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Diesel Engines typically hold much more engine oil than a Gasoline Engine of comparable size. Diesel engines are physically larger, and do require additional oil for cooling, but that's not the main reason diesels need more oil.
Diesel combustion produces soot. It's what makes the exhaust smoke, and engine oil, so black. Soot is too small [sometimes smaller than 2 Micron (1 millionth of a meter)] to be caught by the oil filter, so it remains in the oil until the oil is changed. Bypass filters can't even catch all of the soot. Diesel engine oil has a lot of dispersant in the additive package, and this is what keeps the soot particles from sticking together and forming larger particles that can cause engine wear. But those dispersants can only handle so much soot before they become ineffective. So, the more engine oil you have in the crankcase, the more soot that can be absorbed before you need to change the oil. So the higher capacity is primarily needed to have an acceptable oil change interval. And that's the science.