RECIPE | Homemade Tofu Fa 自制豆腐花

[@theclassical9812]

Made this for a dinner party and the result was perfect. I have a few advise to share (@City Life Meal can compliment). 1) Since most of us will be making soy milk from scratch for the first time, its important to strain the milk using a cloth properly. Its an important step to ensure you have a smooth result. Do not use any other than a cloth. 2) You can use a blender. If you are using the same blender to blend other things like onions or chilli, best is to blend a spoonful of soy bean with water just to remove all the taste from previous blends. 3) Once the soy milk starts boiling, it will foam up, lower the heat before it spills over, then its important to keep boiling them. After the first foam up, the milk shouldn't foam anymore even if you put it in medium heat. It will just maintain boiling. 4) The GDL+corn flour mixture to be prepared just before you are ready to pour the boiling soy milk. If the mixture is prepared early, I found that the mixture becomes a paste. It might effect the result. 5) To scoop out taufu fa into a bowl, if you dont have those thin metal scoops as shown in the video, a pizza cutter (those circular blade) will also work fine. Enjoy!

[@fynnwong9810]

Thanks for recommended by using the pizza cutter, is perfect to scoop it from the pot.

[@CityLifeMeal]

Dear all, we noticed that many has difficulties in making this Tofufah. The most common issues faced:- 1) What is GDL? GDL stands for Glucono delta lactone, work as the coagulant for the tofufa. It’s a substitution for gypsum powder which was traditionally used to make Tofufa. Get your GDL here -- shp.ee/u8gixrb 2) Can i use Gelatin? Yes you can, but the texture is different. It is wobbly and soft but it won't melt in your mouth like Tofufah. You can check out another video from us: kzbin.info/www/bejne/oWrZnqCKoZihhqs ---> Using Gelatin. 3) Can i use store bought packet Soya Bean Milk? No you can't. You have to get fresh soya bean milk. Or either you can find at your local areas, there are trucks selling fresh soya bean milk. You can buy unsweetened SBM and make an instant Tofufah without hassle. 4) Why my tofufah can't set or cuddled? a)Firstly you need to check whether you have use the correct coagulant. In our local baking stores, we ask for GDL to make tofufah. Normally it can be found easily. b) Ensure all pots are clean. c) When you pour the milk, please ensure it's from height of 2feet. So the milk can mix well with the GDL mixture. d) Allow the tofufa to set for 30 minutes. Usually around 20 min already starts to coagulate. Please do not touch the tofufah during this process. Do not move or stir the milk until it's fully set! FYI. We have used this recipe for many times and it turns out beautifully. Some of you mentioned it's sourish, you can adjust the milk + water is around - 1.5-1.6litre. GDL and corn flour remain same amount. For the strainer bag, you can refer to this -> shopee.com.my/product/161533674/2487291730?smtt=0.0.9 Don't give up!

[@anitawijayanti87]

If i buy soy bean milk, should i boiled it gain? 🙏

[@CityLifeMeal]

Anita Wijayanti yes u need to. Make sure it’s those fresh soya bean milk! Not store bought packet drink.

[@anitawijayanti87]

One another question please, if i want to make soy milk, should i remove the skin of soy bean? Is there any different if I don't remove the skin?

[@joeyvlog7829]

IS a GDL like jelly flour.......

[@rizkyfatahilahningrat8623]

Hs

[@nooralysa8241]

Hello 👋 I'm from Malaysia. I just wanna tell you that I've made my own tau foo fah for the very first time using your recipe and it was a huge success ❤️ thank you so much for all the tips given. Pure satisfaction I must say.

[@CityLifeMeal]

👍👍👍👍👍 thanks for sharing your success story with us! Cos I saw many followers mentioned they failed. But I do see some had successfully made it! Your message is a great encouragement to us! 👍👍👍

[@shriarul3666]

Did you use GDL? I'm from KL. Where did you buy it?

[@jackler88]

@@shriarul3666 Bake With Yen has it

[@okeedokeepokee]

I second that! After watching and following several other videos, this is the one that came out perfectly and exactly as your video. I can finally stop searching. Thanks so much!!!

[@dammikasiriwardhana8057]

I think this is the authentic way to maka tofu pudding , perfect ❤

[@muchearly9020]

This recipe really work 1st time i try box soya but it didn't set and i try different brand still not set well 3 time i made with fresh soy bean and it totally worked and i served to my family they all love it

[@venushreeganes9611]

Satisfying moment, scooping out tau fu fah from the pot!!

[@khamdengsilaphet147]

That's exquisite dessert thanks for sharing.I can't wait to try.😀👍

[@JonoLam]

I can't seem to find GDL in australian supermarkets, what would be a substitute?

[@michellequah1261]

Thank you. Recipe came out PERFECT!!!!!!!

[@CityLifeMeal]

Congrats!!! ❤️

[@fynnwong9810]

Thank you for sharing in detailed, my first ever taofufa resulted soft and smooth with this wonderful recipe.

[@wengcanz6281]

thank you for sharing this recipe City Life. May I ask if I can use All.purpose flour as substitute for corn flour? thanks in advance. 🙏

[@CityLifeMeal]

Hi 👋 I’m afraid only can use corn flour 😬

[@siulong1394]

Oh I miss so much Tofu Fa! I always eat it when I travel to KL and my aunt takes me to Esquire Kitchen.

[@angiemey884]

I finally can make it, 1st time making, husband talk to me make it..

[@BalasHealthyKitchen]

Awning recipe. Thanks for sharing.

[@jalaniaja8947]

Good recipe

[@jasonck9189]

So if I use 300g of soya beans. I can juice 3L of soya milk right? And as for the **PREPARE COAGULANT** is as below right? CORN FLOUR 玉米粉 (1 1/2 TBSP) x 2 = (3 TBSP) GDL 果酸 (1/2 TSP) x 2 = (1 TSP) ADD WATER & MIX WELL 加入水搅匀 (50ml) x 2 = (100ml)

[@bettychan1256]

What is GDL .?where to buy.? Thanks . Looks good I want to try. Thanks 👍👍👍👍👍

[@CityLifeMeal]

Baking supply shop

[@tancying1284]

Hi may i know how many ml fresh soya bean milk need for this recipe?

[@AdeqLin]

wow.....looking good

[@kooraiveedusamayal]

Wow super ..thanks for sharing 👍

[@imelmoza681]

Thank you soo much for your recipe.. i really need it. Your tofu fah look soo smoothy and best.. i love it.. 😍

[@waty861]

the first time I tried this recipe, it's a successful. I was so happy. that time I just bought gdl. second time still successful. butt after a few month later, when I tried to make again, it failed. but the gdl that time was not expired yet. I thought oh maybe the water is too much, then I reduced the water, but it's watery. then maybe the beans are not fresh, then I bought new beans, but still not working. I wonder why is this happening. what brand is your gdl? I hope I can succeed to make it again. but thanks anyway for your video

[@luanamariejoseph]

Sa a lair trop bon ce truc quelle texture 😍

[@larasati2408]

Thank you for sharing the recipe

[@lilyleung2237]

How many cups or ml or grams is the boiled Soymilk at video time before adding the 2.26, before adding the gdl solution? Thank you.

[@yachenpark5231]

What is GDL 果酸? Where can I get that? Can I not use the pandan leaves? I don’t know where I can get that leaf 😞

[@CityLifeMeal]

Hi 👋. GDL is Glucono delta lactone as the coagulant for the tofufa. It’s a substitution for gypsum. U can find it at baking supply stores. It’s ok if you couldn’t find the pandan leaves. Just cook the syrup with ginger. And just boil the soy bean milk.

[@tarisangalli4827]

Hi greeting from Bali what is GDL? Pardon my ignorance

[@CityLifeMeal]

Hi! GDL stands for Glucono delta lactone, work as the coagulant for the tofufa. It’s a substitution for gypsum powder which was traditionally used to make Tofufa. I'm not too sure whether you can find this in your local baking supply stores, this GDL is pretty common here in M'sia.

[@jhuen999]

we in america do not know what GDL means? We never heard of it at all!! Please explain what GDL means, huh??

[@CityLifeMeal]

GDL stands for Glucono delta lactone, work as the coagulant for the tofufa. It’s a substitution for gypsum powder which was traditionally used to make Tofufa. We can easily find this in local baking supply stores, but not sure whether this is a common ingredient in the US. Maybe you can check out your nearby Chinese grocery store or baking supply stores.

[@rosemawar2530]

Thank you for the receipe...saya sudah buat.... tapi kenapa tofufa saya itu bergentil bila saya curah ke dalam bekas.

[@azraelivanovitch171]

It was a success when I made this recipe for the first time. On my second attempt it didn't set. I soaked the beans for more than 5 hours. Does soaking make a difference? Great recipe. Thanks.

[@CityLifeMeal]

Hi thanks for trying out the recipe. Around 5-6 hours should be ok. Maybe u can check when you pour the boiled soya bean milk into the GDL make sure it pour around 2-3 feet above. This will allowed soya bean milk mix well with the GDL. Ensure the soya bean milk + water is around 1500-1700ml.

[@magiswarry37muniandi95]

What is GDL?

[@azraelivanovitch171]

Thanks for your advice.

[@madeeddywijaya3312]

@@magiswarry37muniandi95 GDL is Great Day Lol

[@feranikamcgregor3484]

Where i can buy the GDL ? Any website ? Thank

[@gettho2649]

If i make 2000 liters of soya milk..how many amount of cornstarch and gypsum i will put..thanks

[@sakinahmohamad6191]

Omg I didnt read the comment above. Im using soy milk 1litre at groceries. It wont set. Is it anything I can do?

[@CityLifeMeal]

yes, it won't set. It has to be fresh soy milk. You can use it for Soy Milk Agar Agar with Longan.😀

[@jalaniaja8947]

Cocok untuk musim dingin ' terima kasih banyak resipnya' ini yang aku cari🙏❤

[@birgittaagacia7990]

Mbk GDL belinya d mana ya klo f indo

[@c0don]

First time using this method work out great for me and it was a success. I use rice flour instead of corn flour. For corn flour, do you mean corn starch or actually corn flour?

[@CityLifeMeal]

VS D hi over here corn starch also means corn flour. But I know there are differences in other countries. The one I have is corn starch which is white in Color.

[@littlesunkitchen3107]

Nice dessert, thankyou sharing

[@mrlucky18]

Hi is there another way of juicing the soy beans as I don't have a juicer

[@CityLifeMeal]

Hi! Yes, You can use a blender or food processor to blend the soybeans. Then use a cheese cloth to filter out the soybean milk.

[@mrlucky18]

@@CityLifeMeal can I use a a strainer ?

[@CityLifeMeal]

@@mrlucky18 a strainer is not fine enough.

[@mrlucky18]

Okay thanks for your help 🙂

[@sumalathasunderam2319]

Pls explain about GDL

[@MrMusickey]

If the soy milk is too thick, does it set mushy?

[@haryani6357]

Thank you

[@adeline4385]

I made them today. It turns out so well. Thanks for the recipe and thanks for sharing. It was yummy!

[@CityLifeMeal]

Congratulations! Great to hear that you have made it! Thanks for watching our video too!

[@prodijay92]

possible to just use ready organic soy bean powder and add water instead of juicing ?

[@ladybugmn1384]

要试一试这个做法！

[@noraini3058]

Miss...may i know where to buy ur blender

[@CityLifeMeal]

Hi this is the model : shopee.com.my/product/135637544/2049900493?smtt=0.0.9

[@kfbay313]

Your Tofu Fa look delicious !

[@1975cvw]

I don't have a juicer, can I use blender or vitamix? Thanks.

[@afridaayoete2453]

aaa looks yummy

[@CityLifeMeal]

Thanks for watching!

[@jaycesuju]

I followed the steps and my taufafa did coagulate. But the texture is too soft and slightly watery. Do I have to increase the amount of gdl ?

[@CityLifeMeal]

Try to reduce the water instead of increasing the GDL as some mentioned that they feel sourish when adding more GDL. Did you let it coagulate for 20-30 minutes without touching it?

[@jaycesuju]

Yes. I did let it sit for 20-30minutes. It taste good, definitely will try again to improve the texture. Thanks.

[@amandmar]

Hi. May I know what is GDL?

[@CityLifeMeal]

GDL stands for Glucono delta lactone, work as the coagulant for the tofufa. It’s a substitution for gypsum powder which was traditionally used to make Tofufa. You can find this in Baking supply stores.

[@lorrainegohx]

Can I use store bought soya milk for this?

[@CityLifeMeal]

Should be ok, but u have to look for no sugar soy milk.

[@CityLifeMeal]

Hi Lorraine, just double check, your store bought soya milk is it referring to packet drinks? If yes, then it's a NO, you can't use this to make tofufa. Unless you are making soy milk agar agar. Preferably buy from those freshly prepared Soy milk seller. In Malaysia, we have those soy milk food truck seller.

[@jenevievvaldez5647]

Sorry but what is is GDL in this recipe

[@CityLifeMeal]

Hello~ GDL stands for Glucono delta lactone, it works as the coagulant for the tofufa. It’s a substitution for gypsum powder. U can find it at baking supply stores in Asian countries.

[@CWYCharles]

Why does my cooked soymilk has burnt/funny taste? Is cornflour the secret ingredient to remove the taste?

[@jacquishepherdson529]

What is GDL please? Tq

[@christmaswong376]

你好，我看到有些视频是用石膏粉，您用的是是果酸。想请教一下两者的分别是什么？那个比较好？

[@CityLifeMeal]

豆腐花以前是用石膏粉的。石膏粉的作用是凝固剂。有些人会说豆腐花的石膏有毒, 因为不知石膏来源。其实用于制作豆腐花的份量是很少，是没有问题的。因为健康议论，现在多数烘培材料店都卖葡萄糖酸内脂/果酸 (GDL)，是一种食品添加剂，凝固剂。就比石膏粉健康些。这是我所了解的。如果你有更多的认识，也可以跟我们分享！谢谢！

[@lydiachoe5119]

Today is my first attempt. I used blender instead of juicer but i used a cloth bag to strain it. Not sure if this affected my tau fu fah too.. but the results was half of it was smooth, the other half was under cooked like that.. 😭 pls help?

[@CityLifeMeal]

Can u send picture to [e-mail] ? Can’t visualise how half smooth half under cooked looks like.😅

[@alvarosilvanna6587]

Can i use tapioka strach or tapioka flour to subtitution cordn flour

[@pauyuncheng848]

为何我做的豆花要几个小时才凝固呢？而且下面水水的。我也用GDL

[@junxianhum9998]

你好，如果我把豆奶加入些糖再倒入搅拌好的GDL和玉米粉，可以形成豆腐花吗？

[@CityLifeMeal]

jun xian Hum 不好意思，我本身是没试过。

[@junxianhum9998]

@@CityLifeMeal 谢谢你哦~

[@vincentzheng1260]

见意用无糖的

[@jamieisabelle9055]

May I know what is gdl

[@liansuantak6118]

Why my soy milk always got solid whem im cook?

[@endangsubaroh]

First time made today... It turns out to be very soft after it sets. How to make it a little bit harder? Thank you for the recipe.

[@CityLifeMeal]

Hi, I think you get it correct... The texture should be soft till it melts in your mouth. It's not suppose to be hard... 😀 If you want it a little harder, you have to try other ways like using agar agar powder or jelly powder.

[@endangsubaroh]

@@CityLifeMeal Oooo... I see... Thank you for the answer... I don't want jelly or agar2... ☺️

[@sweechansim7174]

請問，為什麼我用果酸，會變成酸的豆花水不會凝结。

[@CityLifeMeal]

请问你的果酸是GDL吗？发现一些朋友也是用果酸可是不是GDL果酸。2)煮沸后的豆浆水要从高处倒下(1-2尺) 3)一定要用纯豆浆不可以买包装 4）水和果酸比例对吗？

[@henrytownshend8862]

How much should I sell per cup ?

[@anamelpadilla9059]

Can i use epsom salt.?

[@CityLifeMeal]

Hi Anamel, i have never tried epsom salt. But i have seen recipes using epsom salt for Tofu but not tofufa.

[@terryquach9672]

Hello what GDL

[@JusticeL11]

Can u use constarch and gdl on store bought soyabean milk? Also I tried gelatin powder instead. Thoughts? And I topped up with honey syrup

[@CityLifeMeal]

Hi Erick, for GDL method have to use fresh soyabean milk. U can get it from those soyabean milk food truck. For gelatin powder u can use store bought. I have a video using gelatin powder topped with gula melaka.

[@JusticeL11]

@@CityLifeMeal ohh I see. Gdl is fresh soya. Thanks for clarifying! I'll check out your other vids too!

[@emmysam5481]

i don´t have GDL

[@ogyshahar6363]

Can i know what brand that blender for that soyamilk proses..i want to buy it..

[@CityLifeMeal]

Hi I’m actually using Khind slow juicer. There are many brands out there, you can do some research and comparison. 😊

[@wongyukheung9169]

Can i use lemon juice instead of GDL ?

[@bertasiagian3969]

No for tafufah. But for soya is OK

[@emyrizagamaya7]

Hi! I have gypsum as coagulant. Will I follow the same measurement as GDL? Thanks

[@CityLifeMeal]

Hi dear sorry I have not tried on gypsum powder. Can’t advice u. Tq

[@emyrizagamaya7]

City Life Meal Thank you

[@kiyafoong5945]

May I ask GDL is what? Tks

[@yuganescucuma5596]

Hi can v use readymade soya bean n bring to boil and add the rest

[@CityLifeMeal]

you mean packet soya bean milk? no you can't make tofufah with store-bought soya bean milk. Unless it's fresh soya bean milk from those food truck. Not sure your area has this type of soya milk truck.

[@yoonyaolee9383]

请问老师，为什么我做好一桶的豆腐花会变酸而且出了很多的水，有时会有时不会，是什么问题?糖浆有关系到吗？还是凝固的果酸问题?谢谢。

[@CityLifeMeal]

请问你的豆浆水有煮沸吗？凝固后的豆腐花，待凉后会慢慢出水的。你说的糖浆是椰糖是吗，有试试味道吗？

[@abilaliyas9434]

Sorry.what is GDL....??? Can someone tell me pls

[@CityLifeMeal]

GDL stands for Glucono delta lactone, work as the coagulant for the tofufa. It’s a substitution for gypsum powder which was traditionally used to make Tofufa. You can also refer to my descriptions and my message which pinned on top for more clarification.

[@abilaliyas9434]

Sorry,where I can buy the GDL...?

[@shahirasharif4551]

Hi. I follow exactly your recipe but i wonder why mine does not set. After few hours it is still watery. Is it because i put the taufufa in glass bowl instead of pot to set?

[@CityLifeMeal]

Probably I need to ask further. How u made your soya bean milk, and did you use GDL? Fyi, packet soya bean milk will not able to coagulate. U can email your process to me...my email is [e-mail]

[@wendyeng8614]

Sorry, can I know why my soya milk taste sour (I follow ur way just didn't add on pandan leaf) ??

[@CityLifeMeal]

Hi.. maybe you can add some water and make the soya bean milk to 1500-1600ml. GDL will have slight sourish but not too overwhelmed. Another thing is do not over soaked the bean it might cause the bean turn sour.

[@wendyeng8614]

@@CityLifeMeal thanks for ur advise, will try tomolo again.

[@estellayapp5515]

Thank you for the recipe

[@haryani6357]

Woww so good

[@CityLifeMeal]

Thank u 😊

[@jenifersee2957]

为什么我做出来的豆腐花不会像老师所做的那么滑,原因是什么？有机黄豆和普通黄豆所做出来的豆腐花有什么不同？

[@CityLifeMeal]

你可以email 我你的豆腐花照片吗？[e-mail] 我试试看是什么问题。

[@vincentzheng1260]

这个比例不会太酸吗

[@voyager4242]

Is GDL natural or chemical?

[@stephencreation]

Awesome! Will give it a try!

[@CityLifeMeal]

stephen ong thanks for your support!

[@komarikomari6329]

what GDL?,,,,can buy in market?,,

[@CityLifeMeal]

Hi 👋 GDL stands for Glucono delta lactone, work as the coagulant for the tofufa. It’s a substitution for gypsum. U can find it at baking supply stores.

[@komarikomari6329]

@@CityLifeMeal Thanks u,,now im understand

[@theresapingtingang7201]

What is GLD.

[@bayufirmansyah3556]

what is GDL

[@1manasseh]

Can I use this recipe to make silken tofu?

[@CityLifeMeal]

Hi! It can be done, just that I haven't tried it out. Because this Tofufah is very soft like it melts in your mouth. Silken Tofu is slightly harder. You may need to explore it yourself.

[@1manasseh]

@@CityLifeMeal Thanks so much for your quick reply and encouragement. Have liked and subscribed to your videos. The commercial tofu are wrapped in plastic and my friend sent me a video where in the factory the liquid part which is very hot is poured straight into the plastic holders/cylinder and then left to set.. That has put me off buying commercial tofu now cos there must be plastic particles that have leached into the tofu. I'll play around with the water content to make it a bit harder tho I actually don't mind the softness of tau foo fa.

[@honeybeejustice9832]

Can you give me the exact litre of soy bean milk for using the gdl recipe

[@CityLifeMeal]

Soy bean milk + water = 1.5-1.6litre

[@hiphoretoys9701]

I use 3 liters of soya bean milk and times your recipe x3 (4.5 corn starch, 1.5 gdl, and mix with 150ml of water) and after 30 mins it turns weird and very watery. What should I do?

[@CityLifeMeal]

Hip Hore Toys watery as in it can’t coagulate? U can send your photo to [e-mail]

[@hiphoretoys9701]

Yes. Turns very weird and there's thick layer of water on top. I will email you the picture. But did I use the right amount of gdl and corn starch if I use 3 liters of water? Do I times everything by 3?

[@hiphoretoys9701]

I have emailed you the result after 1 hour it does not set At all 😭

[@shinee091291]

I have the same issue like you. The tofu didn't set it at all..

[@malathybhaskaran2782]

I tried this recipe but not turn out the cougulan.

[@Parasafuture]

What us gdl?

[@CityLifeMeal]

GDL stands for Glucono delta lactone, as the coagulant for the tofufa. It’s a substitution for gypsum. U can find it at baking supply stores. Pls check out my descriptions and pinned message for more info. Tq 😊

[@birgittaagacia7990]

Whats is GDL dear Miss??

[@CityLifeMeal]

GDL stands for Glucono delta lactone, as the coagulant for the tofufa. It’s a substitution for gypsum. U can find it at baking supply stores. Pls check out my descriptions and pinned message for more info. Tq 😊

[@suzykristianto21]

I made it today. But the texture very very soft, when i want to spoon it , it was easy broken to put into the bowl , gimme you solution please ...

[@CityLifeMeal]

If possible send me your photo ya. Pls send to [e-mail]

[@tubetubepleasure]

The nature of the tofufa is very very smooth, the softer you get, the higer the skill you have achieved, it means you get the best result out of the whole procedure/construction. As you can see at the end of the video, it is supposed to be spooned with a paper-thin-metal-spoon, so thin that it cuts a thin layer across the tofufa and slides into the bowl. It is elegant and dedicate like a piece of feather.

[@amethystbee5303]

How many ml/l of soya milk did you use for the tofu after the juicing process

[@CityLifeMeal]

Amethyst Bee around 1.3litre, but it’s best u add water up to 1.5litre.

[@boysgaming7917]

Where can buy the blender?

[@ajunhomebaker]

This is my favorite 🥰

[@vcooking12]

Hi! What is DGL?

[@katrinam4232]

How long do you boil soymilk before pouring into GDL mixture?

[@CityLifeMeal]

To boil fresh soy milk, easily 20-25minutes over medium/ medium low heat. Use medium heat to bring to a boil, have to keep an eye. Stir occasionally. Then turn to medium low. Once the soy milk start boiling, the bubbles will rise, quickly turn to low heat. Another tips, when cover and boil, pls do not boil under high heat. Also when it starts to boil for first time, doesn’t mean your soy milk is well cooked. Continue to boil over medium low or low heat. Keep stirring occasionally.

[@cindykim6859]

Hi what is GDL?

[@Eexuan2023]

Hello, 可以知道糖酸，水，玉米粉和豆浆的比例吗？我做了失败😭

[@teohkee2022]

1litre的豆水 玉米粉 1 1/2 tbsp GDL（果酸） 1/2 tsp 清水 50ml

[@Uronlyline]

Can i soak the soya bean overnight?

[@CityLifeMeal]

Angeline Tan yes u can.

[@hongy2238]

Hot tufu or cool tufu? Because I saw : They sale these hot tufu in my country

[@CityLifeMeal]

Can serve either warm or cold. Can serve immediately after it’s done. Or once its cooled down, scoop into a container keep in fridge for few hours then drizzle with syrup. It’s very refreshing.

[@ChanChan-ip3bk]

你好，请问在哪里可以买到果酸？

[@CityLifeMeal]

在Bake With Yen 或者是其他烘焙原料店都可以找到。