. In fact, it's a quite accurate description of the content of video.

[@vugbeshbara1103]

​@@SandRhomanHistorywe have found chariots, horse bones, massive graves of warriors, shields, spears, bows dated to 5000 years ago in a place called sinauli in India. The place was excavated 10 years ago. Didn't get the memo yet? Very eager to make a video but know so little

[@SandRhomanHistory]

So, people are commenting a lot of things that are only partially true, so I'll respond to some things to give everbody a chance of having proper context to these claims. Let me preface this with the statement that I absolutely don't care at all what theory you prefer or what theory is true in the end. However on this channel we stick to the mainstream opinion of academia. We're not scientist, we're reporters and report what the community of historians deem true, which by the way both in India and elsewhere is that the migration theroy holds up. The only thing not accepted at the moment is that there was an invasion, which we never say in the video. Below is an explanation for people who are interested in knowing how the sinauli site fits into all of this. In 2018, at the Sinauli site some vehicles with four wheels were discovered. Some people (many of them journalists, not historians) have interpreted this as a sign of older evidence of horses being present and used in India. Commonly it is thought that horses arrived in India with the Indo-aryan migrants. So if this were the case, this find would predate the Aryan migration. However, these vehicles, sometimes referred to as "chariots", are controversial to say the least. They date to the late Harappan period or the Ochre Coloured Pottery (OCP)/Copper Hoard Culture, so around 1900 BC, and therefore could very well have had overlap with the early migration movement. But far more importantly, these "chariots" had solid wheels, this means they were not spoked making them unfit for use in battle. Such vehicles were pulled by oxen in various places across the world, not by horses. There were no horses found, only carts. So all in all, this can not be seen as conclusive evidence to refute the immigration theory suffentently. @@vugbeshbara1103

[@vugbeshbara1103]

@@SandRhomanHistory dude the only indo europeans who have any ancient literature are the indians and the iranians. 1) The zend avesta clearly mentions the lands of North West India as their origin point. 2) hindus meanwhile have thousands if not tens of thousands of indo european sanskrit books( dating by fraudulent west to be just 1500 bc but actually way older) which often talk about the different tribes migrating out of India. How come the vast literature of the rig veda is just never even looked at by the europeans. The vedas time and time point to their antiquity in the land of india. That's why you get push back from hindus blindly sometimes. Meanwhile vedas clearly mentions thru wars and stuff of how many tribes with clear mention of many European and iranian tribes went out of India. 3) I told you sinauli and you perhaps read some article or damned wikipedia. Clear tombes of warriors, shields, swords, horse chariots have been found. I will give you the video of the documentary if you reply to this. 4) the indus valley region has so many shiva lingas, fire sacrifices, swastikas, yoga asanas, in fact every seal has direct connection to vedic Or indo european customs. I don't know what intentionally biased world the so called academia lives in. 5) if only indo european migration happened into India, then why does the vedas not only have the slightest mention of it but on the other hand on numerous occasions calls the other aryan tribes as barbarians who get chucked out of India. Fitting the migration into india is like an elephant into the eye of a needle where the eye also seems to be an illusion. 6) read shrikant talageri on academia. Undeniable hard evidence of indo european migration attested from every possible angle with completed proofs and not just conjectures like you all. Cheers

[@uelibinde]

bro, you mad? you ever read even one history book?@@vugbeshbara1103 1) avesta 200 CE 2) Sanskrit books also 500 BC not older. Gilgamesh epics, ever heard of them? 3) Sinauli is well researched, you just haven't read anything else than propaganda. There were no horses. just carts... everybody in archaeology and their cousin knows this. 4) no Vedic stuff at all existed before 1500 bc. you're just coping here mate. Why do you want this to be true so badly? Can't you accept that nationalism like yours is outdated and ignorant? 5) there are numerous mentions of it. if you even watched this video you'd know but you only here to comment not to watch the video nor to learn something. Start challenging your beliefs and you may make some progress. 6) Undeniable hard evidence of what? Of nothing, right. Because it's nationalistic babble. Read any, literally any book that was written by a neutral historian and you'd know but no... you prefer to read books that enforce your biases.

[@bigsarge2085]

Incredible documentary, I always learn something new!

[@ravi.k.t]

20:00 I have doubt that Indian soldiers don't have bronze and iron armour Because Magadha, the biggest empire at the arrival of Alexander was the biggest manufacturer of iron ore. Magadha became big because they have iron.

[@luringfanatic5670]

I'm sure sandrhoman is regretting makig a video about india, they are so thin skinned today at first i thought they were all bots... but no i think they all just like to cry

[@swqnyx-uo4pd]

Yeah it's almost as if this guy didn't do proper research and is getting criticism for it

[@RoliSaxena-e8z]

Improper research which triggered sensitive people. So mandatory, blue warriors, muh natives aryans invaders crowd and some PPL who drink muh religion is European koolaid are out here in open.

[@clintmoor422]

incredibly excited for this video.

[@petrapetrakoliou8979]

More recent studies find it more likely that the Indus Valley civilization was already Indo-Iranian speaking and actually correspond to the Aryas of the legendary sources, see: "Language trees with sampled ancestors support a hybrid model for the origin of Indo-European languages" Science, 28 July 2023. The steppe theory for the origins of Indo-European languages seems to be outdated once again.

[@wiktorberski9272]

A really interesting piece of history of less-known river valley ancient civilisation

[@JackMeHoffVTheSoontobePurged]

1:35 This is what I hate about KZbinr history channels, a lot of them just repeat the same untrue, unproven thing that makes an ancient civilization seem better than we are now

[@Cancoillotteman]

It's not only youtube, it's generalized. if it's "old" and / or "exotic" it HAS to be better, because modern humans are so bad right ?

[@marcboblee1863]

Sir, I thank you for posting this video, your research into everything warfare is much appreciated.....

[@DoloMalo-mw4zl]

There is no word called Hindu written or mentioned in Bhagavad Gita or other religious texts and neither its Sanskrit word ,Hind Hindi Hindu Hindustan names were given by Arab Mughal Persian and Turk Islamic Conquerors, India name given by British Empire

[@homuraakemi493]

Oh my science!! A HECKIN civilization with no gods, no kings and no wars?

[@BigBrotherTheWatcher1984]

They did have some sorts of Gods. They worshipped a female deity which has been named 'Mother Goddess'.

[@techchad9730]

@@BigBrotherTheWatcher1984 lol, they have the proto-shiva who is revered all over India. But some people only seem to show evidence that support their migration and invasion theory.

[@lakrids-pibe]

Very nice video. Clear, precise, well researched. It's a shame that the conversations about Harappan Culture and the Indo-Aryan migrations are so steeped in nationalism and pseudo-history.

[@mariosathens1]

Great respect for the ancient Indian civilization, one of the oldests in the world Greetings from Greece to Bharat

[@Aaron-is8yt]

Why is everyone so salty? Just relax

[@runajain5773]

Well everyone fight about Aryan invasion and migration even though there is no sign of war and invasion was not there

[@riteshvashisht4605]

It's a facts and political standing and national pride mix up, it's bound to be explosive 💣

[@darthashpie]

Aryan invasion to aryan migration to aryan picnic theory , of course alexander after winning and losing is fav horse and many generals became nice which he never was and died later on lol.

[@PhotonShower]

Indians were never pacifists..our holy book bhagvad gita is about how to win at war

[@unnikuttan3953]

Indian were neither violent nor pacifist,they did what need to be done... please don't tell rubbish like Bhagwat Geetha is about winning war ,its about paths to higher consciousness .

[@usamoronocracy526]

You might want to read the Mahabharata so you learn that Krishna stated many times that the path of violence and war is the absolute last to be taken. When all other options have been tried, the last option should also be entered with a clear mind and with resolve.

[@NimbuSs-vn7mo]

Yeah don't let theses westerners feed the quote your pacifist bullshit to you like they did with gandi and the British Otherwise you'll be hopeless to protect your women and children against these deceptional people

[@silverchairsg]

In fact, Porus actually defeated Alexander and then went on to conquer China, Persia, Rome, and the Americas and the Moon. He then went on to conquer the Solar System and the galaxy in a Great Crusade, but stopped when his men refused to go beyond the boundaries of the Astronomican's light. He threw an epic fit of rage and then turned back.

[@loowick4074]

Porus when the tau use flaming pigs against his elephants. To be fair I don't think many Hindu supremacist glorify porus that much. They more of make him look weak by saying he is only minor warlord despite porus being a very powerful ruler. Which is pretty shitty if ya ask me.

[@VainerCactus0]

Was this before or after the great Finnish-Korean hyper war?

[@silverchairsg]

@@VainerCactus0 Before the Ninth Age of Reclamation, when the sacred rings were discovered.

[@VainerCactus0]

@@silverchairsg Before anybody was blinded by their majesty.

[@anonymouslyopinionated656]

lol wtf

[@anonymouslyopinionated656]

23:36... another video we need. then!

[@sharmismroy]

who are Aryans? Did you have the evidence? Non sense

[@TheBhumbak]

Yes, read rakhi ghari findings also global genetic tracks

[@mahatmaniggandhi2898]

yes literally everyone in the world knows about that except indians😂

[@kanhaibhatt913]

The IndoEuropean homeland was not the Steppe, but South of the Caucasus, likely Iran, Armenia. The original Indo European population was the Caucasus Hunter Gatherers which are closely related to the Iran Neolithic related ancestry found in India and the Middle East. Newest research has completely bodied the Steppe Hypothesis. Dont know why wignats are having trouble coping with this. Accept the truth and move on.

[@HolNol-w7b]

And they were not Whites or Browns But whitish-brown people and they never called themselves as "aryans" Plus they were not a single homogeneous tribe but a group of 30-50 Tribes...

[@ChromeMan04]

lol no. They were steppe people. Indo-European ancestry is defined by steppe ancestry in genetic tests. CHG did not speak an IE tongue nor were they were R1a. Also, the kurgan theory is very much accepted and I don’t know anyone who disagrees with it.

[@kanhaibhatt913]

@@ChromeMan04 heh. This youtuber is removing my replies now lol. I had written a full rebuttal.

[@joshuastarkloff9602]

Indian nationalists are triggered in the comments. lmao.

[@thatindiandude4602]

Not a surprise. They are incredibly thin skinned.

[@immortal0833]

​@@thatindiandude4602at least we have dense bones not like your chicken pox bones

[@mahatmaniggandhi2898]

​@@immortal0833 very mature comeback bro😂😂

[@GreaterAfghanistanMovement]

As usual lol

[@ashrithrao06]

Hey, I was just coming back from X and got this video recommended. So, what I read from Greek Sources which were posted on X platform is that, Alexander before arriving Sindhu river had actually fought with many other small kingdoms and clans. These Kingdoms and clans were very much small and the people used to arm themselves during war. One Source says that, people near Sagala (Sialkot) were very much healthy who lived up to 130 years. Ate only one kind of food and they practiced Medicine as profession. The people too were very much beautiful and the new born child was checked for any diseases after the 2nd month of birth. Sadly, Alexander destroyed all these small Kingdoms which resisted against him. He crushed many cities. At least 20,000 civilians were killed and 70,000 were taken as slaves from one whole Kingdom. If we come to the Battle of Jhelum (Hydaspes), the land between Jhelum and Chenab was ruled by King Purushottam of Paurava Clan (may be). The outcome of the war is pretty much highly debatable because Alexander had personally suffered so much during this war. He would have killed the King and enslaved the people like what he has done before. But, we know that Alexander understood conquering India is not as easy as Persia. His Army has suffered so much due to the small kingdoms and clans already, if he does cross Sindhu and enter into Ganga region, he would have to face much richer and resourceful Empires like Magadh which had always maintained ~100,000 strong soldiers with 1000s of Chariots and War Elephants. The morale of Alexander’s soldiers were also too low to continue the invasion further. There is an another source which tells that Porus had sent 5000 soldiers to help Alexander win a fight against some Tribes. You could imagine the situation of the Greek Army. Bonus: Greek sources talks of an incident where young Chandragupta met Alexander at Takshashila. Chandragupta conquered Magadh after 3-4 years of Alexander’s Departure from India and created the biggest Empire India has ever seen with the guidance of Chanakya. Edit 1: King Rimush of Akkad, a great king of Mesopotamia says in his inscriptions that he was very much proud of himself by defeating the Persian Kingdom and the Armies from Meluha which had come to assist them. Now here the term “Meluha” is used to describe the people of Sindhu-Saraswati Civilisation. And this war happened in ~3000 BC (somewhere around 2900-2800 BC). Imagine how powerful was the Sindhu Civilisation by the time Aryans invaded them in 1500 BC. Edit 2: It’s now about Alexander. These comments are reply to some other comments, so some of them may seem out of context but it will give you a broader side. Gangaridai is a term used by Greeks to describe the Ganga Delta. Magadh is actually modern day Bihar, Jharkhand and Bengal. This states are pretty much blessed with Natural resources and one of the most fertile lands enough to maintain a huge army. So, Gangaridai is region which is situated within the Magadh Kingdom or it is the Magadh kingdom itself. Diodorus Siculus, a Greek Historian (69BCE-16AD) who wrote the about India citing Megasthenes’s Indica which was lost in time, listen what he says, “This river [Ganges], which is thirty stades in width, flows from north to south and empties into the ocean, forming the boundary towards the east of the tribe of the Gandaridae, which possesses the greatest number of elephants and the largest in size. Consequently no foreign king has ever subdued this country, all alien nations being fearful of both the multitude and the strength of the beasts. In fact even Alexander of Macedon, although he had subdued all Asia, refrained from making war upon the Gandaridae alone of all peoples; for when he had arrived at the Ganges river with his entire army, after his conquest of the rest of the Indians, upon learning that the Gandaridae had four thousand elephants equipped for war he gave up his campaign against them. He had twenty thousand cavalry, two hundred thousand infantry, two thousand chariots, and four thousand elephants equipped for war. Alexander doubted this information and sent for Porus, and asked him what was the truth of these reports. Porus assured the king that all the rest of the account was quite correct, but that the king of the Gandaridae was an utterly common and undistinguished character, and was supposed to be the son of a barber. His father had been handsome and was greatly loved by the queen; when she had murdered her husband, the kingdom fell to him. The first one along the Caucasus is India, a great and populous kingdom, inhabited by many Indian nations, of which the greatest is that of the Gandaridae, against whom Alexander did not make a campaign because of the multitude of their elephants. The river Ganges, which is the deepest of the region and has a width of thirty stades, separates this land from the neighbouring part of India. Adjacent to this is the rest of India, which Alexander conquered, irrigated by water from the rivers and most conspicuous for its prosperity. Here were the dominions of Porus and Taxiles, together with many other kingdoms, and through it flows the Indus River, from which the country received its name.” It is clearly known that Alexander was very much afraid of the Huge Elephants which were in 4000 numbers. One cannot easily defeat the Mighty Magadh Army. In fact, Chandragupta Maurya along with Chanakya occupied the Magadh after 4 years of Alexander’s departure. They too knew that defeating the huge Army was a joke, so they have allied with enemy kingdoms and with Magadh army itself. But the fact is that, History is a subject which is white/euro centric. History doesn’t have one side only. This kind of attitude must be changed. One more source, By Plutarch “The Battle with Porus depressed the spirits of the Macedonians, and made them very unwilling to advance farther into India... This river [the Ganges], they heard, had a breadth of two and thirty stadia, and a depth of 1000 fathoms, while its farther banks were covered all over with armed men, horses and elephants. For the kings of the Gandaritai and the Prasiai were reported to be waiting for him (Alexander) with an army of 80,000 horse, 200,000 foot, 8,000 war-chariots, and 6,000 fighting elephants.” The reason why I’m telling the result of the War between Porus and Alexander is highly debatable because Alexander never saw himself as the Winner and Porus as the Loser. Even the Greek sources quote that, Alexander wiped many Indian cities and small Kingdoms which resisted against him. He took 70,000 of Indians as slaves. The Greek sources also quote that few Kingdoms had armies except the people armed themselves against invasions, people of one particular city lived up to 130 years who were beautiful, practised medicine as profession and ate one kind of food which kept them healthy. Alexander had no reason spare Porus if he had considered himself as the Winner. So, the best hypothetical scenario happened in the Battle of Jhelum is that, Alexander was terrified with the Elephants and bravery of Porus’s Army and Porus was afraid for his people that they too would killed and crushed like what Alexander did to Parsopolis and other Indian Kingdoms, so they had a peace treaty. Alexander always feared and trusted Porus. He feared because of a possibility of rebellion by Porus which means his end and trusted him because he was the most different and unique person Alexander ever faced, they might have shared a good bond after the war. I always Considered Alexander as a good warrior but not as a good King or person. At the same time, I also consider Porus as a good warrior and a king who fought for his own kingdom but he was too selfish otherwise he wouldn’t have supported Alexander in further invasion of Punjab. Maybe, Porus didn’t want his Kingdom to be wiped off from maps like many others. Porus has successfully fulfilled his duties as a King which is to protect his people primarily but failed as a National because his own countrymen were brutally Killed by Alexander. I follow Hindu Nationalism because it’s good for the future of my ancient civilisation and culture. I think it’s the end. I don’t want to much write about Aryan Invasion Theory because I feel it’s not worth explaining to people who sticked to their superiority complex. And also I was too heart broken when Porus didn’t help his fellow countrymen but this is the truth. I realised the best people in the history of India are Chanakya-Chandragupta Maurya. I had done so much hard work for this comment. Hope this gets recognised and be appreciated. Peace… AUM SHANTI 🙏

[@houser2094]

Sauce?

[@chrisdjernaes9658]

Fantastic Summary! Clearly Changing Climates (2200 BC, 1500 BC, 1000 BC, 400BC, 600 AD) led to massive droughts, famines, mass migrations and civilization changing Wars. Thank you 🙏 🍻

[@Thurnmourer]

Oooo, finally doing this one. Been a little bit since you asked about referential sources.

[@rileyernst9086]

If a spear can kill an animal it can kill a man. If an axe can withstand cutting a tree it is over built for killing a man. How can a spear be a tool and not a weapon? How can an axe, suitable for being a tool be too flimsy to be used as a weapon? Perhaps armour and timber shields(and woven shields were perhaps used) were rare in this warfare, and impacts with hard unyeilding surfaces were not a concern as they were elsewhere.

[@mahatmaniggandhi2898]

because some spears and some axes are more powerful????

[@samchalohana4423]

When you say Pakistan, it destroys the whole charisma as there was no Pakistan, there was Sindh or Indus, in fact there was no Punjab, different kings ruled the area as the names of the rivers

[@RandomVidsforthought]

He's referring to the modern day places that these historical events had occurred

[@johannschild8499]

Ancient Indian sewage system cleaner than the current standard 😅

[@ashishischad]

cause it was a buddhist/jain now hindus are making it dirty

[@stefthorman8548]

@FackSpeaker funny, so they lost thousand of years of knowing how to build sewage systems over night? not surprising considering Indians have bad record keeping

[@direwolf7491]

​@@stefthorman8548What? This comment makes no sense. Lol

[@Shouryavardhansinghtawar-qv4uk]

@@ashishischad Bhimtae and Their Lord Ashoka Slained Poor Jains Ajiviks Hindus and His Cowardly Grandsons Got Defeated By Civilized Aryan Hindu Brahmin King Pushyamitra Shunga 😂😂 read Some History and you Sharmana Did not existed before 7th Century BCE Hindus texts are Olders then 1500 BCE 🗿 Cope Bhimta and Dravidian Nationalist Even Hindu texts are 1000 BCE old survived Literature too even if Uncivilized Dravidians Bhimtae Could Reads

[@Mmemememehu]

It wasn't Indian. It was ancient sindh.

[@dansmith4077]

Great video thank you

[@theconsul8452]

Thank you for making this video

[@krishnakumar-oy3ur]

If Alexander defeated Porus, why didn't he advanced into India?? The answer is, Alexander was defeated by Porus❤

[@ashapuhin72]

No! It was more like the Greeks refused to follow Alexander deeper into India...probably the Greeks realised they don't want to go on marching on the streets full of craps

[@alihasanabdullah7586]

The comments section is a good indication of the present day Indian state of mind. A pity considering their noble lineage.

[@GyanTvAmit]

look who is talking about stae of mind😂

[@dondeestaCarter]

@@GyanTvAmit Noble? 🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣

[@ameyatribhuvan8127]

Just a correction here The Aryan invasion concept by Max Muller was Debunked long time ago you can find the documents published online or from valid research facilities, also flourishing civilization proofs where found in southern location area of todays Tamilnadu. Kindly Note the correction. You missed the Saka invasion which was more impact full than Alexander's invasion.

[@Regarded69]

The Indo-Aryan migration into India is a well-solidifed piece of historical fact. The only people that dispute it are Indian nationalists that seek to put themselves at the center by rejecting that their language or religion could have been heavily influenced by people that migrated into India. It is the equivilant of English people saying that the Norman invasion never happend and the Norman French influence on the English language is just a coincidence or it was the Anglo-Saxons that influenced the French language rather than the other way around. It's historical revisionism based on modern projections.

[@prashanthkamath7437]

@@Regarded69 Yeah, and the Indus Valley people were idiots, who lived in towns designed with high sophistication.

[@rishabhadarsh5227]

Stop living in delusion Aryan invasion theory was already debunked in 1980s.​@@Regarded69

[@user-rq2de3ww8z]

​@@Regarded69 propoganda by colonisers well known fact

[@direwolf7491]

​@@Regarded69Everyone saying Aryan invasion being a solidified fact can't ever say why it is so...😂😂😂

[@hansenhartono7426]

Thank you for making this video.

[@ziadfadeleddine6716]

Next time we need a video or a series about the warfare in ancient china , specially in the age of the waring states . The readers of kingdom manga will understand why it's so important.

[@svetavahan]

River 'Jhelum' now in pakistan was called 'Vitasta' in Ancient India.

[@pedrobelmonte9053]

Excellent video as usual. Keep up the good work guys

[@solelysoul8543]

Commonsense says, Alexander was thrashed, lost and ran away from the battlefield, seriously injured.

[@Blastizor]

Porus killed his dumbass and his favorite horse and sent his army fleeing HAHAHA they couldn't deal with India's superior culture and war strategies. India was the greatest civilization on earth. JAI HIND!!

[@nazarenogabrielmasetto9568]

HINDU NATIONALIST DETECTED OPINION DEFLECTED

[@positivekumar3546]

​@@nazarenogabrielmasetto9568 seems a lot of Hindu Nationalists have put foot on your face and things in your back that makes you hate them so much😂

[@mahatmaniggandhi2898]

​@@Blastizor alexander died in babylon 💀💀

[@rage8673]

Chariots have actually existed in Sindhu-Saraswati Civilization since 2,500 BC similarly the existence of copper swords and bows used in rakhigarhi during the same era and skeletal remains of horses in other regions. I am not denying steppe migration(migrations are always continuous) but it is not necessary that they brought vedic culture to bharat, they could have contributed to it. Also the geographical recordings in rigveda show a much older timeline than the arrival of steppe nomads, one being the existence of Saraswati river parallel to Sindhu(mentioned as Ghagghar Hakra channel in the video) whose drying up is said to have caused desertification. Another factor i want to mention is that Sindhu-Saraswati region was not desertified dried land, it was flourishing grassland with rhinos, biffaloes and tigers roaming.

[@Dayvit78]

Is it possible we can get Indian sieges or early modern era warefare? That would be great :) Look forward to it.

[@camilofernando7952]

An amazing Video my friend! Congrats from India! Don't worry about the negative comments, these are from the right wing Fascists and Hindu Supremist.

[@pradeepkharta5953]

Rice bag converted

[@vikramseth3984]

Porus beat joker the great😂😂

[@aquilae1670]

When hinuism is so bad only a rice bag is needed to change. 🤣🤣 @@pradeepkharta5953

[@cerberusamv8171]

I dont know what kind of ganja did u took to make that statement

[@NirmalKumar-ru2ke]

JOURNEY OF CIVILIZATION INDUS TO VAGAI BOOK IS MAIN PROOF ... Then i am also lot evidence available people speak to Mainly Tamil language only.. Why?..I have proof. 1.) TAMIL language total Number of inscription 67000 nos.. Then inscription age 700.B.C. 2.)SANSKRIT total inscription is 4500 only..Sanskrit INSCRIPTION is 100.B.C 3.)Sangam literature lot proof avaialable..Sangam Literature land wise People how survive lot poem available. Kurinji land - mountain land, Mullai land- Tree land, Marutham land -aggreculture land, Neythal land - sea land, Paalai land - Sesertland or Sand land or waste land,So land wise poem avaialable..Sangam Litrature lot poem avaialable in desert land poems..Sangam Literature writing 2500 year ago.. This is the mainly Proof .. India lot INSCRIPTION avaialable 1.) Tamizhi inscription 2.)Poly language inscription 3.)Ashoca inscription 4.)Devanagari inscription.. 5.)SANSKRIT inscription Then Tamil language world wide Lot of evidence is available. But Sanskrit evidence little bit only available.. Tamil Literature Sangam Literature Three Sangams wrote poems and developed the Tamil language. Names of those three Sangams. 1.)First Association 2.)Second Association 3.) Third Association. Sangha literature is reorganized and written between 600 BC and 1300 AD. 1.) Poems of the First Sangam relate to events before 6000 BC. 2.) Poems of the Second Sangam relate to events which took place before 2500 BC. Says it like a song. 3.) The hymns of the Third Sangam relate events from 800 BC to 1200 AD. The following are not mentioned in any literature in India. The following has been said in only one literature and that is Sangam literature only. Apartment buildings, Sewerage, Bricks, Forts, Education, Straight roads, Seals, What creatures were around the Indus Valley?, How many types of trees were around the Indus Valley?, What kind of clothes did the people of the Indus Valley wear?, What were their foods?, People of the Indus Valley Literature is one that can tell about daily life and many more things. It is Sangam literature. Indus Valley has more than 2100 Sangam literary town names. These names date back to 5000 BC..the evidence is journey of civilization indus to vaigai book.latitude and longitude are given in this book..the names of this town are only in two areas. One is in Indus Valley in Pakistan and the other is in Tamil Nadu in India..Indus Valley has more Sanga Literary town names than Tamil Nadu.. As Tamil language is very ancient it has changed in every period. Tamil language has changed more than 15 times so its ancient form is not readable now. The alphabet of the Tamil language can be read twelve times, but its primitive form cannot be read. But the Aryans destroyed the source of it...Sanskrit was created by the Tamils themselves. The meaning of Sanskirudam is not even in Rigveda. That meaning is 'Samaikka patta kirudam '. If so, it is a 'Samaikka patta language'. English meaning is cooked language..Created with Tamil grammar and words from literature of many languages.. Everyone explores Indus Valley north and east of India there is no evidence there. But they don't want to explore south of India and places around Indian ocean..why India doesn't allow it..

[@MikoSciencia]

This comment section has more conspiracy theorists than an antivax facebook group. Just because it doesn't fit your nationalistic or religious worldview doesn't mean it didn't happen. But if it helps you cope then you can of course write an angry comment instead of bothering to research the topic outside of an echo chamber.

[@Dankseid-o1u]

And just because something does not fit a colonizer's euro/christian centric worldview does not mean it did not happen.

[@mahatmaniggandhi2898]

​@@Dankseid-o1u there is no euro centric view, there are well-researched theories and those that are based on ideologies and propaganda

[@mahatmaniggandhi2898]

​@@Dankseid-o1upinpoint where it was wrong

[@Dankseid-o1u]

@@mahatmaniggandhi2898 it is euro centric view, formulated during the height of colonialism. That alone invalidates any claim they make.

[@dimasmirnoff7283]

And that’s the reason why India has such low development.

[@bigboss.800]

Seleucus I Nicator general of Alexanders army lost the battle, end up marrying his daughter to Chandra Gupta Maurya .

[@vikky867]

Im Indian.. But my childhood hero was Alexander the great..and the old maps and history books in early 80s were so intriguing to read..my Indian warior hero Mahabharata ... non other than Abhimanyu... who broke through the Spiral formation of chariots and soldiers.

[@meltinmathew2]

some people will now call you anti national and a western sympathizer

[@vikky867]

Nothing that i would bother about..see Alexander the great brought about the downfall of the evil Persian kings..just like when muslin rules raped and plundered india..for centuries..and looted hindu temples and destroyed them..then by fate ..British came and toppled them when they were at weak point..True The brits came for profit..and plunder themselves. And the nation of India 🇮🇳 came about..history takes time and English hindu are spoken all over india. .imagine if india was Islamic country..as hindu kings were divided and selfish..and Muslim rule continued..another 200yrs.

[@vikky867]

My uncle Gopal Rao naidu from Nizamabad Telangana..worked as medic helped save many Indian army injured during 1962 Indo 🇮🇳 China 🇨🇳 war..but he also helped some Chinese people who were injured as he was part of international Red ❌️ cross..does that mean he was national or anti national??.. It the greater Good of Mankind that Alexander's destiny was to destroy Persian evil rulers.. Similarly..though the Brits were ruthless...they eliminated 400yrs Mughal rule in India.. Eventually Indians united and brits left quit india movement.. My philosophy is that smaller evil will destroy bigger evil and eventually better world would form..

[@vikky867]

Don't have skewed opinions in my perspective...

[@meltinmathew2]

@@vikky867I dont think you are an anti national at all. Im just saying some idiots will take it as you being a western sympathizer.

[@GarfieldRex]

Extremely interesting, now I need a video about the Aryans, how the moved from Crimea into India, more about their culture. Are they the most direct descendants of Proto-Indo-European language?

[@donnysandley4649]

Some say the Hittites were the earliest Endo European language although I can see where they can be connected

[@captainfury497]

All Indo-European languages are technically direct descendants of the Proto Indo-European. Sanskrit however is one of the oldest along with Mycenaean Greek. If you're asking whether they were direct descendants by blood, yes they were along with several other groups who can trace their ancestry back to them especially through the direct paternal line

[@GarfieldRex]

@@captainfury497 yes, descendants by blood and the most direct language to PIE. Thanks!

[@jakemocci3953]

CCP, in official government correspondence, don’t refer to us as “whites” when referencing race, they call us the “Arya”, although researching this is obviously taboo in the modern West.

[@raptorbrotherhood766]

Ok it wasn’t a decisive victory, I mean Greek sources say it was one of the battles where Alexander was close to defeat, I’m not saying he lost im just saying it wasn’t a clean sweep either

[@loowick4074]

Yeah most casualties. Probably because of unfamiliar foe. But I think Alexander would have been a stranger foe to the Indians than vice versa. Despite the kills too deaths being heavily in favour of the Macedonians. It's very normal. Since most deaths occured during routing. Like two evenly matched roman armies during civil war times would lose comparable men in a draw. But the loser would always lose 10-20 times more if they ran away despite being very equal opponents

[@satyakisil9711]

Most likely a stalemate and Porus offered a truce first. It makes no sense to win overwhelmingly yet all the soldiers losing morale and disbanding afterwards.

[@raptorbrotherhood766]

@@satyakisil9711 I wouldn’t say stalemate, Alexander was after all Alexander, it’s not surprising that he won since he’s one of the greatest generals in history, it’s just likely in this case fighting such an unfamiliar foe in unfamiliar terrain it was a difficult and close victory that afterwards his men just didn’t have the stamina to fight and push further and wanted to go home than try taking on the Indian juggernaut empires deeper in the subcontinent.

[@satyakisil9711]

@@raptorbrotherhood766 it doesn't make sense for him to win, even Napoleon lost at Acre after losing his artillery before the attack. You win and instead of solidifying control over the region you just call it a day, don't even bother to make your enemy your vassal and turn back. That's stupid at best and suicidal at worst.

[@raptorbrotherhood766]

@@satyakisil9711 listen it’s not that deep, his army had literally been campaigning for years, Alexander may have had the ambition to go further but his troops could only take so much. They were sick from malaria, in this humid environment, and their first taste of a major battle in these lands was ferocious narrowly pulling off victory. Idk what Alexander did with porus, some say he made him a vassal, others say he died fighting till the end with his men, but Alexander’s troops wanted nothing more than to go home at this point and they were pretty badly mangled at this point and not many survived the battle. Whether it became a vassallized kingdom that later ceded from the empire or Alexander never fully occupied the land idk but what I can tell you is that Alexander most likely won that battle but it was by no means an easy victory as some may describe it.

[@Khalsafauj96]

One inaccuracy or rather minor misdating was that Indus Valley site was first discovered in the Sikh empire (1799-1849) by a Sikh scientist and a European general ventura who both studied and advanced indic numismatics greatly.

[@SandRhomanHistory]

oh, do you have a name for me? I would like to look into this.

[@houser2094]

He meant Ace Ventura 🤣 jk jk what's their names?

[@Khalsafauj96]

@@SandRhomanHistory the Sikh general was a European jean baptise Ventura and another one named Pablo Di Avitable the site was discovered in tangent with another Sikh empire general/ scientist by the name of lehna singh, they found it in 1836.

[@NirmalKumar-ru2ke]

JOURNEY OF CIVILIZATION INDUS TO VAGAI BOOK IS MAIN PROOF ... Then i am also lot evidence available people speak to Mainly Tamil language only.. Why?..I have proof. 1.) TAMIL language total Number of inscription 67000 nos.. Then inscription age 700.B.C. 2.)SANSKRIT total inscription is 4500 only..Sanskrit INSCRIPTION is 100.B.C 3.)Sangam literature lot proof avaialable..Sangam Literature land wise People how survive lot poem available. Kurinji land - mountain land, Mullai land- Tree land, Marutham land -aggreculture land, Neythal land - sea land, Paalai land - Sesertland or Sand land or waste land,So land wise poem avaialable..Sangam Litrature lot poem avaialable in desert land poems..Sangam Literature writing 2500 year ago.. This is the mainly Proof .. India lot INSCRIPTION avaialable 1.) Tamizhi inscription 2.)Poly language inscription 3.)Ashoca inscription 4.)Devanagari inscription.. 5.)SANSKRIT inscription Then Tamil language world wide Lot of evidence is available. But Sanskrit evidence little bit only available.. Tamil Literature Sangam Literature Three Sangams wrote poems and developed the Tamil language. Names of those three Sangams. 1.)First Association 2.)Second Association 3.) Third Association. Sangha literature is reorganized and written between 600 BC and 1300 AD. 1.) Poems of the First Sangam relate to events before 6000 BC. 2.) Poems of the Second Sangam relate to events which took place before 2500 BC. Says it like a song. 3.) The hymns of the Third Sangam relate events from 800 BC to 1200 AD. The following are not mentioned in any literature in India. The following has been said in only one literature and that is Sangam literature only. Apartment buildings, Sewerage, Bricks, Forts, Education, Straight roads, Seals, What creatures were around the Indus Valley?, How many types of trees were around the Indus Valley?, What kind of clothes did the people of the Indus Valley wear?, What were their foods?, People of the Indus Valley Literature is one that can tell about daily life and many more things. It is Sangam literature. Indus Valley has more than 2100 Sangam literary town names. These names date back to 5000 BC..the evidence is journey of civilization indus to vaigai book.latitude and longitude are given in this book..the names of this town are only in two areas. One is in Indus Valley in Pakistan and the other is in Tamil Nadu in India..Indus Valley has more Sanga Literary town names than Tamil Nadu.. As Tamil language is very ancient it has changed in every period. Tamil language has changed more than 15 times so its ancient form is not readable now. The alphabet of the Tamil language can be read twelve times, but its primitive form cannot be read. But the Aryans destroyed the source of it...Sanskrit was created by the Tamils themselves. The meaning of Sanskirudam is not even in Rigveda. That meaning is 'Samaikka patta kirudam '. If so, it is a 'Samaikka patta language'. English meaning is cooked language..Created with Tamil grammar and words from literature of many languages.. Everyone explores Indus Valley north and east of India there is no evidence there. But they don't want to explore south of India and places around Indian ocean..why India doesn't allow it..

[@aayushpal6621]

@@Khalsafauj96 i've read each of their Wikipedia articles, but I found nothing on them discovering the Indus Valley sites

[@silentone11111111]

Great vid. Good work. Hope the thread doesn’t get mobbed by nationalists. Like happened on the epimethius vid.

[@royegabrieli5858]

It is most likely the Harappans had these weapons in their homes because they had a militia system where all the men would fight rather than a state funded armoury. Americans today have guns in their homes too, so it's not out of reality for ordinary people to own weapons. Likewise the Greeks had citizen-soldiers who bought their own equipment.

[@gopalaraodasari7743]

Have fault lines categorically identified in this region.... it is a siesmically active region, so earthquakes could be identified. Another question how different are the bricks of prevedic and vedic period different from that of freemassonry period , if there is such a term.

[@anonymouslyopinionated656]

15:03 nitpicky correction... the pre-vedic Indo-European religion is Not considered Hinduism. Hindusim, almost by definition, is what was evolved in situ... the Vedic elements of that descended from but greatly expanded on the Indo-European religion, became the bedrock, and fused over millennia with elements found in the subcontinent o become what we call Hindusim.

[@ramanujbaruah2200]

hinduism has very little to do with the IVC religion. it is mostly a continuation and innovation of the IE religions by the vedic people and their descendants

[@dhruvsingh7215]

@@ramanujbaruah2200 hinduism is formed with by mixing of ideas and knowladge of ICV people and aryans the gods like shiva is found in icv and even practice like yoga and probalbly vishnu and bhrahma as well as no counterpart exist in other indo aryan religion for example indra have a greek counterpart zues etc so hinduism is mix of both culture and evolved over time in india

[@anonymouslyopinionated656]

hehe i knew that a germanic sounding accent would HAVE to make a sidebar disclaimer about the term aryan 😅

[@Kestrel-777]

The panic in his voice is very endearing.

[@jakemocci3953]

It’s all true, he should just embrace it.

[@alexbattaglia8297]

@@jakemocci3953 how are modern germans descended from north indians and iranians?

[@jakemocci3953]

@@alexbattaglia8297 They aren’t. North Indians and Iranians are descended from the Aryans that went East, Germanics are descended from the Aryans that went West. Although those in India mixed so much you can barely tell.

[@alexbattaglia8297]

@@jakemocci3953 Indo-European =/= Aryan

[@RR-pc7yv]

You should make a video on Maratha Empire(1645-1843/1947-50) too.

[@ricardman7698]

Everyone jumping in to correct the channel. Let us appreciate first that there was an effort to picturise the battle. All his other videos are so well put together, if anyone is pissed about this please make a video with your correct information, everyone will be very glad to watch it. It is our history, let us tell it then.

[@rekhadharmaji9567]

The vedas are original to India, not from steppes. Falsehood….

[@TheBhumbak]

How do you know?

[@Dankseid-o1u]

@@TheBhumbak Where are the vedas in other places so called "Aryans" went?

[@mahatmaniggandhi2898]

they were composed in modern day pakistan and afghanistan probably, just like the video said

[@techchad9730]

@@mahatmaniggandhi2898 lol, and rig vedas had references for ganges, the Kurukshetra, yamuna, but you refuse those evidences, cuz it doesn't suit your narrative.

[@soumyakumar1049]

All BS, Alexander was defeated by Porus that's why he went back

[@mahatmaniggandhi2898]

😂😂😂😂😂😂