Basal Ganglia (Direct vs. Indirect Pathways)

[@funshoogunshola1813]

See the globus Pallidus internus as the internal Police that NORMALLY inhibit the thief (thalamus) from movement (stealing); thus, if you inhibit the internal Police (the globus Pallidus internus), the thief is free to move about and steal (ie. The Thalamus can cause movement; which is the direct pathway of stealing). I hope this helps.

[@Ken_Rashid2001]

Clever!

[@ubaidullah1611]

Wow, thanks a ton 😂

[@hindavincent]

Clever 😂

[@drmadhukarmohan]

Good way to remember

[@ahmedabdelsalam4033]

You deserve 1 billion $ for this mnemonic 🎉😅

[@footballsgreatest2645]

Great video as usual. What separates you from the rest is the fact that you can think from the perspective of medical students, try your best to simplify concepts and provide it in a easy-to-digest manner. But you also go a step further, by providing mnemonics and diagrams etc so that it actually stays in students heads. Far too often, professors and lecturers just care about presenting the material, without really considering the aspects that I've listed above. Thank you for all your videos. Tip: For all of you out there, whenever you watch Dirty's videos do not skip the advertisements and watch them fully. You'll be supporting him that way too!

[@jczarne]

I like yours. I'll add this explanation to help me more. Direct: Motor control to SIT. Indirect: EN breaks up SIT "MS EN IT: cannot SIT, INHIBIT MOTOR.

[@markgrady4472]

Love that you refer to yourself as Dirty

[@kishansrikanth7765]

This has to be one of the best videos youve created, thanks again Dr. Dirty

[@connie6118]

I started a new role as a MSL for a PD drug. This was the most helpful video by far t hat I have seen explaining these concepts! thank you so much for this!!!

[@kvg1986]

This is a great video! I am earning my Master's in Speech Language Pathology and I'm currently taking a class on motor speech disorders. We covered the basal ganglia last week in class that included the direct and indirect pathway. I was so lost in class BUT this completely cleared it up with clear straight to the point explanations. Thank you so much!

[@MilenaAimi]

we used this video to support our Neurophysiology lecture today. we redrew the arrows as a class to ensure understanding as there were a couple arrows that initially confused us. the overview and mnemonic were very helpful!

[@himalsanjana9590]

Literally you saved half of my day studying this thing again. Cant thank u enough.❤

[@michellemorin3222]

thank you so much for your videos, not only for MD students but for us PharmD students, the mnemonics are lifesavers

[@MrCrikilover]

Another mnemonic. Glutamate is used in Chinese food. So if you're excited about Chinese food, you should remember that glutamate causes excitation. GABA is yelling at you in caps to stop, or inhibit. Hope that helps

[@JeonJungkook-zn8kk]

good one, thanks :)

[@mohamedlehachi2351]

You are the modern robbin hood for medical students

[@faizanalvi3932]

for anyone wondering this is all dependent on whether the dopamine from SNc stimulates the D1 or D2 receptor which decides where the GABA goes( direct or indirect) the motor cortex sends direct signals to the striatum which causes gaba release

[@sharshal465]

You are literally my number 1 recommended resource for step/comlex. I swear there is not a single resource out there that is as easy to understand/high yield as the way you put it. I really appreciate you making this videos free, truly god sent!!!

[@fakhersanoufi8906]

Thank you dirty Great Video as always .. probably watching this for the 4th time . BUT : I believe that there should be a black X or something clarifying that the step from (GPi & Substancia Nigra) to the (thalamus) does NOT occur in DIRECT pathway and this is actually part of the DISinhibiting(activation) . The same black X : in the step from GPe to Subthalamic nucleus in INDIRECT pathway , coz here the GPe is actually inhibited and this step does NOT occur and that’s why the Subthalamic nucleus is free Activating (GPi & Substancia Nigra) .

[@hadihasssan4749]

BEST EXPLANATION EVERRRRR LOVE FROM PAKISTAN ❤️❤️

[@anasal-matrafi6771]

and this is why negative times negative = positive

[@christopherclark8993]

Great videos! I am a psych NP student and find your instruction valuable. I wish you had more psychiatry specific material... ♥️♥️♥️

[@Priya_Dutta]

Thank you so much! I have my Neuroanatomy exam in two days, and this video helped me clear my confusion.

[@NelsonKlahr]

In your flowchart, the Substantia Nigra is displayed within the same box as the GPi. However, since it is located in the Midbrain, I think the illustration is more graphically accurate if it were to appear as input from another source. Also, you should discuss the stimulatory/inhibitory effects on Dopamine depending on the D1/D2 receptors.

[@parkerhelton1103]

Great point

[@jamesparrish4623]

I agree with you on this one, while the flowchart does get its point across, the Substantia Nigra should not be within the same box as the GPi. It would be easier to understand that the Substantia Nigra is in the Midbrain, if it were displayed coming from a different source.

[@austinmeloche6462]

I know you stated in the beging of the video what the colored lines stood for. However, for more clarity throughout the video with excitatory and inhibitory pathways could use key in the corner to beter keep track throughout the video.

[@Alexander-mk9kg]

Thank you sir. This helps us psych NPs as well! Went Johns Hopkins and they don’t even explain these concepts as nicely as you do.

[@ismaeelshanshal8248]

Great video Dirty and im a big fan of you but in the last step of INDIRECT pathway, GP internus inhibit Thalamus ---> which will further inhibit the Motor Cortex and this will inhibit the movement. PLEASE correct me if I'm wrong, and the arrow in that case going from Thalamus to Motor cortex in indirect pathway should be red not green. my source is B&B videos. thank you

[@ramyagedala1341]

I had the same doubt

[@medicinebullets3873]

Basically video is correct--thalamus to motor cortex neuron is excitatory thats why drawn in green instead of red...although activation of substantia nigra by indirect pathway will lead to inhibition of thalamus and the no excitatory signal will go from thalamus to cotex

[@sharathsteny390]

There is something that can be added on to make it more memorable.. DIRECT PATHWAY: COME STRAIGHT INTO THALAMUS COME- COrtex STRAIGHT- STRiatum INTO- Globus pallidus INTernus THALAMUS INDIRECT PATHWAY: COME STRAIGHT, GET EXTERNUS 'n GET INTO THALAMUS here, GET EXTERNUS is GP EXTERNUS, and, 'N is Nucleus(subthalamic), rest all same..

[@peterlauridsen8403]

If you need these rules you are pretty lost..

[@tiffanyruiz3108]

yea, it is impressive...superb explanation!! thank you thank you...a practice question for this at end would have been a great addition...maybe next video? MILLION THANKS AGAIN! Love seeing your channels growth, excellent job thus far!

[@24cowboydan]

Love this video as always. Just thought, an easier way to remember "MSENIT" is to think of Chancellor Palpatine from star wars saying "i M the SENIT". Works for me lol

[@mycargoesvarun]

This is the way.

[@indianawesomeness]

not yet! jk, good way to remember

[@shoutmaster101]

I'm glad I'm not the only person who thought of this lol.

[@uswahsiddiqi238]

I do not have words to thank you.

[@edwinaye9292]

Awesom doc .. always coming up with strategic approach in nailing the steps 🙏🙏

[@chia-huineilly5553]

Hello Dirty, you are beyond amazing! Thank you for your effort and contribution! This is very helpful! I appreciate it! :)

[@teenicey]

Man, this is golden! Thank you!

[@Be1smaht]

Heres how to make this video the best. 1. Draw a lever or like a car in park. 2. Change gears or take off the break hence internus and sbn then the car goes. Students would remember that well.

[@armanctunc]

Great but missing Dopamine effects on D1 and D2 in Striatum

[@catherinebergeron3819]

Omg you are my hero . You nailed this !! Thank you so much !!!

[@madisontoth5410]

Correct me if I am wrong , but comparing this to my school notes, in the direct pathway there should be a green arrow between the GP internus and Substantia Nigra box, signifying that we are "disinhibiting" the substantia nigra and allowing the thalamus to excite the motor cortex. For the indirect pathway, the red line between the striatum and GP externus is correct. The next line between the GP externus and the subthalamic nucleus should be green though, because the Subthalamic nucleus is being disinhibited. The arrow between the subthalamic nucleus and the GP internus/substantia nigra box is then therefore green. Because the substantia nigra is now free to inhibit, there should be a red arrow connecting it to the thalamus, and furthmore a red arrow from the thalamus to the motor cortex, because the indirect pathway inhibits movement.

[@Krishna-ub6ij]

Thank you so much for this wonderful video!! 🙏🏻 This made my learning very smooth.

[@PatamaGomutbutra]

Thank you very much for nice Mnemonic MSIT - driect pathway, and MSENIT - indirect pathway

[@ibrahimbarjis2]

I was looking for this subject last night, thank you very much

[@etheldeitz3392]

You had me all the way to 11:53. At first it seemed that the pathways both cause movement. The thalamus role inhibits and inhibiting thr inhibitor causes movement

[@M0Jalaal]

Thank you so much! I feel lucky to find this video.

[@ericmakakantare1750]

I think its all good for memorising the pathway involved but the part that links this pathway to parkinsons needs abit more clarity. Substantia nigra (could be drawn outside of the box) is controlling the pathway of globus pallidus so when there is parkinsons this control is absent therefore the direct and indirect pathways are activated together causing resting tremors and rigid movements symptoms in a patient

[@JJMomoida]

Clear and concise.

[@sujaynair4666]

Love the little mnemonics in between that you often come up with... Great video!

[@alakkis6570]

hey dirty epic vids as always, one suggestion, can u make a vid about pharmacokinetics and its related BS... thx a lot

[@pierce1234567891]

for the indirect pathway, bc the thalmus is being inhibited by the turning on of the substantia nigra, shouldnt the motor cortex be inhibited as well?

[@gregorykissinger6325]

You guys rock for real

[@vivekbairwa4052]

THANK YOU VERY MUCH ❤

[@martinchow1381]

If the Subthalamic Nucleus in the indirect pathway excites the substantia nigra which is inhibitory by nature, shouldn't the line to the motor cortex be red and not green as it's "turning off the motor cortex"?

[@hme-og9dw]

In IP the arrow leading from Thalamus to MC should be red then?

[@GaziAdil]

Really awesome. Thank you

[@drnitesh1996]

How pallidothalamic tract (GPi to thalamus) is responsible for resting tremors in Parkinson??Please help

[@Rajkumar-py8um]

Thank you for solving one of my Nightmares ❤

[@NelsonKlahr]

I am going to use your video during my BG lecture today 🙂

[@DP003-f8g]

Why is the arrow to the motor cortex green in both cases if one is inhibiting?

[@nicole.tte.]

Love this video, very informative

[@krithikanc6206]

Thank you so much

[@swan6959]

I m your fan your way of teaching is just amazing 🤩

[@knowthyhealth]

At last...... found something amazing.

[@Hadawi99]

Thank you sooooo much

[@mohamedlehachi2351]

Keep them coming please

[@jonathanlin3935]

the mnemonic is super helpful!!

[@radhekrishn4654]

Thanks sir for this wonderful explanation...

[@komal1041]

Thank you so much😊

[@mirettemedhat951]

Seriously thank you for this

[@nisapolat2400]

Thank you so much 🙏🏻

[@radhekrishn4654]

Thanks sir for this explanation

[@aarshaasokan4177]

Wonderful presentation..thank you🙏

[@cornelbacauanu1544]

Well explained. Thank you.

[@basictobougie3343]

Can we say that bodies natural tendency is for the movement....... But SN and GPI works as a breaks as when they stimulate thalamus inhibits movements and when they stop stimulating.... There are no breaks on the tendency of movement......... And it will cause motor movement?

[@irhajamshed2880]

Wouldn’t it be green arrow going to thalamus in case of direct pathway(since Substantia nigra is disinhibited)? And wouldn’t it be red arrow from thalamus to the motor cortex in indirect pathway since here motor cortex is being “turned off”?

[@mikefedorovsky2577]

Bit of a late response but for anyone else who might be in the same boat: The GPi and Substantia Nigra always INHIBIT the thalamus, in other words they inhibit movement. The thalamus always ACTIVATES the cortex, meaning stimulates movement. In the case of direct pathway, the inhibitor (Gpi) is inhibited by Striatum -> movement. In the indirect, the inhibitor is activated by Subthalamic nucleus -> no movement. But in both cases the Gpi remains the inhibitor (that's why the red arrows are there) and the Thalamus remains the activator (green arrows).

[@teeen3486]

No it the thalamus will always activate the cortex but if it is inhibited, it cannot activate, you’lld need to just use logic hence to avoid confusion it’s better the pathways stay the same(normal) and we use logic

[@drambikajawalkar7094]

Thank you so much!!

[@NatGonzalez-cp3bz]

thank you so much!!! you're awesome

[@amandawheeler1922]

thank you thank you thank you

[@rocktune2719]

So nice video, I was having trouble remembering it before and was making so lengthy tables for memorizing. Thanks a lot!!

[@aleezamaryam4123]

sir you make my concepts clear .. thanks a lot

[@stephaniekurmen6255]

THANK YOU!!!!

[@masumpatel6069]

Hey , a small doubt…. Should the substantia nigra be at the top of the flowchart….. like SN inhibits striatum right ?

[@Leonvelikii511]

In the Indirect pathway, net effect is "Turning off the Motor cortex. In this case The arrow/Line which is going from the Thalamus to Cortex should be in Red Colour. The Thalamus is Turning OFF the motor cortex in the End.

[@etheldeitz3392]

Agreed. You were doing so good up till about11:53. This is what confuses us. You guys

[@etheldeitz3392]

Please fix stop confusing us

[@yuppiesyoo]

@@etheldeitz3392No you misunderstand, the indirect pathway excites the substantia nigra which then INHIBITS the thalamus which stimulates the motor cortex. The effect of the thalamus is still exciting the motor cortex, it is just doing it to a lesser extent. The thalamus never inhibits the cortex, the graph is correct.

[@yuppiesyoo]

Please see my responds above

[@jenniphertobar]

Thank you so much for this!

[@lanapshtiwan2117]

You can remember them by the rule of Math (-)(-)=(+) for Direct Pathway And (+)(-)=(-) for Indirect Pathway

[@christaayers]

O.O .... t-th-thankyou...

[@azuratriesnewstuff]

You're amazing

[@faizanalvi3932]

can you make a video explaining the cerebellar pathways it gets super confusing

[@rocktune2719]

So much helpful for such a confusing topic !!!

[@basictobougie3343]

Like renshaw cells in spinal cord..?

[@shomailabiochemistry2744]

wow.. nice video. very helpful

[@saugatpokhrel8436]

You are awesome dirty!!!

[@rahmakamil1993]

Thank you so much for this amazing video

[@bridgettedercole5557]

U just saved my life

[@HairGlitter]

Do you have an explanation of the anatomy of a seizure?

[@muntarintumpa2851]

Thanks :-), It was very much needed.

[@himantasaikia6897]

If in both the pathways thalamus gets activated and sends excitatory signals to motor cortex,then how in indirect pathway thalamus inhibits motor cortex .if substantia niagra inhibits thalamus ,then why thalamus is shown as excitatory??

[@JohnCorvi]

Good lord I needed this

[@MrAnnagiri]

Thanks a lot for making it so simple.

[@saba7alziney793]

I'm gonna bring the nobel prize to your home !!

[@DoctorStrange489]

Great content!

[@shaziaali3442]

great video

[@siewmin]

The green arrow(right side) from thalamus to motor cortex ,is Indirect pathway. So, there will be no activation signal sending from thalamus to motor cortex, am I right? *(im a bit confuse with the green arrow at the right side from Thalamus to motor cortex. Please correct me if I'm wrong) Will it be more clear there is a cross marked along the green arrow to indicate there's no activation?

[@nidhisharma1680]

Thanks sir!!

[@umu325]

Thank you so much 👍 Plz make a Video on limbic system ASAP It will be really beneficial for me 😔

[@jemilatBraimah]

Thank your Dirty💖

[@haejinl463]

Isn't this the best?!

[@gamingspotlight6194]

can anyone help with how the nigrostriatal pathway affects both the indirect and direct pathway?