240 million years ago to 250 million years in the future

This animation shows the plate tectonic evolution of the Earth from the time of Pangea, 240 million years ago, to the formation of Pangea Proxima, 250 million years in the future.
The animation starts with the modern world then winds it way back to 240 million years ago (Triassic). The animation then reverses direction, allowing us to see how Pangea rifted apart to form the modern continents and ocean basins. When the animation arrives back at the present-day, it continues for another 250 million years until the formation of the next Pangea, "Pangea Proxima".
This question often come up. " Why dont you show East Africa rifting away from the rest of Africa?".
Here's why:
- Often, oceans open around a three-armed rift system called a “triple junction”. Only two arms of a triple junction open to form ocean basins. . In the case of East Africa, the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden are the two successful rifts. The East African rift sytem, starting at the Afar Triangle, in Ethiopiais an aulacogen or “failed arm” of a triple junction The East African rift system is a failed rift, much like the Benue Trough in the South Atlantic or the Labrador Sea in the North Atlantic.
- Let’s step back and ask the question, “What caused the rifting of the Red Sea , Gulf of Aden and East Africa in the first place? Though the Afar hotspot certainly helped to weaken the lithosphere, The driving force that caused the rifting was the subduction (beneath Eurasia , i.e., Iran) of oceanic crust attached to the northern margin of Arabia. (There was ocean an ocean between Arabian and Iran.) This subducting slab “pulled” Arabia northward tearing it away from Africa. This subduction zone has been completely destroyed by the collision of Arabia and Eurasia (Zagros Mountains). Consequently, there is no longer any “plate tectonic forces” acting on the African rifts and they will not continue to open.
- Also, if we look at the plate tectonic neighborhood of East Africa, we see that the dominant motion of plates in the western Indian Ocean is N-S, rather than E-W . In fact, a new subduction zone is just beginning in the central Indian Ocean (a zone of diffuse earthquakes ~ 5-10 S) that will continue to pull Australia and Antarctica northward towards Asia. In other words, there is no room for East Africa to expand towards the east. Rather the east coast of Madagascar will become a strike-slip margin accommodating the continued, northward movement of the Australian-Antarctic plate.
I hope this explanation is helpful. Of course all of this is scientific speculation, we will have to wait and see what happens, but this is my projection based on my understanding of the forces that drive plate motions and the history of past plate motions. Remember: “The past reveals patterns; Patterns inform process; Process permits prediction.”
Notice how the areas of green (land), brown (mountains), dark blue (deep sea), and light blue (shallow seas on continents), changes throughout time. These changes are the result of mountain-building, erosion, and the rise and fall of sea level throughout time. The white patches near the pole are the expanding and contracting polar icecaps.
The first part of the animation is a global view. The second part of the animation is a closeup view. This animation contains original music by C.R. Scotese, as well as an "easter egg" at the end.
This animation may be freely used in museum exhibits, broadcast TV, and on the internet. A high resolution version of this animation is available upon request ([e-mail]).
Credit Line: Scotese, C.R., 2004. Plate Tectonics and Paleogeography (animation), PALEOMAP Project, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas (12:24).
Publications of C.R. Scotese can be freely downloaded at www.researchgate.net/profile/... or
uta.academia.edu/ChristopherS....

[@ArthurHuizar]

I hate that I can't even be alive for 1 frame of this.

[@adityaahuja8282]

No sir al actually u are every year you are moving 3-4 cm

[@barborasolanska3997]

But you’re alive in a time when you can at least see it on a screen

[@comeonyouspurs9336]

@@barborasolanska3997 lol

[@youngserg19]

Unfortunately, no one will :/

[@maxwellsequation4887]

Egocentric ngl.

[@joemasters2270]

Never been to Africa before? No sweat. In a few million years, Africa will come to you

[@howtubeable]

Socially it already has.

[@sadiedotson8239]

really

[@bic8244]

@@howtubeable then go to africa

[@nxnaapop]

Joe Masters SHUT THE FUCK UP

[@Flerked]

Tara Nicholas’ Vlogs whoa. Who is an 8 yrld to say profanities. Also r/woooosh

[@hot656moo658]

In 1965, I was in fifth grade. I mentioned to the teacher that it looked like the continents were at one time connected. This was years before the concept of Pangea was even considered. She replied; "Oh, it just LOOKS like that." I discovered Pangea when I was 10.

[@arpitmalik27]

The concept of Pangea was first developed by German meteorologist and geophysicist Alfred Wegener in 1915

[@sciencedavedunning3415]

You were however, a very savvy kid to be so aware. I was some years older when I drew the connection between Egyptian pyramids and thier south and central american counterparts. My science teacher ( an anthropologist ) said there was no connection . I knew there must be. Now Graham Hancock, who has extensively studied ancient civilizations, says there definitely is a connection , such temples exsist every 15 degrees around the globe wherever there is land to support them. The big lesson is that kids are smarter than we give them credit for.

[@hot656moo658]

Graham Hancock ROCKS!!!

[@sciencedavedunning3415]

@@hot656moo658 Yeah, Hancock is one of those scientists that draws on the work of so many others, his conclusions are often hard to accept, but even harder to counter-argue. Desmond Morris is another, he wrote "The Naked Ape"....... examination of homo sapiens from a clinically detached, objective , even extraterrestrial perspective. I highly recommend.

[@OSoloJr]

To educate is to to bring out what is already within when you saw the photos it only reminded you of the knowledge you already had within

[@hashchief664]

Never thought I would almost shed a tear watching an Earth tectonic time-lapse. Pachelbel's Canon is so beautiful.

[@RandomUser822]

Probably the music is kinda sad

[@hashchief664]

@@RandomUser822 sad? No, it does not.

[@juliamillkowski2262]

Èdàç Vs. Luná

[@reinajalana]

Crazy how I find this kind of stuff so much more interesting now in voluntary curiosity as an adult versus when I was forced to learn about it back in school...

[@location4898]

reinajalana there is nothing crazy on that.

[@euronico7949]

reinajalana i would be glad if they will be teaching us this to our school..now that my senior year is over they never did a single lesson about this..not only this..about the whole era..i just learned it from google and youtube..school’s useless

[@ancientanomalies8783]

The earth is expanding. You can’t learn that in school sadly

[@mopifish4912]

@@euronico7949 Hey we're actually learning about this in my Adv. Geology class :) It's technically an intro to geology college course, and it's honestly been a lot of fun. Chances are your school just never offered these options or that you simply haven't had the option offered to you yet. Learning is the best! If you find yourself loving these sciences, maybe consider looking into college courses for fun. College can be quite pricey nowadays, but many community colleges can offer classes for cheap.

[@fayehowle9894]

@@euronico7949 sad.

[@diobrando6245]

Imagine being an immortal being and watch everything that happened

[@mrmagot98]

Queen Elizabeth the II

[@henrikpersson4371]

we are immortals, been here since the creations of this galaksy as a minimum and since 2012 we are starting to remember more and more, after this mini iceage we are heading for, and will be more or less over in 100 years, then u and i, being born again, will see alot of change in the way we all think.....because we now remember a little from our lives past. it is all about LOVE and COMPASSION. earth was createt for us and proberly by us, atleast some of us and the goal is to higher our counscioness and in the end become "angels,gods" this is kind of a school we are in and we are all one (the concept of oneness) and bla bla bla he he keep coll pbl and do u best......

[@danangsaputra4956]

You already immortal DIO

[@pizzadepasta802]

DIO

[@arctictimberwolf]

I do not have to imagine that I AM Immortal for I AM. I AM Actively engaged in My Creation not passive. Hmmmm...imagine that;^D. Yours Truly, The GOD that Jacob wrestled

[@earthsolarballsknockoff]

2:05 Pangea 4:23 Pangea Proxima Africa and South America view 6:34 Pangea 8:53 Pangea Proxima

[@joeferguson6739]

Damn, looks like I only have about 25 million years to get my ass out of Florida!

[@selassieaspen9940]

Lmfao😂

[@floatflowernani]

The camera man should get a raise for being patient and perfectly recording this!

[@cbisme6414]

😊😊😊😊😊😊😊👍 Did you see his evolution over that time

[@osamafouda9640]

i wonder how his battery didnt die tho

[@reurez7942]

@@osamafouda9640 Star powered battery dude🤦‍♂️

[@RazorunDayisi]

How do you know its only one guy who recorded this. This mission went from father to son for millions of years

[@pimschuit3maker]

Cameraman even went to the future to shoot this

[@jared6208]

Asia: come over India: I can’t Asia: my parents aren’t home India:...

[@zeqirzeqiri1216]

Best comment

[@meghapawar8755]

Lol

[@vidplata.van4uk]

@Sky_Jal you dont get the jokes you are prob new to the memes

[@akashx]

@@vidplata.van4uk WoW

[@vidplata.van4uk]

@Sky_Jal mad

[@Acladiere]

Christopher, this is pretty amazing. Thank you for creating this.

[@alfhere76]

Thanks for doing this... to all of you who put this together. And if it's a solo effort than, WOW Christopher! It's so easy to understand things when you see it in motion. Good on ya!

[@Fionan95]

The immense speed with which India collided with Main Land Asia is what created the Himalayas and made them so tall and they're still growing, fascinating vid

[@prakashoneness7]

Absolutely. I have seen one of other videos. The guy was talking the same.

[@wrytermom]

It's still crashing. Momentum's a bitch.

[@HIPPYGOATWITHCHEESE]

Yeah so much speed... like 0.0000045 mph

[@MrGsteele]

@@HIPPYGOATWITHCHEESE Yeah, but it weighs a sextillion kilograms, so there's that . . .

[@ntl5983]

Immense force*

[@chrts975]

Just imagine all the natural landscapes we have missed

[@redeye4516]

And all that we will miss.

[@arnehofoss9109]

@@redeye4516 No no, think of all the new landscape that we get! Ok! Not we, but in the future.

[@DoremiFasolatido1979]

That's nothing compared to what you're missing out in the cosmos.

[@vblaas246]

@@DoremiFasolatido1979 I have seen Mars (orbit and ground) and Enceladus (orbit) in 3D, we neeed moooore stereo imaging beyond earth (parallel view or vr).

[@DoremiFasolatido1979]

@@vblaas246 Indeed.

[@Nisarttm18]

Picture speaks a thousand words but a video like this one a million at least. Keep at it. Very informative & very nice work!

[@DinoRicky]

Fun fact: the sun orbits the Milky Way every 230 million years That means this video is equivalent to more than 3 orbits around the milky way or about 3 sun years

[@Monmon-ve9qp]

All of the country: Wanna reshape? India: Nty i'm fine

[@phillipii4709]

4:22 India is the safest investment if you want to own a beach house. It's a time tested investment and future is also bright.

[@vikram9577]

Yes, we are always peninsular country

[@hh-zm9gr]

If you live for 250 million years, yEs SuReLy

[@vihaantailor]

this is called india is always lucky 😉😉😁🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳

[@imjeffvaderofficial]

@@hh-zm9gr and can swim against tsunamis somewhat

[@SFFRN19]

Jokes on you, I am already into that ;)

[@spacekitt.n]

its so touching to see africa and south america become one again. they love each other

[@koubenakombi3066]

Wake up. Look for facts instead of praising a hypothesis. Still thinking you live on a spinning ball?

[@jokecorn9993]

@@koubenakombi3066? You a flat earthier?

[@-Akuma-USA._]

Stop

[@trevormcintosh5564]

Yes mother africa rest her booty on his shoulder 😂

[@dan_asd]

@@-Akuma-USA._ You just mad that africa and south america have a beautiful loving relationship

[@MercurialRed9]

Love that the Pachelbel Canon is chosen for this. Poetic.

[@krishnadev903]

Every country : slow & steady India : ( *sprints* ) Asia here i come

[@anthonygroon835]

I will sacrifice my own life for Pakistan 🇵🇰

[@krishnadev903]

@@anthonygroon835 so what

[@rajaspydey]

And after 250my it remains kinda intact.

[@Void_Dweller7]

@@anthonygroon835 Ok......... Thats pretty irrelevant.

[@Lennyst]

Asia could of said no.

[@gbkgames2087]

me: coming to the video in 250m years just to check if it's correct

[@itsfadixx]

@Sharifjon Olimjonov 😌😢🥴👍

[@gbkgames2087]

@@eewag1 r/woosh

[@leandro8897]

It's just me or there is someone else watching this at 250002020 AC?

[@goldfish1769]

@@eewag1 you aren't getting 1000 subs with that dead humor

[@yipp-7841]

Can I get 1000 Subs? R/wooosh

[@Eazy-ERyder]

I love the beautiful music. Liked and subbed. Great job!

[@anisehghaderi3753]

Thank you for this LOVELY simulation. It has made a deep impression on me.

[@petebrian2841]

Britain: We want Brexit! Earth: Hold my beer.

[@ntl5983]

@W Refrigerators Irony much?

[@ntl5983]

@W Refrigerators Echo much?

[@ntl5983]

@W Refrigerators Triggered much?

[@will4698]

Head Refrigerators take a joke you ❄️

[@will4698]

Head Refrigerators same as all the other snowflakes who say it

[@_Hyunism]

Every Continent: "Collides with each other and gets reshaped" India: 🔽

[@zorpglorp]

ikr india has almost never changed its shape since it first formed in early earth times

[@cyruswest7986]

But indian ocean is gonna be in a bad shape.

[@Kromiball]

@Twinkle Drop Eastern USA has a backyard pool too.

[@bubblitzbubba3501]

Britain still survived tho

[@administratorshan]

Sri Lanka : Don't touch my damn sea

[@cardphins68]

Really cool video, thanks for the post!

[@Iamwood1005]

Canon in D by pachelbel had been playing around the world all along in reverse, and kudos to the cameraman for being able to record the earth from Pangaea era till now and reversing the video to give us this masterpiece music.

[@priyanshubaderia1945]

China : hey I had 2 coastlines India : now it's 1 Australia : and it'll soon be zero

[@gemarambhajan876]

Lol dats funny

[@ranjeetashrivastava6479]

All the dispute of South China sea will end 😂

[@AppandaiRaj]

Good one!!

[@osamabinballin5369]

@@ranjeetashrivastava6479 the sea got swallowed

[@seigi6048]

@@ranjeetashrivastava6479 By that time countries and borders won't exist anymore. 😉

[@emmaswan6219]

Antarctica got bored of being cold and so decided to move to the tropics for a vaccaion

[@kiannogueira4721]

Emma Swan Lol

[@dphorgan]

On a serious matter based on what you said. Imagine what's under all that ice on/in the landmass of Antarctica (present day).

[@KayleeCee]

David Horgan There have been a few expeditions to Antarctica to search for fossils and such that were successful. They've found fossils of fish, marine reptiles, plant life, wood, and assorted dinosaur bones. They've also found various single cell organisms in underground lakes. Of course, it's difficult to excavate there because of the wind, temperatures, snow, and the difficulty of getting equipment and people there, but most everything is so well preserved and fairly pristine, so it's worth it.

[@youtubeyourehighhighasthes5288]

Emma Swan antarctica was a tropical dry rainforest and some part of it was desert

[@sirepower8009]

again x3

[@revelgirl1742]

Wow-fascinating. Especially from present to 200 million years ahead.

[@lifetree3823]

Such relaxing symphonies in the background.

[@harshmittu4326]

Rip Dubai’s artificial islands

[@fadhly5192]

RIP netherland

[@ankurchh]

Hahahaha....

[@rajuraghavan2239]

Lololol i laughed so much

[@johndoe45678]

😂😂😂😂

[@god.hand.]

😂😂😂

[@nb5437]

Dang. Almost cried when India and Madagascar were separated.

[@vulkan9318]

Why?

[@Operational117]

Shreyan Laha To think India and Madagascar were, in fact, one and the same once! ... then again, we *all* were one and the same once... *and* will be one and the same once more!

[@elijahhassan800]

They eventually get shared custody of the great lake...so its chill.

[@Ikazune_]

Dang it madagascar:oh hey india how ya doin India:bye

[@simplesimon534]

@Osito De Peluche hold on man.... British gave Indians the caste system. What they had was 'Varna system' which was based on profession and not birth!! And talking about their looks... Well if u read closely u will find out india is a country of 'belonging' rather than that of birth. She has embraced all whom she could, so they are unique in every sense

[@jilljones6541]

I so enjoyed watching that ! Thank you. 👏

[@XTRgames2024]

Props to the cameraman for finding out how to breathe in space and be patient for so long

[@ranarajput1268]

Past -We were together . Present-Ahh ,we are separated now Future - let's be back together . (Is it a Life Cycle)

[@Tjin_Tjau]

Hoax

[@ACE778]

When you realised that your ex is still the better in bed. 😌

[@Lukas-jq4vw]

When South America and Africa hugged, that was so cute

[@deettaba3797]

When the Nile and Amazon were one

[@TenshoWasHere]

So what, you guys are shipping continents now?

[@dangerousmuffin57]

@@TenshoWasHere Why not? lmao

[@stlyphil]

*spooned

[@edwardedwards3586]

@@stlyphil Continental plate hugs/spooning are good for Mountains on both sides?

[@quimblyjones9767]

great promo video cant wait to see this!!

[@that.michelle]

The time lapse at the end is Fantastic!

[@NOVA-ei9kj]

India and Madagascar were once part of Africa millions of years back, they broke off and got seperated, Madagascar stayed there as a island, while india's continent literally rotated itself and joined Asia and that's how Himalayas were formed. That's one of the major reasons why India is also known as the continent in itself and also 'The subcontinent of Asia' probably because it joined asia and because of its rich diversity.

[@dittygoops]

@Levi Stokes Descendant or ancestor?

[@milfbangerbhabhilover9771]

Haha Indian Ocean became a lake😅

[@midoriyaaazu]

Ishika - .. Madagascar is part of Africa?

[@changamanga100]

You never can tell, when India will again break off and go back to Africa !

[@elishahansdak7583]

@@changamanga100 true

[@CatMC_1]

I love how India is moving from the sea to Asia like "uh, yes, ima go visit em" from 80-50 million years ago

[@KaraEffect]

India: mom i come home Asia: dude im not your mom

[@trishapellis]

This is awesome and I love it. However, I'm kind of surprised that the next supercontinent, according to this, will be formed by the mid-atlantic rift *reversing* and Africa, Europe and the Americas coming back together in a very similar way to how they split apart. That's something we can't really know for sure, isn't it? I figured we'd just all migrate around to the other side of the planet and the Americas would crash into Russia and Australia.

[@englishboi820]

Song name

[@EmmanuelB]

Yes, it's just a prediction based on the simulations we ran with all that we know about tectonic activity. The thing is that it's most likely that atlantic will reach an extreme extensino while pacific will reach its maximum compression, and then both will start revert back. That's the model that currently works the best with what we know of our past, and how supercontinents formed, fragmented, then formed again. Vaalbara, then Ur, then Kenorland, Columbia, Rodinia, Pannotia, Pangaea, and probably the future Pangaea Ultima. It's called the supercontinent cycle. Other models exists, this one is the one that actually makes more sense.

[@John.0z]

@@EmmanuelB Thank you for that explanation. I knew that what is now India was moving very fast toward it's current location (in these terms). However much later some landmasses seem to be moving much faster. I gather that movement will result in a world of many very active volcanos? Did your modelling suggest what living through that will be like?

[@josedanielherrera7115]

​@John.0z When two continental plates collide like India and Asia there are limited volcanoes formed unless the contenental plates collide with oceanic plates on the peripherals. Strato Volcanos form from denser oceanic plates (basalt) sinking below continental plates and melting. Causing magma chambers to build up forming a bulge or volcanic mountains range relative to the amount of melting in the mantle that occurs. Sorry, very simplified. Himalayas are not volcanic.

[@lordoogwgay]

That's called novopangaea

[@XY2Moroccoball]

Madagascar: O hey india how u doin'? India: I'm going out bye Madgascar: wat India: **goes to asia** Madagascar: *cries*

[@Blader-vf5xz]

Memes beat maps

[@user-dg8xh7wm5c]

😂😂

[@user-pw6wq5nq2h]

Lolol

[@samuelcastellanos8204]

india is asia XD

[@thejohtoampharos3003]

f

[@Sky-bc7fh]

tectonic plates in the past: moves at a normal rate. tectonic plates in the future: i am speed

[@liltidepods]

Its going by hundreds

[@iReverseCOPSSniper]

Because you see in this vid, past goes 10 by 10. While the future in this vid, the year increase by 50 million years

[@tristanpattsy3619]

Yeah it rather fkn annoyed me that they done the video like that... I liked it slow, in 10mil years intervals!

[@patrickroyale8048]

Earth lore be like:

[@ninodesbordesofficial]

But u didn't have to cuuuut me oooooff

[@mmb2050]

Que belleza de animación!!, muchísimas gracias a su creador por haberla hecho tan lenta y tan bien explicada; yo llevo mucho tiempo intentando encontrar una animación como ésta, todas las que me aparecían eran a toda velocidad y no me daba tiempo a verlo bien, con ésta explicación he disfrutado muchísimo y la he guardado para volver a verla cuando lo desee, por si después no puedo volver a encontrarla. Es un placer haber dado con su canal, muchas gracias y siga haciendo cosas tan buenas como ésta. Mucha suerte.

[@matt-ps9hn]

this isn’t a animation

[@matt-ps9hn]

But I still like so am your 10 like on this comment

[@kwingle]

@@matt-ps9hn technically it is

[@london4296]

I want to say exactly the same thing as you, but I couldn't resist. a and this continent is called Pangea this continent is called Pangea

[@Naturaljustice02]

Wooooowww.... I live in South india.......hopefully one day from coast of kanyakumari I can see Antarctica drifting toward my city ......

[@Andrea-ep7wd]

Are you immortal?

[@francisb.4919]

Loo

[@dravidianteluguboy6322]

ME TOP FROM SOUTH IÑDIA... ONCE... V MOVED TO D HILLS N LOCATIONS OF THOSE...AUSTRALI'S N ANTARCTICA'S WITH... HUGE PACIFIC OCEAN TOO😻

[@AdwaitRunkar]

@@Andrea-ep7wd you mean are you amoeba ??

[@vishnujo8670]

Immortal being first of all you u see a gaint tsunami that gona wash up all tamil nadu kerala and bits of Karnataka and telangana....

[@saka-hyenabro7773]

If we can't come together and love each other, the earth will do it for us.

[@carlosb1]

Nature always wins in the end

[@cunningwolf4516]

i love your pfp

[@tugrulc.1804]

Di Vepets Can you tell me where you are from and why you are so angry?

[@amanwithhiscigaretteandcof3474]

Oct2018.... #HyenaBro777.... damn bro, your quote is fuckin awesome !! I Love it bro. Love from Indonesia.

[@RosemaryTheWitch]

Its imposseble story when Usa is alive.

[@technomax409]

Like always the camera man never die, never move, never sneeze, never fart.

[@isancreativedesigns9259]

This is amazing. I am sitting in my studio looking for art ideas and looking at ocean currents for some unknown reason and found this. Nature knows no bounds and will do what it likes, when it likes. Time and tide wait for no man and both will be here long after we are gone.

[@Rockets2024Champs]

4:05 north america went towards asia to take a piece of it and then went back.

[@lightdarkequivalent7143]

be like "let me take that, thank you baiiii"

[@DarkenMapper03]

Then America returns... "What the heck happened here?!"

[@teaturtles4970]

It doesn't have a nose that's why

[@InvictusTahir]

Asia needed some freedom

[@Parallelcatman]

lol

[@RearAdmiralTootToot]

Australia and Asia, two lovers separated by time, but soon they will finally hug. Earth is a romance story.

[@Black_Mn850]

South Pole: *Buts in and ruins the relationship*

[@mehreenaamer5635]

LOL

[@d.robertdigman1293]

You've captured to poetry of it all!

[@MARIALUIZA-vu3no]

Adorei tudo neste vídeo!!

[@doak_]

India like : fk this shit im outta here

[@dust1077]

Cynothonic - UTFT philipines like fk this shit i'm out HERE I COMINGS AMERICA !!!!

[@atatuzcu5910]

RED X channel of awsomeness Here i comings? Wtf your english is the best ^^

[@OrangeUtan1]

Cynothonic - UTFT A bit like what it did in 1947

[@dennisching9977]

Philippines was like that too fuck this shit im on the pacific again!

[@officialjaqolaterns]

Cynothonic - UTFT what about Europe. It went bye bye too.

[@jacobbahr9316]

Is it just me, or is it kind of beautiful to see the continents and islands taking recognisable shape? Like, regardless of what they look like, regardless of what they're known for today, just recognising them makes them beautiful

[@prototropo]

Agree! I actually think their current configuration is the most visually appealing, and compositionally balanced (though I would have put Greenland in the Southern Pacific, to lower the center of mass and stretch it west a bit; color me picky).

[@StuffandThings_]

@@prototropo The middle Devonian (although not shown here) also had a pretty nice distribution of continents, loads of island continents and small oceans clustered together surrounded by Panthalassa. One theory about the late Devonian extinction actually involves invasive species as Pangea assembled.

[@prototropo]

@@StuffandThings_ Wow-Thanks for that. I haven’t seen either the map or theory, but such an extinction mechanism is very persuasive. The same or similar mixing happened during the Columbian Exchange, 500 years ago, and the Great American interchange, maybe five million years ago. You probably know them, but the changes wrought by Columbus and the colonizing nations was anthropogenic, of course, while the thin, inconsequential-looking Isthmus of Panama really changed a lot of the Earth forever, in every way.

[@StuffandThings_]

@@prototropo I personally consider the current continental configuration to be a supercontinent, albeit a very strange one connected via two isthmuses and a land bridge. Only Australia and Antarctica are truly separated (Australia used to contain even crazier fauna than it does now, before the continent dried out and humans arrived, due to its isolation). Camelids, for example, are found in both South America, Africa, and Eurasia, and used to be in North America as well. Thankfully we have a pretty even spread of oceans, which helps keep things pretty habitable compared to more typical supercontinents. But the modern distributions of various groups definitely show that the continents are well connected. Plus, the Isthmus of Panama changed ocean currents around, it is definitely underrated in its impacts. As for the late Devonian extinction, its a very enigmatic extinction and worth looking into. Its a lot more like a long, drawn out biodiversity crisis than the typical pulse of high extinction rates. There are loads of theories around it, ranging from the rise of forests to the assembling of Pangaea to a supernova to a series of meteor impacts to flood basalts to some short ice ages. I personally figure its probably a combination of the forests, Pangaea, and perhaps some climatic effects. Its definitely a bit scary seeing us replicate many of the aspects of this period, along with rapid release of carbon locked away in coal seams (which is quite a bit similar to the burning of coal seams in the Siberian Traps, which contributed to the Permian extinction). Late Devonian trashed the reefs so its not terribly surprising that we're starting to see a decline in the modern ones.

[@test-hl9yv]

@@StuffandThings_ do you think its a cycle like it was frist all together in the past breaks apart then today normal but in the futer it moves and also go's evey where astraila says hi to russia and africa says hell nAH I CANT GO WITH SOUTH AMERICA THEN it goes back to the middle but maybe after the futer maybe again it will so the same thing its like a cycle

[@FenoTheFox]

Very optimistic that the drift demonstration continues to show all these continents with greenery still on them in the future.

[@ricric4827]

very informative, great work

[@thetimelords911]

It makes me happy to see no religious arguments in the comments. Just people with sense and jokes :) I miss these times

[@abadlydrawnsnowman1648]

:is secretly a religious comment:

[@rancesuperking8731]

Stop bitching about it

[@skyemiddletonx9006]

Where is he bitching about it?

[@theobviusgwen1103]

This video just show how big and benevolent God is.

[@connermiller7982]

Valinax that comment shows how easy it is to start a religious argument

[@TheJollyGreen]

Antarctica: Aw man I feel like another cold one this millenia, you chillin? India: I'm out

[@uncensored1948]

Honestly it’s just amazing to think about this amazing place we call home. Out of all the billions and billions of stars in our galaxy, and all the billions and billions of galaxy’s in our universe, we get to actually be a complex multicellular organisms, with complex thinking, complex language. I believe we are not the only ones out here. But if we are, we as a human race literally give the universe meaning. If we are the only ones, without us the universe would have no meaning at all. It’s just amazing, to think about how everything perfectly happened in all these billions of years, to make it so we can all be here in this moment, watching this video.

[@chynadole7300]

I LOVE This! that we'r alive to comprehend every frame of this!!

[@shukrapur]

China : Sleeping quietly India : Sprints and hits China : 🥸 (unkown emoji)

[@indiantiger8870]

China: 😠 India: Hello brother🖕

[@nae9946]

The united states be like in give me a hug in 90 years+ into the future sprinting for a hug

[@shirmiladilrukshi7717]

India and sri lanka never changed. Together since 200m years and for another 240m. 🔥

[@_ASHUTOSHPANDEY]

Like unbreakable freindship

[@StuffandThings_]

Meanwhile New Zealand getting ripped off of Australia in the past and then getting ripped in two in the future:

[@shirmiladilrukshi7717]

@Underwater 69's what do you mean by torturing women and what country are you referring to?

[@senthurmurugan02]

Under water 69 How do you mr. underwater you are under water? 😂😊😂😂

[@shirmiladilrukshi7717]

@Underwater 69's i am from sri lanka. May be thats not my problem. 🙄😄

[@dennisengelen2517]

Amazing how much it changes in such a short amount of time.

[@RideAcrossTheRiver]

Half a billion years also means significant change in solar energy output--ever hotter and brighter.

[@dennisengelen2517]

@@RideAcrossTheRiver Yeah, it's amazing how short life lasts. Most of the time our planet was either too hot in the very beginning and after that there were mostly glacial periods, now a short few hundreds of millions years it is suitable for life but who knows how much longer it'll be possible. And compared to the Universe where the time stars shine only are a very tiny fraction of the time compared to the many trillions of years there will be nothing but black holes that eventually after an insurmountable amount of time also will disappear. And yet here we are, not realizing how precious this short period of life is.

[@marinegunny826]

It amazes me that you were around to see what it was like and that you were able to go to the future and see what it is going to be like!

[@lucyparkinson4056]

Rest of the world: let’s just all be friends India & Sri Lanka: no way, I’m staying how I am

[@kushands7710]

What if, this video was made by an Indian!!🤔

[@Braaage-]

Norway and finland survived too

[@wonderfullife9096]

Yes. Haha, they started separately and will end separately....Sri Lanka will be the only island remaining in that huge lake..

[@babulchoudhary4810]

Actually it is already connected below ocean so no plate movement

[@marklovell4272]

Christopher, as a young geologist I became aware of your efforts in the early 80's and have appreciated the contributions you have made. Now that I'm teaching these animations are fantastic even though people seldom appreciate the work it required. Thank you.

[@cscotese]

Mark, Thank you for your kind comments. I am glad my work has been useful! - Chris

[@Nunavuter1]

^This exchange made me glad. Many outside the geological sciences appreciate these videos as well.

[@czdaniel1]

What force is expected to emerge that will cause the Americas to start pushing towards Africa after 100million years (4:08) ????

[@thecrongco]

Mark Lovell im having some nosebleed.

[@jamesok1436]

I agree 🌏🌎🌍🌍🌎🌍🌏🌎🌎

[@SammySamSams]

Amazing to believe every continent used to be together

[@joeypoltergeist1147]

I’m curious, the land started out as basically one large continent that broke apart over long periods of time into several smaller continents and scientists predict they will eventually drift back into each other making a new one large continent. So does that mean, as long as the earth lives long enough, will the continents always be in this cycle? Form one large mass of land, drift and break apart, then rejoin, and repeat? I wonder what it will look like when they drift apart again, what parts will end up where? How long before we can’t tell which continent is what anymore if we can predict that far in advance.

[@bullrun2772]

soon enough the gears will stop so the contients will stop but thats way after panega ulimate

[@jacksonlynch1731]

According to the most recent models, the earth has formed multiple supercontinents like Pangea in the past, not just one. Tectonic plate activity has probably brought together and separated the continents at least three or four times thus far, and it likely will continue to do so up until the earth loses tectonic activity, just as Mars appears to have done.

[@maddieteddie553]

As long as the core stays hot, things will keep moving. Conventional wisdom seems to indicate that there is no chance of the core solidifying before the death of our sun and that the earth itself may not survive that process.

[@szymonbaranowski8184]

​@@jacksonlynch1731 i thought planets are in two categories and ruled by a bit different dynamics in each class

[@sciencedavedunning3415]

Only planets with alot of radioactive isotopes in thier cores will remain molten inside and show active geology. Even Mars has run out of radioactive decay to drive geologic processes. The lack of magma convection currents is also why Mars no longer has an active magnetic field. You can find some lovely continental drift animations online, reaching from the origin of life on Earth, to Ultima Pangea. This understanding was achieved by assembling pieces of geologic and fossil evidense from all over the world and fitting the pieces of knowledge into a big, beautiful puzzle picture of understanding. Damn fine work, these scientists do !

[@takeryu7014]

4:05 North America: Hey Asia! Asia: Wut? *North America grabs a piece off Asia* Asia: Wtf bro?

[@schystxr]

Kamikaze Dust lol, and the reason why is because a price of Russia is actually a price of the North American Plate

[@ArrowBast]

More Asian land grab will cause a Red Army re invasion of Alaska. They left in 1867 content to grab warmer lands in Central Asia.

[@kyleaubreydelmundo7021]

North America is probably being jealous because Asia is the dominant continent due to its size XD

[@max6499]

That was just japan after the war, no worries.

[@andy.connor.e8853]

NA stealin a chunk of dat asian ass

[@Great_Olaf5]

4:00 Australia's like, " 'Sup China? Wanna be a desert?"

[@kvualnam]

Lol china gone brown

[@buschangne9840]

brown doesn';t mean desert its the elevation

[@Great_Olaf5]

@@buschangne9840 Huh, now that you mention it, that makes a lot of sense. Just noticed that the Appalachians were that same light brown, and I know they're far from a dry desert.

[@manojprashanth7960]

என்ன ஒரு அதிசயம் .. உலகம் தோன்றியது என்பது மிக அழகாக உள்ளது....!

[@CheriTheBery]

What language is this? Looks interesting.

[@sijoycr7894]

​@@CheriTheBery Its tamil❤

[@ItsmeK16.]

தமிழ் மொழி

[@johns1625]

Evolutionary timescales are hard to imagine, but geologic timescales are several factors harder to grasp. The smallest step backwards in the animation to 10 million years ago is still 3 million years longer than the oldest known Hominid fossil. I remember learning that the American Appalachian mountains were once much larger than the Himalayas and that all the sandstone in South Western USA was deposited from these mountains as they eroded and shrunk to what they are today. It makes perfect sense looking at this but standing at the grand canyon it's too long a time to even try to imagine.

[@rohanraut5885]

China : what a nice day to enjoy the beach. India : Hold my beer

[@abhiramrao6299]

Hold my mountains😂🤭

[@SharonDraws]

Lol

[@ST_5911_YT]

India be like today I'll ride a car in speed 200Mph and invites Sri Lanka in the ride and crashes into Asia 😂😂😂👉🏔️👈 And forms Himalaya

[@sarthakkadam8501]

Bro but china still have beach in East 😂

[@ST_5911_YT]

@@sarthakkadam8501 bruh 😑

[@casualbob-4379]

250 million years in the future the world will be the Gta 5 map.

[@caynoxvoidx2901]

sad but true

[@SkyTowardsMe]

Haha lol

[@mikem9183]

Hopefully sooner than that

[@el_famoso_fredi9031]

Who plays zombies in bo4

[@foo3030]

I play Gta 5 Love it my favorite I finished it like 3 times

[@BonnieBuggie]

it was really interesting to see the plates move together and apart (altho I wish the future ones moved at the same pace as the past) but the ending with the guy turning into a klingon and back fuckin sent me jdbdbdk

[@JOBT0]

Wow, this is amazing also a reminder how short life is in the big view. Thanks for this upload.

[@NickariusSN]

3:07 *ah yes, it's all coming together*

[@yb_120]

Γεια

[@arekarmb]

India : now I am not going anywhere Other nations: wait i will come over there

[@harrybaulz666]

Awesome👍

[@wh0tube]

I just cancelled my ticket and wait for my destination to get here. Thanks for saving me money 😁👍

[@katappa5478]

*250 million years later* Whole world to india: bro i swear to god, this guy never age

[@waringaw.m6350]

True

[@RMSLusitania]

Madagascar:

[@katappa5478]

@@pabloherrera7210 - the scaming business is going in loss, since the americans died to caronavirus, no losers left to scam

[@katappa5478]

@@pabloherrera7210 hopefully americans will learn the wonders of raising kids with a father in 25 years

[@katappa5478]

@@pabloherrera7210 70% of your population is on some kind prescription medication, others are buying it off the back streets, lol

[@beequabee2593]

In Soviet Russia, you don’t go to continents, Continents go to you.

[@adityanawani8134]

150th like!😎😎😎

[@eewag1]

Kabam end this meme

[@ethanvander-westhuizem9848]

😂

[@LilRy21]

Kabam but thats anywhere lol

[@Glosaiga]

Onyx Animates! are you living in 2009?

[@damianmasq5134]

Watch this again, but notice the Africa/South America portion has a really excited looking face as the continental drift starts. It starts looking more alarmed as just Africa as we get towards present day, when it just shuts its eye and refuses to look any more

[@TheOqualCycle]

Did you see how the Indian subcontinent presumably collided with a high impact with what is now Asia pushing the land mass into the sky, thereby creating the mighty Himalayas? Incredible.

[@wrlwindd]

Before: earth is round Now:earth flat Future:earth is donut

[@brutusbigbone2394]

kzbin.info/www/bejne/pXvJc4aZa8pqh7M now it's this

[@lisakirk2081]

I am sick of all you earth flat saying that the earth is not round

[@pikmak920]

@@lisakirk2081 Of course earth is flat, that's why New Zealand isn't on any maps, cause it's on the other side.

[@zerbos2479]

i think u got the round and the flat mixed up.

[@edwardmiessner6502]

No, the Earth is like Ohio - round at the ends and high in the middle! ;-)

[@dce124sayansarkar]

It's amazing

[@phillmezz8245]

Awesome video, i love that we all become one massive island again, lets hope humanity survives that long

[@magesmathew5480]

India Will still have it's water sources.. Even after 250 million years.. That's gr8

[@vulkan9318]

@@dalvi_ what

[@p1yush]

@@dalvi_ We already are a superpower!

[@p1yush]

@@dalvi_ Sorry for little harsh language earlier, i edited my comment Danish bro. I thought you were making a taunt.

[@EXplorer1.6180]

@@p1yush not really

[@DrWhom]

"its"

[@awekeningbro1207]

This explains how different continent today hosts similar plants and animals species. I believe it.

[@feralbluee]

human to Klingon. . . LOL i thought that Africa was developing a rift in the center that is widening over hundreds of years. i didn’t see that in the future time lapse of the continents. as fascinating as this was - and thanks much :) - i wish it had been explained a bit, especially the future time lapse. loved the music. have a great lapse of your own time :) 😋🌹🌱

[@juliehoffman6292]

Awesome

[@arora_for_life]

This is the reason why colombus never found India..🤪🤪

[@yaku_8856]

This doesn't make sense

[@techyon7427]

name of the creator of this project is also christopher R. Scotese

[@thecatjall7848]

@@yaku_8856 jokes should make sense?

[@RE-sb4no]

@@thecatjall7848 why are indians so damn cringe when they are in the comments?

[@thecatjall7848]

@@RE-sb4no Idk I'm not indian, ask to them

[@Hydra2054]

When the years started adding up and the music got more intense as the contents started moving away more and coming back closer to form the second pangea I got goosebumps

[@franztunda9566]

Jurassic, and ominous music kick in...

[@JayLawson]

Imagine being alive when land is first visible across an ocean with the naked eye for the first time in 100M years.

[@NostalgiaDigital]

thanks! greatings from uruguay!

[@RinaMasuda]

0:46 Moment of silence for my dino bros💔

[@anthrosapien3784]

Rip

[@thecatfather857]

F

[@arno557]

F

[@Vrangelrip]

F

[@dmousses]

Hollow Earth Simulation, proof of a hidden truth! kzbin.info/www/bejne/eWK7q6GZn66daNU