Nuclear Fusion Breakthrough! How does it Work? - [9]

[@loipham31]

Mr. Gibson has incredible teaching skill. Deserved to be a distinguished professor. Students would love him to lecture.

[@MathAndScience]

I appreciate your kind words so very much!

[@axeman2638]

he's rubbish he teaches what to think not how to think and presents everything like a sermon without reference or critique, good for high school students, but not college level.

[@AustinAure]

@@axeman2638 It’s not meant for college. It’s an explanation as he has said himself it’s more top level skimming. Like most of his other courses that I’ve done, I found his tempo and explanation on point. Don’t be so NaCl-y 😅

[@johnnyrambone]

@@axeman2638 Not all learning styles are the same and you have to meet people where they are at. Perhaps most valuable about what you seem to point out about him, is that it creates a need to know or fascination motivation that will fuel someone to go and learn the nuts and bolts you complain about being lacking. And guess what, he has about a billion other videos where you can pick them up. And what's more, he often assumes people know nothing and teaches more about a concept like you ask than many other teachers who skip steps.

[@stuartdando8512]

@@axeman2638 I'm no scholar but I understood his reasoning and learnt the basics of nuclear fusion with ease. Best teacher ever.👍

[@proterotype]

I know a lot of people have commented, but thank you for your explanation of this. As always you remain a teacher that I cherish. And i feel lucky to have you around to explain this monumental achievement so i can understand it

[@MathAndScience]

Wow, thank you!

[@wagnergauer9133]

I am very thankful for your existence. Your enthusiasm inspires me to learn more and more. I want to let you know that you are making a huge impact in the world. Many thanks from Brazil!

[@MathAndScience]

Wow, thank you! This is exactly why I do it, and I’m so very happy that you shared your nice words and thoughts with me!

[@joedasilva134]

Wagner , Greetings from another Brazilian in Seattle. I absolutely agree with u . The impact of this channel is far beyond its borders.

[@jonahansen]

This video is deceptive and just another in a long line of PR videos boosting fusion power. The Q he's talking about is the ratio of energy out of the plasma divided by the energy in the laser beams impinging on the pellet, or Q(plasma) or Qp in the lingo. In this case, the actual numbers are 3.15 MJ out with 2.5 MJ in for a Qp of 1.26. But this is not the relevant Q. In order to generate electricity, one needs to compare the total energy input, which includes the energy needed to fire the lasers, the efficiency of converting the heat produced to electricity, all additional overhead to run the system, etc. In this case, just running the lasers required 300 MJ for a Q of 3.15/300 or .0105. But this does not factor in anything else. If converted the heat generated to electricity is 40% efficient, the Qt goes down to .0042 but this number needs to be more than 1. He touches on this at the end, but states this shows that fusion is possible, but we know this already since we have tons of hydrogen bombs. This is not to detract from the knowledge gained from these experiments - it's undoubtedly worth doing. But these videos always come out making it sound like this means practical fusion power is just around the corner. But it's not. The joke is, we know that fusion power is always 50 years away, and this finding didn't change that joke/statement. A good video that is honest and analyzes fusion power accurately is: kzbin.info/www/bejne/gnuXiGSdYpt9n7s

[@WoWSondo]

dork

[@joedasilva134]

The Purpose of Gibson’s video was to explain the physics behind fusion n that progress has been made recently. He makes clear that an operational reactor is decades away. I looked at Sabine’s video. I did not know that the total amount of energy used in the experiment is more then the output. I was under the impression that there was a 50% net gain . Sabine is very knowledgeable. She has also criticized CERN n Elon Musk hyper loop with good arguments. Whether she is right or wrong time will tell .

[@pouyanpiano]

This guy is hands down the best teacher ever

[@willydear4906]

This is truly a major breakthrough. Getting a positive energy output from fusion has been a goal scientists have been pursuing for some time. Einstein would be proud.

[@jjamespacbell]

I was a project manager working for a subcontractor to LLNl. This facility or it's method of achieving fusion will never be the basis for making commercial energy at any price. LLNL used a "trick" that produced a minisule amount of energy for a miniscule amount of time, no way they can repeat that feat in an hour let alone the multiple times a second required to make sustainable energy. They probably will achieve their goal of additional funding for a few years though.

[@anthonyrogers9534]

I’ve been watching your videos since high school! Please don’t stop making content you’ve explained everything from algebra to advanced science. Love you dude thanks for helping everyone out.

[@MathAndScience]

Really appreciate your very nice comment! I will definitely continue. Thanks again so much, and take care,

[@baker.marafat1750]

Mr. Gibson has incredible teaching skill. Deserved to be a distinguished professor. Students would love him to lecture. I agree

[@RoscoesRiffs]

I'm pretty sure Jason Gibson is the finest math instructor in the known universe. Liked. Subscribed.

[@AlexTube2006]

Thanks Professor Gibson for breaking down all this complex science in manageable chunks to be understood

[@paulatlin9067]

You have the rare ability to excite students ! How many of them/us will peruse studies in science & math thanks to you. God Bless

[@MathAndScience]

It is my great hope that by watching my videos some people will choose to pursue a career in math and science and engineering! So, thank you very much for the nice words!

[@chikec-tq9cb]

for a decade or more i am learning and growing with your tutorials. I am so much grateful to you for all those ..from videos on "slope" that I do remember watching in my seventh grade to thus far these science videos after college .

[@MathAndScience]

Love to hear this!

[@TRINI333]

Thank you so much! I've been dying inside because I couldn't understand the whole nuclear fusion news, and you've absolutely done a great job of explaining.

[@MathAndScience]

I really appreciate that. Take care!

[@jumill]

Amazing! I cannot thank you enough for this clear explanation of FUSION. You have done a better job than anyone else I talked to about that subject.

[@MathAndScience]

You're very welcome!

[@prestonnull4009]

Being a science teacher at a middle school you explanation of fusion is fantastic. Great job.

[@MathAndScience]

Thank you!

[@odacruz4986]

Fascinating, I started watching this guy to help me get through high school algebra and I've been here ever since, thank you Mr Gibson

[@MathAndScience]

You’re very welcome!

[@artysanmobile]

Incredibly, this is the first explanation I’ve seen for the Strong Nuclear Force. Thank you for that. Great video.

[@johncostigan6160]

Beautifully straightforward explanation of an incredibly important concept. Bravo! Physics makes the world go `round.

[@sumitsingh9987]

This video and the demonstration is on a whole different level, somehow I was not able to resist, the way the instructor was elaborating and I'm so thankful to him for explaining about the Nuclear Fusion as well as what a Joule is with so much of ease and examples. I'm gonna follow/subscribe to increase my knowledge in general Thank You so much for putting it out 😊

[@MathAndScience]

Thank you so much fir the kind words!

[@se2702]

Your presentations are excellent and this one simplifies a complex topic. Thank you for what you do professor!

[@MathAndScience]

You're very welcome!

[@williamtinsdale]

thank you for your good work.Students,teachers,mathematicians and scientist benefits very much from your work.keepit up & God bless you.

[@antonioudjate6176]

This was so incredible to watch. I learned so much. I never heard of the strong nuclear force before. This was excellent. Thank you sir.

[@ky-effect2717]

Thanks for the descriptive explanation of the fusion process. It actually makes me curious with more questions about the physics of what's happening to create the successful reaction.

[@diomedismasaranduba3325]

you are probably the smartest person i have ever listen to.

[@MathAndScience]

Oh wow I’m humbled. Thank you!

[@farmermac305]

Mr.Gibson your a wave maker, the ripples of which you are creating have the best avenue of approach. Please keep doing what is within your heart and mind, your definitely changing mankind...one ripple at a time. Your the teacher that I've been praying for the entire time. 🙏 God speed Sir.

[@Chimboica2011]

Mr. Gibson, finally with your explanation, I understand about nuclear. Thank you so much, sir.

[@timfronimos459]

I wish you were my math and science teachers when I was coming up. Not only is this fascinating What even I as a business school graduate can understand.... Well sort of you know Thanks for posting I'll keep watching

[@carlosmendoza7233]

Please never stop making these videos!!!!!!❤

[@letelete3631]

I love all your lesson, I know exactly my future children will learn a lot from you! Thank you very much!

[@trendsbloga]

This lecturer is too Good. Thanks for incredible explanation

[@nathalievolklecastillo8641]

Could you please comment or make a video on the options for obtaining/creating tritium for fusion at this time?

[@randell9667]

Holy crap 17:00 to 24:00 has to be the most circumlocutory explanation of something that should have taken two maybe three sentences to describe.

[@primovid]

The extra neutrons of Deuterium and Tritium not only add mass to help with the strong nuclear force attraction, as you explained, but importantly, they don't have any repulsive electrical force because they are electrically neutral.

[@tomasharras7582]

ehh , what he just said 16:58 is that the repulsive force between these 2 is millions and millions and millions of times stronger than gravity force dahh !

[@primovid]

@@tomasharras7582 Yes, that's for protons...not for neutrons. That's why I said the advantage of using deuterium and tritium is that their neutrons don't repel so the fusion process is easier for these particles.

[@alshirer1]

Great explanation for non-scientists. Excellent teaching. Thank you.

[@MathAndScience]

Thank you so much!

[@Sweetbabyrayrayo]

Thanks for that awesome video explaining so well. Well done to the team of scientists and engineers.

[@courageous-schools]

An awesome and powerful presentation reminiscent of Julius Sumner Miller. You are the sort of teacher we need to see to really give students a chance to understand these complex interactions. I would point out a couple of minor inaccuracies. You say that when then the two protons smash together they release “all these particles” (I think I’m quoting you correctly) “such as photons.” Photons are the main particle released and photons are pure energy. This energy is a result of the mass of the Helium nucleus being less than the combined mass of two protons plus two neutrons. This is the whole point of fusion. Mass is converted to energy. I think this is a point you could have made that would have added quite a significant part to your presentation. The other comment I would make is that the graph you show is not a force-distance graph, rather an energy-distance graph. We have to provide enough energy (ie heat from the lasers) to get the particles over that energy hump. Once they do, they “fall” down the other side, releasing more energy than we put in. Finally we need the neutrons to create a stable nucleus but I think that’s probably not necessary to mention because you really do need to get into quantum mechanics to explain that. Look, as a nuclear physicist, I thoroughly enjoyed this video and anyone watching it would get a really good overview of what happens in nuclear fusion. If they had minor misunderstandings from the things I mention, I still think they would be far better off after watching it. Thank you.

[@ChrisFEJackson]

I would like to ask an obvious question. The fuel pellet. Surely, the fuel pellets have to be made, so the energy used to create these fuel pellets has to be taken into account when the sum of the outcome of energy is calculated. If it takes 4MJ to create the pellet, as an example, then it makes the process futile.......just asking out of interest.

[@jayytee8062]

Ask about the MJ required to power the lasers as well. This whole thing is a colossal money pit.

[@ChrisFEJackson]

@@jayytee8062 Funny how the timing is so perfect now, everything going electric, no cash, CBDC....now this shite.

[@Tomkat55]

Finally somebody that explained it in regular folk language 🤣🤣.. thank you for the detailed run down on how it all works 👏👏👏👏

[@proudnewzealander421]

This guy is so knowledgeable and for what ever reason I understand him

[@MathAndScience]

Awesome thank you!

[@juliobaez9721]

The man has tremendous teaching talents. Still my favorite instructor.

[@MathAndScience]

Wow thank you!

[@johnnyrambone]

I love that you don't say "WHATSUP GUYS" and "Mash that like and subscribe". And the science teaching isn't half bad either ;) Your science powers are so amazing they made a twenty minute video into only ten minutes somehow which I will need another twenty minute video that is actually only ten minutes to explain how that works!

[@MathAndScience]

Many thanks!

[@JerOCx]

I have been watching your videos for the last year (and catching up on your extensive library) fantastic videos/lectures. Thank you for the time, effort & brilliant videos.

[@MathAndScience]

You are very welcome!

[@skip741x3]

Absolutely fascinating explanation in easy to understand terms...

[@MathAndScience]

Thanks!

[@rays2506]

Very nice presentation. Thanks for pointing out that this "breakthrough" was important, but not nearly as important as hyped in the press. That gigantic laser required 300 megajoules of "wall plug" energy to compress that fuel pellet to get 3 MJ out. As in the case of magnetic confinement fusion energy, the very complex auxiliary systems required to heat and confine the fusing plasma are more difficult to design for efficiency than to design the target. You mention a very important factor for a real ICF reactor, namely, refueling. The rate at which cryogenic fuel pellets need to be imploded in a gigawatt-size laser fusion reactor is 10 to 100 per second. Way back in 1979 my lab had a DOE contract to develop an injector to rapidly generate a stream of high speed frozen cryogenic D-T pellets to refuel an ICF reactor. We made some progress, but today, 43 years later, the DOE is still awarding contracts for that type of work. It's one of the more challenging engineering problems. BTW, the huge amount of tritium needed for hundreds of gigawatt-size D-T fusion reactors that would be required to supply electric power for the U.S. comes from tritium breeder reactors, which are fission reactors.

[@vaughanpratt6469]

Exactly! The project defined "energy in" as a tiny fraction (0.7%) of the actual energy in so that the 3 MJ out would be greater than that tiny fraction. Yet nobody is saying that the emperor has no clothes, why not? They obviously have not achieved anywhere near true ignition. It's like a financial manager who invests $300,000 of your money, returns $3,000 to you, and claims a 50% return on investment because that $3,000 came from a $2,000 investment in one of 150 companies. When asked to explain, he says that the other 149 companies were mistakes that they've now learned from and won't make those mistakes again. Would you buy that? I'd say that all they've proved after decades of work on this project is that inertial confinement is so insanely far from ignition as to be no candidate at all for fusion energy any time this century.

[@tomestep8095]

So glad that there is still a sane person in the world

[@vaughanpratt6469]

@@tomestep8095 Actually there's a lot of us but at 79 years of age I've become the child that didn't understand why the "adults" weren't pointing out that the emperor had no clothes.

[@Jarekurban6]

Finally someone who clearly explained in the nuclear fusion

[@MathAndScience]

Thank you!

[@chrisl442]

How does it work? Easy. First, put 300 MJ of power into the laser banks. Fire the laser with 2 MJ of energy and get 3 MJ out from basic D+T reaction physics. This way, you have consumed only 300 MJ to extract a mere 1 MJ or 0.28 kwh, barely enough to boil my kettle. What a breakthrough after 50 years of R&D!

[@kevinkilpatrick7510]

where did you get these numbers? was wondering about this, the energy required to create and maintain this systen

[@danielbecker4365]

It keeps research labs working, Supports lots of PhDs. Forget about fusion but lots of technology is developed to develop this system.

[@SudilHasitha]

I learnt statistics and calculus from this person he is a really brilliant guy.

[@aerialcombat]

thank you for your explanation of this experiment, it makes so much more sense to me and I'm able to appreciate it that much more

[@MathAndScience]

You're very welcome!

[@kreelaban3420]

Your enthusiasm is contagious ! Kids, Listen up ! This old grandpa is giving you good advice !

[@qbitsday3438]

Always Excellent ! i have question why cant we use LHC with few Add-ons for the same fusion purpose ?

[@shango6164]

That was an excellent presentation. I appreciate it immensely that you share your knowledge, and gift for explaining the complex nature of our reality in a fun and engaging manner. Why does the nuclear fusion reaction stop, and not just runaway once it gets started?

[@krissrock]

best explanation i've seen yet. thank you

[@WaliXan]

I know I'm so excited mankind finally got a positive result from this after many yrs of trying.

[@TON-vz3pe]

Wow. This video deserves 10K likes right now.

[@MathAndScience]

Many thanks!

[@timmbos]

Excellent demonstration. The information I just can't seem to find is how long the fusion reaction will last once it's ignited by the lasers? The footage I've seen draws an obscene amount of conventional grid electricity to power the lasers but the fusion reaction only lasted like a millisecond. I was under the impression that once the fusion reaction started it would go on forever feeding itself until we interfered with the process.

[@Deutritium93]

I've always been fascinated by ICF. John Nuckolls stands out as one man whose research and work have helped to pioneer this concept. Ironic that the development of nuclear weapons was the source of all of this. I guess that such a devastating technology produced some good.

[@CloneShockTrooper]

Mr. Gibson, your great at explaining this fascinating subject. Thank you 😊

[@MathAndScience]

Thank you so much!

[@ArazKaraoghlaniancom]

Mr.Gibson , please explain latest finding of helium 3 on the moon soil please, is it because of a fuse?

[@daweiliang269]

if we consider the limited electrical power to laser power conversion efficiency ( about 3 percent for a lamp-pumped laser, or about 40 percent for a diode-pumped laser for example), then how to explain the net efficiency gain of the whole laser fusion facility ? or we are still a few steps away from a breakthrough ?

[@lorenalorin3259]

Very very informative sir...thanks for sharing with us the success of the project..i do hope that all these will be used to benifit the whole world

[@marinarepan5578]

Terrific explanation. Thank you, Mr. Gibson! Greetings from Ukraine.

[@kirbynelson2975]

I wonder how the pellet was made and how much energy it took to make the pellet....shouldnt this be part of the calculation or maybe its an insignificant amount

[@eerieforest9188]

You could do an entire course on MHD and I bet we'd be able to follow it ! You have that ability fr.

[@paully8340]

No mention of the wavelength of the laser's light. No mention of the electromagnet containing the high plasma temperature.

[@kevinkilpatrick7510]

how much energy did it take for them to build+maintain this system and inject the 2 megajoules into it? sounds like the lasers and infrastructure+materials underlying the experiment consume very high amounts of additional energy

[@markoconnell804]

Net positive is only relative to the amount hitting the target. To run the lasers which was used to laze the fuel was about 400 megajoules. The amount of energy striking the fuel was 2 MJ in with only 3 coming out. It took 400 MJ to power the 2 megajoule lazer.

[@tabangatluak8339]

wow i like your illustration, how you always break down a topic to the extend a kid could understand, however my question always remains in the atomic structure, why does neutron always have to be with proton and not in any part of the atom since it carries neither negative nor positive charge ?

[@JEBavido]

Thanks for the great explanation! The only question I have left is: how does one make a pellet out of types of hydrogen? Science is such an amazing field of study!

[@MathAndScience]

That’s a great question and honestly, I don’t know the answer to that, I’ll have to do some research!

[@romanemul1]

KZbin needs more people like you.

[@MathAndScience]

Thank you so much!

[@rogerthornton4068]

Awesome news. We should have this ready in another 20 years.

[@jonahansen]

This video is deceptive and just another in a long line of PR videos boosting fusion power. The Q he's talking about is the ratio of energy out of the plasma divided by the energy in the laser beams impinging on the pellet, or Q(plasma) or Qp in the lingo. In this case, the actual numbers are 3.15 MJ out with 2.5 MJ in for a Qp of 1.26. But this is not the relevant Q. In order to generate electricity, one needs to compare the total energy input, which includes the energy needed to fire the lasers, the efficiency of converting the heat produced to electricity, all additional overhead to run the system, etc. In this case, just running the lasers required 300 MJ for a Q of 3.15/300 or .0105. But this does not factor in anything else. If converted the heat generated to electricity is 40% efficient, the Qt goes down to .0042 but this number needs to be more than 1. He touches on this at the end, but states this shows that fusion is possible, but we know this already since we have tons of hydrogen bombs. This is not to detract from the knowledge gained from these experiments - it's undoubtedly worth doing. But these videos always come out making it sound like this means practical fusion power is just around the corner. But it's not. The joke is, we know that fusion power is always 50 years away, and this finding didn't change that joke/statement. A good video that is honest and analyzes fusion power accurately is: kzbin.info/www/bejne/gnuXiGSdYpt9n7s

[@tomestep8095]

Another person derailing the hype train of government grift. The inhumanity

[@kevinkilpatrick7510]

thank you for the thorough comment, was wondering about these details

[@loktar1234]

Your videos are great as always, thank you.

[@muhammedsecka5852]

Am glad this video helps me a lot

[@MathAndScience]

Awesome!

[@83jbbentley]

At what lengths are the equipment protected? During moment of collision cause..im asking about EMP.

[@henryfam58]

Amazing presentation., thank you. Why did they not try to fuse 2 tritium together?

[@robinkelly1770]

Great explanation thanks But am xurious. Has the wnergy required to have dueterium and triterium being taken into account with this 2Mj into 3Mj? How much energy does this require whether or not it's been taken into account?

[@coolinken]

Great video! I love math, but I'm not very good at it. Thanks for explaining this in a way that I can understand!

[@nolanyoung4480]

How much energy does it take to create/power the mega joules required?

[@arguanmodeth]

When light goes through a medium, it slows down. Does this slowing generate heat? Does light speed back up when it leaves the medium? Does that use heat?

[@johnadey9464]

The figure of gain from the experiment only relates to the energy going into the pellet compared to the energy coming out of the pellet. It excludes the energy used by the lasers. If the total energy used is compared, it means 100 times more energy was used than came out.

[@aarubs]

What a master of explanation. Thanks a lot

[@MathAndScience]

Welcome!

[@marknasia5293]

thank you for sharing this information and explaining it very concisely. it was easy to comprehend and really make me less skeptical of this science improvement which has me feeling optimistic about this.

[@senorchivo90]

First time on this channel, and I legit thought you were Alex Filippenko for a minute. You guys could be brothers! 😂 Great video, Jason!

[@MathAndScience]

That is a high compliment!

[@RSTirendi]

400 mega joules was the initial amount of input energy to the capacitors to power the lasers. The input of 2 MJ was after all the losses associated with delivering the lasers to the target.

[@HAZE553]

Continual Containment-wow! Thank you

[@davidmills1874]

How do you stop this chain reaction what does it start sucking in other party holes and using it to power itself more more and more and more

[@RobinOfTheWest]

Glass lasers can only be fired infrequenly or they overheat and self- destruct. LANL's KrF (248nm) Aurora Fusion Laser reached breakeven in July 1991 - LANL's Laser Fusion funding evaporated exactly one month later.

[@nasawebbtelescope957]

Hello Jason, will we have a lecture on elementary particles and composite particles in the near future?

[@MathAndScience]

Would love to do something in that area!

[@michaellaporte4854]

@@MathAndScience 6

[@cosmopolitan4598]

21:00 "... and the NEXT pair, the NEXT pair..." and then, I heard something like: "chain reaction". Wait a minute, isn't Fusion power supposed to be safe? It will not blow up like Uranium fission. And what if "they" (who ever they are) put more pelet in the reaction chamber? Wouldn't you have a fusion bomb without uranum?

[@Life123love1]

Excellent lecturer Good teacher

[@dulccevalenzuela2353]

This video was awesome. Thank you so much for explaining this!

[@MathAndScience]

Glad it was helpful!

[@jeffplunkett5335]

Excellent explanation, Jason.

[@MathAndScience]

Really appreciate that!

[@jlamm2223443]

yes but I doubt they are counting the energy to start and run those lasers, just the energy they emit.

[@electroboy7422]

Really great teatcher, science lover.

[@Franseven]

i might sound dumb but this strong nuclear force really sounds like gravity, its just that gravity from a single proton bends the space time creating just a small dimple so the other proton that wants to fuse needs to be in the space-time dimple range, this being because gravity is more like a exponential force relative to distance, cause if you're outside the space-time bending you almost don't feel gravity, then you get in the "hole" and you fall pretty fast, while maybe the positive repulsion is more linear. so you need to overcome that first before reaching the space-time bend of the protons, much like the L point (Lagrange point) will decide if you are to get pulled by Earth or the sun (if sun and earth were also to repulse each other) so at the end of the day saying that that the repulsion is million of times stronger that gravity is not really correct cause it depends on the distance.

[@bassline9303]

Very interesting, i really hope they will be able to build power plants soon based on this technology. It would solve so many problems.

[@JustaReadingguy]

Where did the 3 MJ energy go? X-rays, vaporizer the the container, or gas heat in the chamber? Also, basic thermodynamics says that heat flows from hot objects to cooler objects. The laser light is visible or near visible light. So the sphere target wouldn't get too much hottest than the surface of the sun. Then I'm guessing that the target is used to compress the center of the target massively to a tiny dot to achieve the MeV temperature needed for the fusion. And with that degree of compression, I'm guessing the precision of the lasers and target is off the charts; which is why the 190ish ports are needed. I guess that's engineering, but that would be interesting to learn some of these details as well. Thanks for your presentation.

[@vernonbrechin4207]

The experiments, to try to achieve fusion energy power generation, began in the early 1960s. That was decades before most of todays fusion energy fans were born. The experimenters have always claimed that practical fusion energy production was only 20-30 years away. In the case of the recent NIF 'breakthrough' announcement the experiment took about a week to set up but the fusion reaction lasted for approximately 0.000,000,000,08 second. It took place in a microscopic volume of massively compressed fuel that included tritium which is exceedingly rare and has a market value of approximately $30,000 per gram. There was no significant propagation of the reaction before the force of the explosion blasted away approximately 96% of the fuel which then had to be treated as nuclear waste. The fusion energy production was calculated to be about enough to boil two liters of water. The lab administrators were finally forced to admit that the laser energy input was more than 100 times greater. They then claimed that newer lasers, in a new facility, could reduce the inefficiency. Something they didn't mention was that the newer Diode Pumped Lasers (DPL) don't have maximum energy outputs that are even close to that of the NIF lasers. They also didn't mention that if the DPL output has to be converted in wavelength twice, as is done in NIF, the efficiency will plummet. They are betting that the general public and press will not critically look at such questions. Many techno nerds like to believe that all basic research funding is justified, since one never knows what kind of spin-offs will come out of it. NIF was expected to achieve the break-even fusion reaction by 2011 but it failed by a factor of more than ten. It has been estimated that it has now consumed approximately $11 billion. The administrators have always presented NIF to the public and press as a tool to eventually achieve fusion energy. They are masters at obscuring its primary function which has always been as a thermonuclear (H-bomb) research tool. The publicly announced experiment included a test target that was part of that weapons program. Typically, fusion energy fans have no interest in critically analyzing the details that I just listed.

[@sandeepkamath7266]

Thanks for the amazing explanation

[@LOWKEYDANGER]

You described this perfectly sir thank you this is incredible

[@MathAndScience]

You're very welcome