Metabolism | Fatty Acid Oxidation: Part 2

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@1:52 ATP is Broken into AMP and Pi,
as a result
@13:52 We subtract 2 ATP
Energy balance when 1 NADH yields 3 ATP and 1 FADH2 yields 2 ATP, the Net Gain from 1 Palmitoleic Acid (16C) molecule is 129 ATP
and
Energy balance when 1 NADH yields 2,5 ATP and 1 FADH2 yields 1,5 ATP, the Net Gain from 1 Palmitoleic Acid (16C) molecule is 106 ATP
Ninja Nerds!
In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will present on part 2 of this two part series on fatty acid oxidation. During this lecture we will continue our discussion on fatty acid oxidation and conclude this mini series, helping you to understand this complex process. We hope you enjoy this lecture and be sure to support us below!
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[@abhinavshankar414]

In the activation step, ATP is converted into AMP not ADP. That's why when calculating the energetics you've to subtract 2 ATPs from the final tally. Then you would either get 129 or 106 ATPs as the final amount.

[@haroonkhan2412]

106 is more logical . 1 FADH2 = 1.5 ATP & 1NADH = 2.5 ATP

[@phillipotae5321]

True.. The NET is 129 or 106(if we get so particular)

[@someone-yj2im]

How is it 2 ATP , wasn't the pyrophosphate taken from 1 ATP ??

[@abhinavshankar414]

@@someone-yj2im it's because ATP(tri phosphate) is converted to AMP(Mono phosphate) and NOT ADP ( di phosphate) in the activation step. So, we consider it as 2 molecules of ATP.

[@someone-yj2im]

@@abhinavshankar414 Ohh so we consider that for each phosphoanhydride bond broken is like using 1 ATP. I got it now, thank you so much!

[@dondamishitha468]

Can't even imagine my grade in mbbs without ur lectures Mainly in physiology Thank you sooo much

[@jurekfiba1552]

today i had my metabolism test results- i got 70% - im soooo happy. Thank You!

[@nalapisa]

I can't express in words how much I love you! Makes so much sense and your explanations are so logical!

[@NinjaNerdOfficial]

+Simonel awesome I'm so happy we were able to help!

[@wisalehmad9422]

complete oxidation of 16 carbon fatty acid yield total ATP (108) then 2 ATP were used in activation of fatty acid (-2) so net ATP is 106.....,,;refrence book ; satyanarayana medical biochemistry book@ninja nerd

[@ibemeretakauto1060]

dude i'd literally give you all my money when i become a doctor this really helps

[@MrMegaOrestesNaruto]

trueeeee

[@gabrielmensah6113]

ARE YOU SURE U WILL DO THIS? YOU WILL NOT EVEN REMEMBER THIS STATEMENT. IN FACT YOU WILL FAIL TO REMEMBER EVEN IF YOU ARE REMINDED

[@ibemeretakauto1060]

@@gabrielmensah6113 I will let me pass my medical exams if I do I'll make a donation...

[@DRAGONFANG18]

@@gabrielmensah6113 Could always tag him in a few years.

[@luffy7004]

This is your reminder for the statement, i shall do this every week until it's fulfilled ;)

[@mubal2965]

I had biochemistry exam today, i watched this video and the one of ETC the previous night, lo and behold, most of the things he explained came out in the exams and i answered them with ease,thank you zack, you're a saviour ❤

[@jhanvikuchhadia8642]

Hello sir ! I'm from India . Biochemistry was my weakest subject and I used to hate it the most but your videos makes me understand it so nicely I even can't explain ! You are great . Thanks a lot for this . Really very thankful to you 🥰♥️

[@hadjseddar3359]

You make an impact on the lives of the students BY YOUR LECTURE VIDEOS JUST THANX

[@majoro7251]

People like me would read some research here and there, but these basics require drilling through numerous med text books. You offering it with awesome concise explanation and simple visuals is a very generous and great service for lots of people. Especially those seeking knowledge in the sea of confusing guidelines and information backed and funded by different contradicting parties.

[@thebeets6055]

Your explanation of odd-chain FA is so good! Simplified it immediately. Also awesome that you sprinkle medical correlations throughout!

[@artsandbeauty]

There’s an amazing formula for calculating ATPs based on the chain length: 1. For 2.5 NADH/1.5 FADH2, use: (7 x C) - 6* 2. For 3 NADH/2FADH2, use: (8.5 x C) - 7* *(C = number of Carbons in the molecule)

[@gamr3825]

Thanks this is super helpful

[@hraqhraq]

Also another mistake in the first reaction ATP will be broken to AMP and 2 Pi in two steps ATP to AMP and PPi then PPi will be broken by the same enzyme to get the reaction completed, so effectively it is like using 2 ATP not one ATP because you broke the hell out of it and now you will need twice the energy of phosphate bond to produce it roughly -60k Joule/mole

[@fawzisaleh1579]

Oh, no wonder my textbook says 106 ATP, thanks for pointing that out.

[@heusseiniq7064]

the net = 129 ATP as written in lippincott

[@happy25688]

in 2 days i learned from you what i didnt understand the whole semester thank you very much

[@user-ek6zf5wh2i]

I am from EGYPT. I really have learnt more from you, thanks . Best wishes

[@ismailmuhammedabdulle3172]

The fatty acid synthesis mnemonic AC RDR (A for attachment of both acetyl and malonyl coAs, C for their condensation, R for their reduction, D for their Dehydration and R for reduction again) Fatty acid oxidation follows a LITERAL reverse of this mnemonic from the back ie OHOT as well as the product names in reverse! YOU ARE WELCOME

[@boikanyomelokwe6082]

where have you been all the entire year? you are 10000x better than my lecturer. hat off

[@hebasayed7891]

thank you for your great videos, they helped me to get more grades .... but I took in my lecture and I found on other sources that we will minus 2 ATP for FA activation and the total net energy will be 129 ATP ??

[@NinjaNerdOfficial]

+Heba Sayed yes you are correct it requires 2 ATP to activate the fatty acid before transporting into mitochondria.

[@MillCityQ]

I learned the same thing. 2 ATP for activation

[@cocco4523]

yes we get total 129 ATPs. Dear Sir Zack you are splendid thank you for your vedioes.STAT BLESSED.

[@ammarali5310]

Sir, huge respect for you ... your methodology is of next level, you should be from high heavens...GOD bless you..

[@hkanaiz9798]

I cannot explain how much I love you. thanks sm man

[@welmugabil]

The most helpful, fun, enlighting tutor ever existed in youtube. Hands down, Ninja Nerd.

[@ilanesaad3336]

you are the only reason i wont fail out of biochem. thank you

[@AndreFecteau-db1rr]

wouldn't you subtract -2ATP from the net total because 1ATP is utilized for the free fatty acid activation and 1ATP is utilized for the glycerol activation?

[@mananchawda]

You are an amazing educator , please keep uploading and helping all of us .... God bless you .... 😇😇😇😇😇

[@depharmily2064]

Oooh, this is H. O. T, much love from South Africa

[@souravbhattacharyya5234]

I am a student of zoology ....& Following you from last 6 months ...your every part of biochemistry helped me to overcome my all doubt ...I never linked the process of metabolism ..but after watching your video I can link and relate everything ..... thankyou so much sir 😊😊😊

[@fayyoosh7870]

Oommgg I remember it as O HOT as well And I also remember the first oxidation with the F so it’s Fad dependent ! I’m happy u do that too 😂!!❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️ Edit : I started this lecture and commented the above comment.. when I ended it now and went to the comments I found my this comment 2 hours ago 😅😅 when the lecture is about 40 min😅😅 .. I went and had a Nescafé and had a break as well through the lecture 😂💙 I’m enjoying it ❤️

[@laibasarfraz4314]

Before I started watching your video lectures, the subjects that I hated the most was biochemistry....And now it has become my love .... You've made every topic easy for us..I've no words to thank you!!! You are the best .... ❤

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I don't know why, but right now it makes me so happy to see the Connections. I mean i knew it before, but by seeing it summarized in your videos is so enjoying, even If i don't like to study bc at the moment.

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How did you eat all of those books?! You're awesome man! You're a lifesaver for us med students. Thanks a lot!!!

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I really like the way you describe things, I understand much better in your way! In your new videos, can you move away from the board so we can take a screenshot? PEACE!

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Watching this 6 years later I’m so thankful❤️

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Can’t even imagine how studying without your videos would be! Great thankful for you

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[@BPCI5]

Thank you so much. You have no idea how much you've helped me lately. You're the absolute best!

[@mislavpecnik2490]

Just a heads up, when you draw a fatty acyl CoA, the CoA is connected to the carbonyl C atom via the -S- bond.

[@noworrieshayley]

You are an amazing tutor!! You are doing something that my previous professor couldn't.

[@user-ce1lo7ij6m]

I always watch your videos before my Biochem class so I can keep up with the lectures! Thank you so much!

[@emmanuellaonyinyechiezenwo6488]

Hey! Please you didn't discuss in unsaturated fatty acids😢. How does the beta oxidation cycle proceed when we get to the double bond?

[@usamaabbas1980]

Amazing and simple videos respect from Pakistan

[@chettalibhatt228]

You are my saviour ! Biochemistry is only easier for me, because of you

[@user-oe9nc9ex1w]

just wait for few years, i'll be the main supporter of your channel

[@rozhking750]

Next week I have biochemistry exam I watched all playlist about it I hope be successful in it thank you so much to you dear❤

[@holdenaf9302]

You're the goat dude; best biochem vids on youtube

[@muhammadayyazashiq4428]

In the activation step ATP converts into AMP +PPi not into ADP. So there is utilization of two ATP's , therefore net yield will be either 129 ATP's or 106 ATP's

[@kalissawillis4759]

I am so happy I found you.. you are an absolute legend!! Make it so much easier to process! Thank you!

[@saurabhgogri7966]

amazing . you are the best teacher . zach. will definitely meet and say thanks when i clear inbde and come to usa for studies. thanks once again.

[@drivewithdaniel9511]

I believe in the peroxisomes, when the FADH2 is turned back to FAD, O2 takes 2 H from FADH2 and is converted to H2O2. I don't think water is involved here. However, when catalase breaks hydrogen peroxide, it indeed turns it into 1/2O2 and water. Just wanting to get the chemistry right.

[@LaChilena09]

Marvelous! THANK YOU! Makes sooooo much more sense now!

[@rossyamiezasulaiman4474]

Gosh, you are my life saver through the online learning sucks ! Love you! Thankyou so much!!!

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Nerd ur professional is so relevant,,,together we can

[@adiljb5943]

You saved my future of mecdial life Even if i say to you thank you is nothing

[@EverythingInternship_]

You are a rockstar !!! I was stuck on this topic forever and you made it look so easy damn😍😍😍😘😘😘

[@mimonaghazi4001]

U R really amazing❤❤

[@armelahida7818]

now that we need online explenation the most this helps a lot.Thank you sooooo much you are great

[@kamilrajput7454]

Very Helping and the Way You explained Is Just GREAT.

[@asiimirephionah4924]

Truly thankful for your effort in uploading the videos. They are really helpful, thank you, once more 🙏

[@user-yx2wt8uw6i]

Thank you so much God bless you and your family ❤❤

[@phenomenalakpa7522]

Much love Zacch. From University of Nigeria Enugu. You are a blessing 😇

[@enricoercolani8988]

Hi from Italy ! You are saving my exam of biochemistry ! I love you, come in Italy !! Ps, can you add the reaction for odd Fatty acid chain ?

[@fizimezz]

Lehninger says total ATP PRODUCED are 108-2= 106 as 2 ATP are consumed to break the phosphoanhydride bond. So anyone plz reply

[@utkarshdubeyingoogleplus]

Yes you are right!

[@silviamakepeace2863]

fizimezz h

[@vipulsaini5348]

From recent years research, it was found that By undergoing ETC cycle under mitochondria, NADH produce 2.5 ATP not 3 ATP ( because 0.5ATP is utilized by proteins or enzymes under ETC cycle) and FADH2 produce 1.5 ATP not 2 ATP, thats why 16C fatty acid produce 106 ATP net.. But most of the people today follow previous books to not create a mess..

[@satabdideka31]

Hey thank you so much sir for this video it helped me prepare for my exams 🥺 However i would like to request you to please make a video on glyoxylate cycle. It will be really helpful sir

[@catherinemundondi4654]

This was made 5yrs ago😢you're too good.

[@user-pw1zh4uy1u]

Thanks man, you make everything so clear. You are a king!

[@alyaaalmery7939]

Unbelievable Wonderful great video You helped me so much Thank you 😊😊😊

[@NinjaNerdOfficial]

+Alyaa Almery thank you so much for your kind words I'm so happy that we were able to help!

[@arminmahmoodzadeh4944]

When u have low blood glucose levels Glycogenolysis & Gluconeogenesis will start. Is beta Oxidation starting to when blood glucose is low or just when u have long time period of fasting and is it working in the Liver or in adipocyte?I hope someone can answer my question.

[@thomasdare8751]

Prolonged period of fasting signifies that the blood glucose levels are low

[@aimenimran7248]

Thankyou so much.💕 I can't express how helpful it is and I am so thankful . God bless you

[@charulgoyal237]

Hi! Thankyou for the amazing lectures. Just wanted to know that when will you post beta oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids and alternative pathways of fatty acid oxidation including omega and alpha oxidation. Btw keep going , you are doing a great job .

[@Saari1989]

Amazing videos and reviews of such complex topics. Would it be possible if you can add in the future also some words for the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids?

[@lukasjanik886]

What happens with Propionyl COA if i have no biotin available? What is the factor which decides which pathway sucinyl COA is taking?

[@sreekarreddy9623]

Amazing Explanation Almost as good as Dr Najeeb

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I love you Ninja Nerd ❤

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[@anilsivaci237]

the thiol on the CoA isn't on the other side, it's the connecting bit with the acetyl and is bonded directly to the carbonyl

[@misterB2231]

there's also CPT II deficiency which gives clinically two forms : pediatric form resulting a lethal end and adult onset form reslting in myalgias and myoglobunuria at exercise.

[@jieshen7202]

good contents. Reminds me of how Lorenzo's oil was made.

[@cosmasdr6628]

Sir. God really blessed you. Awosome teaching may God reward you.

[@khoiamulislam2945]

there is also alpha oxidation taking place in peroxisomes, when there is a methyl group on beta carbon blocking beta oxidation , so hydorxylation and then oxidation of alpha carbon and eventually cleavage of carboxyl group this carboxyl group forms PRISTANE ACID

[@nurmaizahmohdyusaimi1208]

Thank you for this amazing lecture...hi from Malaysia🇲🇾

[@hananbukhari945]

My life has been saved

[@bohnohboh676]

Awesome video! Couple ?s 1) Do peroxisomes undergo even AND odd chain FA oxidation? 2) For odd-chain FA: Do both propionyl-Coa & acetyl-CoA get formed in each round of β-ox? Or is propionyl-CoA what is left when the whole odd-# FA molecule is finished being oxidized (i.e. a 3carbon FA = propionyl)? Thanks!

[@fawzisaleh1579]

1) Yes, both odd and even chain are oxidized in peroxisomes. As long as it is a long chain, it will be. 2) The second case. Propionyl is always formed at the last cycle of B-oxidation of odd chain fatty acids.

[@ayasaleh7452]

Your explanation is amazing 😭😭😭

[@JamezBnd007]

16:00 how come you didnt count the NADH and FADH2 made in the beta oxidation pathway? wont those add up to?

[@alirezaahmadi1777]

Super cool . Loved ur Lipids metabolism series ❤🥰

[@drshams3829]

man i love u thanks for uploading such a Video that full of knowlegde

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You save me🙏 thank you so much!!

[@yum-123]

oh thank you from Ethiopia 😍😍😍

[@user-vs8uv3yd2c]

Thank you soooooo much your explanation helped me a lot

[@fatimanaveed6336]

U are sooo goood at explaining all this . Keep up the good work 🙏🏻🙏🏻

[@NaughtyBoys9900]

You helped me so much with biochemistry but I need to correct your mistakes in the energy calculation process. You made 2 mistakes. • you told us the first mistake in the video: the NADH+H and the FADH2 ATP calculation - It is caused by how ATPase works -ATPase has a kind of a revolver system -This revolver takes a full round with every 9 turns -Every turn is caused by one proton -Every full round causes 3 ATP to be synthazed -We need an ADP molecule in crista to synthaze ATP molecules, our body exchanges 1 proton with an ADP molecule between mitochondria matrix and the crista -From this calculation every 9 proton causes 9 turns which is also one full round which also means 3 ATP -9 protons/3 ATP = 3 protons per ATP synthazed and +1 proton to be exchanged for the needed ADP molecule which means we need 4 protons to synthaze 1 ATP molecule -NADH+H causes 10 protons to migrate from mithocondria matrix to crista, 10/4 = 2.5 ATP -FADH2 causes 6 protons to migrate from mithocondria matrix to crista, 6/4 = 1.5 ATP •Second mistake is: how many ATPs used with FACS enzyme -In the molecular level, the enzyme uses 1 ATP molecule -But it breaks a pyrophosphate (2 phosphates) from the ATP molecule and binds an AMP molecule to the fatty acid, which is equal of 2 ATPs in entrophical level -After this step the enzyme breaks AMP molecule from the fatty acid and binds CoA -As a result we use 2 ATP equal of energy in this last step. So let's re-calculate within these knowledges: From β-Oxydation 7 FADH2, 7 FADH2x1,5 ATP = +10,5 ATP 7 NADH+H, 7 NADH+Hx2,5 ATP = +17,5 ATP From Citric Acid (Crebbs) Cycle 16 NADH+H, 16 NADH+Hx2,5 ATP = +40 ATP 8FADH2, 8 FADH2x1,5 ATP = +12 ATP 8 ATP Synthazed = +8 ATP FACS Enzyme Activaton 2 ATP equal of energy = -2 ATP ------------------------------------------------------------------------ IN TOTAL = 106 ATP Besides that keep up the good work you are doing!!

[@buntyshunty8147]

He knows about the electron transport chain and all the proton pumps and Atp synthase mechanism of axil and wheel......But as u explained the whole thing it is very well written in most of standard books like,Harper and other Western books,But in books of indian writters 2.5ATP for NADH is taken aas 3 coz it is easy to count.U can read book of Chatterjee and satyanaryna to clear this point.

[@buntyshunty8147]

Watch the video fro. 15:20 onward he has also explained it.

[@juliesmith2077]

Zack, you didn't calculate the activation ATP when you did the precise math. The first totals 108 but when subtracting the activation ATP it becomes 107.

[@arjunbhardwaj7526]

Hey Zach its palmitic acid with 16C that forms palmitoyl CoA. Palmitoleic acid has 16 C with double bond at 9th Carbon..

[@raphaelcrimson7696]

Hi from Kenya,, thanks for the nice lectures...

[@drumarhayatofficial1735]

A lot of love from Pakistan 🇵🇰💕🇵🇰

[@bobkaplan1107]

Great explanation. Potential correction: shouldn't the energy tally yield one less FADH2 from beta-oxidation since there is one double bond in palmitoleic acid? I think it should be 14 FADH2 & 31 NADH. What you're showing is essentially the ATP yield of palmitic acid (no double bonds).

[@thefenerbahcesk4156]

What about unsaturated fatty acids?

[@user-nh3hq7cs2d]

A real life saver! THANK YOU SO MUCH