American Reacts to History of Russia (Part 3) | Epic History TV

[@SoGal_YT]

Part 4 coming up! Like and subscribe if you enjoyed this video 👍🏻 Follow me on social media, and join my Discord & Patreon: ❤ Patreon: www.patreon.com/sogal_yt?fan_landing=true 🐕 Instagram: instagram.com/sogal.yt/ 🏀 Twitter: twitter.com/SoGal_YT ⚽ Facebook Page: facebook.com/SoGal-104043461744742 🏖 Facebook Group: facebook.com/groups/238616921241608 💥 Discord: discord.gg/amWWc6jcC2 🖖 My Star Trek Podcast: www.tribblespodcast.com/

[@MySyberWolf]

They call this land Ukraine, although it would be more correct to call this land the territory of "future Ukraine". Because Ukraine as a political nation appeared only in the 19th century, and even then it was called "MaloRossia" (LittleRussia) in those days. This is equivalent to calling the territory of North America a thousand years before the birth of Christ as the USA and Canada.

[@СвободаПравда-я8ц]

То что от вас скрывали настоящая правда !!!kzbin.info/www/bejne/gnKwgGyhedGjqJo поделись с другими!!

[@СвободаПравда-я8ц]

То-что от вас скрывали настоящая правда !!!kzbin.info/www/bejne/gnKwgGyhedGjqJo поделись с другими!!

[@michael14195]

Finland is where the Finns live. They are an ancient people, who regularly feature in the Icelandic sagas, which are tales from often before 1000 AD. They had been conquered by the Swedes, and then the Russians defeated the Swedes and took their turn ruling over the Finns, but the Finns had always been there.

[@otso9634]

Yes and The first Finns that migrated to Finland was about 1250-1000 years BC. so Finns in many ways are the first Neanderthal Hunter-gatherers in Europe, ETHNIC! Finns originate between the Volga, Oka and Kama rivers in what is now Russia.

[@sowhat249]

I'd just like to add that Finns are related to other Uralic people that exist in Russia today. Komi, Udmurt, Mari, Mansi, Nenets and many other that I can't remember right now, are all ethnic groups that belong to the Uralic people along with Finns, Sami, Estonians and distantly, the Hungarians.

[@otso9634]

not really, not anymore, As for the people, Finns have had lots of contacts with Germanic tribes and thus become genetically westernised. We can safely say that Finnish people are not Uralic Anymore.

[@henrikkiviljanen821]

Almost right, Mike.Its like Aleksi said + FINLAND is FIN= Beatiful,pretty in Swedish and LAND= Land...In "Vikingtime" (Swe,Nor,Den) its called VINLAND...For that reason, even my DNA is 20% scandinavian german (nor,den,swe,ger)15% russian and 8% irish (+2% italian) and my family have always been farmers and lived in S or W-Finland when we came here from N-Germany or Danmark/Norway/Sweden....So, i think that i have quite strong "Viking connection"..(with that "goodway" ) 😉😘😋

[@МояЛепта]

@@henrikkiviljanen821 а был ли мальчик ?!

[@alekseylibernikel7606]

In 1762 - 1825 timeline you can't see Ukraine as a country yet (Even though the word "Ukraine" were used to represend that land). Ukraine was formed in 1917 as Ukrainian Sovet Republick. Lands of modern Ukraine was subject of Russian Empire and USSR until 1991. Russian and Ukrainian cultures have always been closely linked. Сomon Russian can easily understend Ukrainian language. Russian language is also widely used in Ukraine. Especially in eastern part (Donetsk, Lugansk). Even etymologically the word "Ukrainian" mean "Border land". This youthness of Ukraine, quantity of russians living in here and also Crimean crisis make a lot of tension in Eastern Europe since 2013.

[@Grzenck]

так-же русскоязычные регионы это Херсон, Николаев, Одесса.

[@intrerioable]

12:38 Ukraine is a region between Russia and Poland the name comes from the word "okraina" , which means outskirts or borderland dont get me wrong , but in 18 century there was not such thing as Ukraine as a country or ukrainians as nationality these lands were mostly inhabited by runaway serfs from Russia and Poland who lived in close interaction with the Crimean Tatars in other words, they were Cossacks the land was extremely sparsely populated, after the invasion of the Mongols, which he spoke about in the first part, it was devastated. Narrator even mentioned it here 11:50 as well as colonization of this lands

[@MarkVrem]

It's sort of like Australia then.

[@MarkVrem]

There is actually a term RUTHENIA.. that sounds a lot like UKRAINIA. I just remembered. It's a term someone from Poland or Austria would use to describe the Russians living in Ukraine and even in Muscovy, as that was the Great Ruthenia. From Western Perspective.

[@intrerioable]

@@MarkVrem Ruthenia is just one of middle age latin variations of name Russia. Like Ruscia, Rossia, Roxolania. Since the 19th century, its use has become more frequent as an instrument of politically motivated differentiation of the Eastern Slavs. Especially by Austrians and Bolsheviks.

[@Groffili]

A little thing you might have missed, or misinterpreted. The "Holy Alliance", as it was said in the video, was formed to prevent "further _revolutions_ in Europe". You seemed to have interpreted that as some sort of peace-keeping organization... but it was not. It was primarily meant to prevent anti-monarchic changes in Europe, and specifically in the allied states. In that capacity, these states saw fit - or were invited - to intervene in internal conflicts that threatened the autority of the allied monarchs. Infamous example here: during the revolutionary years of 1848/49 (which you might remember from earlier videos), Hungary tried to secede from Austria... and was almost successful. Until the Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph asked for Russian assistence... and a quarter million Russian troops quashed the Hungarian revolt rather quickly, effectively and bloodily. Sure, as an alliance, it was also meant to prevent conflicts between the involved states, but the geopolitical differences between the three partners drove them more to opposition than a general social interest could unite them. The Prussia and Austria did nothing - even opposed - Russia just five years after the Hungarian intervention in the Crimean War.

[@Rob749s]

This is a very important distinction. The name "The Holy Alliance" was basically a marketing ploy, to make them sound like the good guys. Really, they were a conservative force preventing republicanism/democracy.

[@EmmettMcFly55]

@@Rob749s Considering the anti-clerical aspects of the French Revolution, the name "Holy Alliance", though obviously rather grandiose, was not completely *wrong*. (You could call it a marketing ploy, but all names are marketing ploys to some extent, and being against republicanism or even democracy was hardly something any of the Holy Alliance members would have been ashamed of.) And given that it was a military alliance, the fact that the Russians intervened in the Hungarian Uprising is hardly surprising - it wouldn't be much of an alliance if one member had not helped defeat such an extential threat to its fellow member states. (Granted, that is exactly what Austria did by failing to help Russia in the Crimean War a few years later, but that in fact showed that the Holy Alliance was coming to an end, with the more ideologically committed rulers (like Nicholas I) who were strongly influenced by the legacy of the Napoleonic Wars and put their commitment to prevent revolutions in Europe over their nation's narrow self-interest being replaced by a generation which was becoming more focused on cold, hard realpolitik - as Austria learned to its detriment when Bismarck united Germany.)

[@schpyy]

Yup, they didn't want liberalism to take hold in the rest of Europe. But it was inevitable in the end

[@MarkVrem]

Finns call themselves Suomi, which is similar to Sami. To the Germanic people of Sweden, this was pronounced Fenni... So from the Swedish perspective..Fennland. FINLAND.. The place where Finns live.. So it becomes Finland. It becomes the Dutchy of Finland within the Russian Empire because they are just calling it what the area was known to be called. That invasion is actually the second time Russia takes over Finland. The first time is during Peter the Great and the Great Northern War. But it is given back to Sweden at that time. But if you watch Finnish National Hockey team play, they will have the name SUOMI on their jerseys.

[@Le-0N91]

О как!!!Будем изучать историю по надписям на свитерах хоккеистов!😂😂😂Хорошо тогда канадцы тоже древний народ жрущие кленовые листья!

[@testudo2203]

Paul is just Paul because he was first and the only Paul. And by the way, Suvorov is the greatest Russian general of all time (disputed by Zhukov) had 63 battles, which were all in in minority and suffered no defeat. He could face Napoleon in northern Italy, but Napoleon attempted his Egyptian campaign. If you’re interested, check the siege of Ismail. The only siege in human history where attacking side was in minority and still took the keep by force not even having a long siege.

[@juhaimmanen6041]

Suvorov had also Finnish family name Syvävaara. He spoke many languages including Finnish. He liked to make "snow angels" in snow after sauna.

[@reycou6895]

One thing to remember about European history: Every region, place, group of people has history. In every country there are dozens of different groups of people who identify as something completely different than their ruler nation. In addition, regions inside countries have their own language and culture which is why Europan history is much more difficult than the US. And even those regions often have different identities, dialects etc. inside them as well. The difference in culture, language and identity inside the US is extremely low. (except Native Americans) Very surprising given its size

[@draganmarkovic491]

I would say that the reason for that is that the US culture is very dominant and reaches much further then US borders through dominant language and dominant media and pop culture. There is also another thing, in US you don't have minority status not in European sense, Europe is all about cultural preservation while in the US you have famous melting pot and whoever is a citizen of the US is American and can't be viewed as anything else.

[@YekouriGaming]

@@draganmarkovic491 In europe since the mid 1800's everyone have been unified and you are not viewed as anything else. Everyone knows you are American when you start saying that you are 20% decent of this and 30% decent of that, since no one cares in Europe they only care about where you are born/where your parents were born.

[@draganmarkovic491]

@@YekouriGaming I am not so sure about that, I am from Europe and that's not my experience. Here you have minority groups who are living in other country for hundred's of years but still claim their roots. Of course that is more common in eastern parts of Europe where borders were much more fluid. But there are western examples as well. Italians, Germans and French in Switzerland. French in Belgium, Italians in Slovenia, Catalans and Basques in Spain, Austrians in Italy, Hungarians in Serbia and Romania, Serbs in Romania, Turks in Bulgaria etc... As for what you are saying, context is different, if American is asked about nationality in let's say Germany he would say American but in the US story would go more like you said. But in Europe I am sure that if Hungarian from Romania was asked in Germany about his nationality answer would still be Hungarian or even if asked where are you from the answer would still involve Hungarian heritage...

[@reycou6895]

​@@draganmarkovic491 yeah i agree. And its often not just the nation people identify, but also regions/states. I myself identify as Bavarian first, German second. There are other examples like Catalonia, Basques,... In Europe, its easier to get into an identity crisis if you're from an immigrant family, since "being a certain nationality" is tied with a lot of culture, language and tradition. Its hard to be involved in multiple cultures that way. In the US you're basically American if you wave the US flag and like McDonalds. You don't have to speak a special dialect, know tradition and regional history of some sort.

[@draganmarkovic491]

@@reycou6895 There are some imigrant communities and people know their "old" nationality but it's rare that they culturally belong to their nation of origins or even to really know about it's culture and history, that would mostly be limited on first generation that was born there...

[@stamasd8500]

Finland has a much longer history than shown here. They had been previously annexed by Sweden, and the war with Russia only changed the "ownership" of Finns.

[@vaudevillian7]

The concept of national identity is a tricky one to get your head around, the notion as we understand it now only began really, properly in the mid 19th century (of course as with everything there’s precedent and a causal chain of events before it but still), it’s way more complex than you’d imagine especially with ‘national’ borders and rulers changing so often The revolutions of 1848 would be good to look into

[@staffan-]

Remember that all the Russian monarchs names are translated, as was the tradition. The somewhat oddly named Paul was called Pavel in Russian. Peter was Pjotr, Catherine was Jekaterina and Nicholas was Nikolai.

[@Handle0108]

The concept of the Nation state is interesting and surprisingly relatively novel. As explained in Benedict Anderson’s “imagined communities”, essentially before the development of mass media and the printing press, most people saw themselves as part of their small community where they lived while their rulers were seen as separate “divine” rulers that had a right to rule over them, but with advent of development in information sharing like newspapers, people started to expand that community they saw themselves as part of rapidly. What information did was it allowed people to identify with millions of people who they previously were never aware of who spoke the same language as them and had the same culture by the newspapers they read and the cultural icons they admired as a result of the spread of information. Furthermore, while previously large kingdoms/Empires were loosely held together by religious unity and a common unifying holy language like Latin, large empires shifted from more “religious” unity to national unity that basically meant that the culture of the ruling class will prevail, be standardized and be spread in media and institutions. Multiethnic states like Russia found it increasingly hard to rule over the many peoples they ruled over who were increasingly becoming more aware of their differences from the Russian state and these new “imagined” communities that formed began to imagine new states which represented them through people that spoke like them, consumed the same media as them and had the same interests as a result. Peasants who formerly just accepted Royals as “divine” untouchable rulers now saw that they were nothing more than a separate ethnic group that didn’t have the same interests as them. This lead to the Russian empire starting a controversial and brutal process of “Russification” which basically intended to make these new communities more Russian and make them more easily identify with the ethnic background of ruling elite which would thus make them easier to rule/control and spread information to. Ukraine is just one of these communities of people that the Russians occupied.

[@YekouriGaming]

Russification was based on the same nationalism movement that had begun in Europe after the Napoleonic War. Especially the Confederation of the Rhine was important for sparking this new mindset. People in the British Empire, French Empire, Danish Kingdom/empire and Dutch Kingdom/empire began being forced to learn the main countries native tongue. People in Iceland, Greenland and the Faroe Islands were forced to learn Danish. Suriname and the Dutch Caribean islands and Dutch East-indies had to learn Dutch and the many islands in the pacific had to learn either French or English. This would just further expand as Africa was colonized again later in the 1800's and there are still remnants of it today, as the former colonizers language are either the main state language or at least a recognized language. Suriname in South America exclusively has Dutch as their state language and children in the independent Iceland still learns Danish in school (even tho they totally don't have to).

[@BerishStarr]

Finland was a part of Sweden for nearly 650 years. During this time Finland was the region around Åbo, the country was called Österland (Eastern Land). Its was during Russian rule the Finnish nationalism was born, and grew to finally declare independence during the Russian Revolution. The independence in turn lead to the Finnish Civil War.

[@sowhat249]

13:22 | They mentioned Ukraine in the previous video, but only in refference to the territory that corresponds with modern Ukraine. Ukrainian national awakening happened in late 1700s/early 1800s. Before this there was no such thing as Ukraine. Ukrainian identity came from Rus people that had come under Polish influence after the creation of the Poland-Lithuania in 1569. Although Russia regained control of the region mid 1600s, the region had come under a lot of Polish influence, that caused a split in identities.

[@davidribeiro1064]

Regarding the priesthood question it means that being ordained or taking monastic vows removes someone from succesion lines. That's one of the reasons younger sons of the nobility often ended up as clergy. It's not airtight though. In Portugal the first and the last kings of the Aviz dynasty had taken holy orders, the first being the Grand Master of the Knights of Aviz, and the last being a Cardinal.

[@PhilHug1]

Speaking of Wondrium, I HIGHLY, HIGHLY recommend their three series they have on the Middle Ages: Early Middle Ages, High Middle Ages, and Late Middle Ages. I was as confused by that time period as you but these three series made me feel like an expert. Super thorough

[@marycarver1542]

Without wishing to be disrespectful t all, this just demonstrates how young and ignorant America is about the history of the world, particularly Great Britain and Europe before they were really even on the map. thank you for the great videos

[@thatindiandude4602]

I could say the same thing about Europeans and their knowledge of the history of Asia and Africa. Likewise for the inhabitants of those continents.

[@PhilHug1]

Poland has been annex by Russia twice (or three times depending on how you count it) so no surprised they jumped to join NATO when they got the chance

[@mustardstang573]

During this time, national identity and nationalism itself hadn’t established itself in Europe. For example, people who lived in Finland identified as Finns living under the rule of the Swedish Kingdom, not as Swedes themselves. The region of Russia that would make up Ukraine was concentrated with Ruthenians (Ancestors of modern Ukrainians who were cousins to the Russians), Tatars, Cossacks, and Jews. Rather than see themselves as Russians, they identified with whichever ethnic group they came from. I also think it’s important to note that Belorussians, Ukrainians, and Russians all have a common ancestry from the Kievan Rus’, however due to centuries of separation and migrations became separate ethnic groups. Similar to the way that Latins separated into the French, Spanish, and Italians.

[@Waldorf73]

In these cases, it often pays to see what the Romans thought. In Latin, the Finns are known as Finni, and Finland is either Finnia or Finlandia. The Finnish language is "lingua Finnica". It's no co-incidence that world-famous composition by Jean Sibelius is called Finlandia. The reason Epic History TV didn't put the name "Finland" on the map before 1809, is because it was under Swedish rule. Doesn't mean it didn't exist. It just wasn't an independent country yet. If the Romans had a name for the Finns, you can be sure the Russians did NOT give Finland its name.

[@lahire4943]

Following Austro-Russian defeat at Zurich and Anglo-Russian disaster in Holland, after which Britain left the surviving Russian soldiers on an island of the Channel, refusing that they set a foot on the mainland, several other British diplomatic insults towards Russia pushed Paul I of Russia to leave the coalition and to break diplomatic relations with Great Britain. He created the Armed Neutrality coalition with Sweden, Denmark and Prussia to protect neutral shipping against the Royal Navy's wartime policy of unlimited search of neutral shipping for French contraband, and began a rapprochement with France. However, the Royal Navy attacked and destroyed a Danish fleet anchored in Copenhagen, forcing the Danes to leave the coalition, and few days later, Paul I was assassinated by a conspiracy with the support of the British ambassador in St-Petersburg. "Paul I had been the victim of a conspiracy where there were the gold and the hand of the British government", said future king of France Louis XVIII. Paul's successor, Alexander, who did not punish the assassins, quickly made peace with Great Britain...

[@BlameThande]

I'm glad you're doing this videos closely together and with the addition of the lecture you mentioned, it's more likely you'll be able to keep track of this rather than forgetting if there are long gaps in between. 13:16 & 17:08 : What you need to understand is that nations are not the same as countries (nation states). You can have a stateless nation that is ruled over by others, but is still a coherent people with a distinct language and culture (the best known modern example may be the Kurds). The Finns have been around as a culturally distinct people speaking the Finnish language for thousands of years, but didn't get their own fully independent, unified nation state until 1918, previously having been first divided tribes, then Swedish-ruled, then Russian-ruled. The Ukrainians were historically sometimes called Little Russians, as the Belarusians are White Russians, and modern Russian ("Great Russian") irredentists claim they should all be united, whether they want it or not. I think Americans struggle with this concept because the USA is not a traditional nation state defined by language (other countries also speak English) or religion/ethnicity (it's a melting pot) - you need to understand just how groundbreaking an idea this was when the US became independent, and plenty of countries used to treat Americans as just rebellious English people for years after the US became independent - they speak English, therefore they're English (Amish people still call Americans 'the English'). 19:45 What you say is somewhat true of the Concert of Europe set up by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to try to ensure peace; the Holy Alliance was a subgroup of that, with the Russians, Prussians and Austrians being conservatives who thought that the Concert's role should be to suppress liberal revolutions and enforce absolute monarchy as a system everywhere. However, the more liberal British wanted no truck with this, so refused to be part of it. Historia Civilis has an ongoing series of videos about how the Congress tried to set up a lasting peace in Europe, starting here: kzbin.info/www/bejne/eXmUoIyeic6ar6M

[@andrewclayton4181]

Quick point. The holy Alliance was an exercise in preventing revolution, not war. The top aristos were often connected by family ties and they wanted to keep power in the hands of the few, not the masses. Another series that I watched on BBC was a three parter called The Romanovs, presented by the historian Lucy Worsley. If you can find it somewhere, I do recommend it. She covers the lives of these Russian emperors.

[@greg_mca]

The name Finland comes from the swedes, who occupied the region for centuries. The finns themselves refer to their land as Suomi (themselves being the Suomalaiset). Up until postwar it was very rural, with most big cities along the coasts. That undercurrent of independence and wilderness survival is still around today. Most of their language family are still around, but not very populous, such as the Estonians, the Karelians, the Ingrians, the Komi, and the Sami. Most of them were (and several still are) under the rule of Russia

[@greg_mca]

As an aside something interesting to look into in the future might be the interior Republics of Russia. Russia covers a lot of land and is extremely ethnically diverse, but to those outside the country it can all look pretty similar. Several of the more distinct cultures have regional autonomy and are pretty proud of their unique cultures. Worth looking at for sure

[@stephenparker6362]

Hi, Sarah, another very interesting video. The Holy Alliance was not to stop war but to stop revolutions, the French Revolution had spooked many in Europe. You mentioned a programme on the history of Ukraine, I hope you do it on here so we can see you react to that.

[@jobfranschman8436]

It was also to stop wars.

[@spooksmysteries4971]

We shall not miss the fact, that until fairly recently teenagers were considered to be young adults. In 19 hundreds a working class 15 year-old was expected to already pull ones weight. Only the up- stairs people could afford to stay a child up to ones 20's. As a side note, up-stairs folks also could afford that nonsense of a lawn, while common folks had a garden plot for vegetables.

[@chrisbovington9607]

19:15 SoGal, the Holy Alliance was formed to prevent revolutions, not wars. They wanted to save monarchies, not prevent conquests.

[@jensschroder8214]

Volga Germans: these got land there in Russia and kept their language, culture and religion for a long time. For this they operated agriculture and made the area arable. However, under Stalin, their locations were dissolved and they were scattered throughout Russia. After 1980 to 2000 many moved back to Germany. There they are often confused with Russians, although their ancestors are German and still know German culture.

[@jensschroder8214]

Ukraine today asked to join the EU and NATO. Surely that won't happen overnight during a war. And also NATO troops will not quickly cross the border to Ukraine. But I'm sure European countries are now doing everything else to help Ukraine. For example, anyone in Western media can track intelligence information on where Russian troops are and what the armament is. Also, there is a media war to inform the Russian people about what is happening to their brothers in Kiev. But everyone left the room when the Russian foreign minister delivered his video message. And that was the message: Nobody listened to his announcement.

[@MADFEDOTYCH]

Just Paul🤣🤣really funny👍🏻

[@derekmiles7358]

Thanks Sarah loving the Russian history 👍 don’t remember learning this at school thanks again great video 👍

[@finnishculturalchannel]

One theory of the origin of "Finland" is that it originates from the Latin word "finis" (end). All of the vague area of North Europe, all the way to Ural Mountains, was mapped as "Finnish Tribes". Meaning the "All of the who knows who people who live in the end of the world".

[@hubertwandl5053]

Azov is about 45 miles away from the border to ukraine, so it is not as far away as you think!^^ And the "Holy Allience" was not formed to prevent war, but to prevent revolutions, so that the old established rulers would not have to face revolutions every other year!

[@fraso7331]

The first one to mention the "Fenni" people was the Roman author Tacitus around 100 AD. The Holy Alliance was founded to prevent revolutions in the first place and to prevent war only in the second place. And it couldn't prevent the revolution of 1848 to reach Austria and Prussia or the Crimean War to start in 1853, which was the first major war in Europe since 1815. But 38 years without a major war were never seen before in Europe. I think, that can be regarded as success.

[@harryfrentz6899]

Hmmm... looks like next time we'll be getting to the early 1900's and the Russo-Japanese war. They're going to be glossing over the Second Pacific Squadron, but you should look them up. Drachinifel does a good two parter on them, first the voyage to the Battle of Tsushima, then the battle itself. A Comedy of Errors does not do them justice, the whole thing was that bad.

[@andyallan2909]

Finland was occupied by Sweden, and was, like Norway, therefore part of theSwedish Empire. When the Russians defeated the Swedish army they occupied Finland and it became part of the Russian empire. The maps you've been looking at are showing the lands occupied by the various empires. This doesn't mean that individual countries not marked on the maps didn't exist; the likes of Finland, Norway, Hungary, Ukraine, Greece, etc. etc. (not shown individually) did exist but they had been overcome by mightier powers and become parts of powerful empires. Like nowadays you might see a map of the Americas which only shows the US but doesn't show the individual states, or a map of Africa which doesn't show individual countries (doesn't mean they're not there).

[@RESTITVTOR_TOTIVS_HISPANIAE]

I recommend "America never stood for freedom" by Hakim. Must be enlightening for Americans.

[@dorinpopa6962]

As someone mentioned here, nations and modern ideas of national identity are relatively new things. People identified often by religion, and the imediate region where they lived. Languages were less standardized and as formal education was rare, the way people spoke was more varied through the lands and was influenced by the neighboring peoples. This way, since the lands of the Rus' passed under Polish and Lithuanian control, the commonly spoken language started to change there and in the parts not controlled by them and that formed Russia it continued to develop its own features. Also, lands of the modern Ukraine where gradually incorporated into Russia and those in the East thus are a lot more Russian culturally and often speak Russian as they have been part of one state for a long time. In contrast, the Westernmost parts of Ukraine were added to the Ukraine only in 1939. Those lands were for a long time part of Poland, then Austria and then Poland again.

[@GormHornbori]

Ukraine is both the areas you were talking about at 10:30 Ukraine means borderlands, and until this point it was an area of constantly shifting borders between Russia, Poland/Lithuania, Crimean Tartars and Cossack tribes. In all of Europe is was common to have "marches", or borderlands with special laws. The most important reason was to redistribute taxes and manpower for local defenses and military. But also cope with the more multi ethnic population naturally resulting from the shifting borders. These marches have given names to numerous regions in Europe, and even countries like Denmark and Ukraine. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_(territory) At 13:00 you asked why you can't see Ukraine on the map. You can! The eastern border of Pale of settlement is pretty close to the border between Russia and Ukraine today (only Kharkov is really outside the Pale of Settlement). The Pale of settlement is a typical example of such a special law allowing an ethnic group (Jews) in this particular borderland, while expelled from the Russian heartlands. Before 1800 the idea to have borders matching the ethnicity of the people living in a country was foreign to most people in Europe. Wars and kings drew the borders. You can say the the idea of modern ethnic nations was discussed first during the enlightenment, it became political force in central Europe by 1848, and became reality for most of Europe only after World War I. Ukraine also had a short stint of independence after World War I. There were actually 3 different Ukrainian states seeking independence before they were ground down by the Russian civil war. Before Russia annexed Finland, the nobility was Swedish speaking, as were the cities and some coastal areas, but in most of the country the peasants spoke Finnish. Finnish is a very different language from Swedish and Russian. While Russia tried to Russify Finland, people in Finland thought of themselves as different, and started using Finnish for literature and art. With migration to the cities in the 1900s, the majority language in the cities swapped to Finnish. And eventually even the traditional nobility switched to Finnish. (ironically, if Russia had not annexed Finland, and people resisting this: If Finland had stayed in Swedish rule for another 100-130 years, you could have a situation like Ireland today, with most of the population speaking Swedish, and Finnish being the minority language.) Language is also important to the situation in Ukraine. Ukrainian is related to Russian, but also different. Comparable to the difference from Dutch to German. There exist a dialect continuum from where the west is more different from Russian, and the East more similar to Russian. Also during the Soviet Union everybody had to learn Russian in school; a lot of Ukrainians were sent to the Siberia, Ukrainians suffered badly during the Holodomor, more Russians were moved in to the mining operations in Donbass and the fleet bases of Crimea, making these areas "more Russian" in terms of language.

[@PeDr0.UY131]

Thanks for another good and educational video and thanks for the Wondrium recommendation. Learning history is always important, otherwise, as a society, we will always make the same mistakes.😕😕😕 I know it's a stereotype, that Americans don't know anything about history or geography. But it's not just Americans, it's the new generations in general. Here in Uruguay more European history is taught than American history due to our roots, but still the new generations do not show interest in history. that's why it's a pleasure to see you learn and learn things with you too.🤗 Please more videos like this.

[@markcopsey4729]

Ukrainians were people who spoke Ukrainian, originally a southern Russian dialect. Ethnically they are a mixture of Slavic, Cossack, Tartar and even Turkish people's. It wasn't until the 19th century that they began to see themselves as a unified culture.

[@dorinpopa6962]

"Wild EAST: The Cossack World" is also a good video here on KZbin by SandRhoman History that explains the history of the Cossacks.

[@alexandermarkov300]

Ukraine can be translated from Old Russian as a border region, which was originally applied to various border lands of Rus, but such a name was fixed for modern Ukraine. And at that time, all Eastern Slavs called themselves Russians or simply Orthodox Christians. In the Russian Empire, modern Ukraine was called Little Russia and the Little Russian language was considered a dialect of the (Great) Russian language.

[@spooksmysteries4971]

To arrange your thoughts SoGal: Crimea is that diamond shaped peninsula at the north shore of the Black Sea :)

[@marycarver1542]

Thank you for your postings. Even for we Europeans it is fascinating to see it laid out like this.

[@steved6092]

Great video ... the founding date for Ukraine was 24 Aug 1991 ... 💙💛

[@markcopsey4729]

The vast majority of Europeans were peasants who really only knew their local area. Above them was a hierarchy of landlords and nobles headed by a king. These people often spoke different languages from the peasants. Border changes often just meant a change of ruler and didn't really affect the local peasants who carried on as they always had.

[@AbenZin1]

At the mention of the Zaporozhian Cossacks, I feel the need to bring up one of my favourite works of art (as can be deduced from my avatar!), The Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks. Art videos may well by somewhat out of your normal wheelhouse, but this one (kzbin.info/www/bejne/qWfNg3ltoLaKipI) is a good 'un. It goes into the history of the piece as well as the background and the history of the Cossacks themselves. If you want to do a reaction to this (which I strongly urge you to do) then be aware that some of the language is a little... colourful. Keep up the good work!

[@noobgamerbo2773]

well about kids and adulthood, im 42 and my grand ma got sent out to serve as a maid / guvernante when she was 14 that was pretty normal back then (1950's)

[@christianpackard8674]

i'm glad you're confused too. because so am i. i get the gist of it. but i think theres something funny going on with this war when you look at older videos of discriptions of russia and ukraine, where as videos and articles posted nowadays seem to stray from the topic.

[@Luredreier]

7:22 In Norway our protestant church usually does the confirmation (a ritual where you confirm your faith, since you obviously can't do that at babtism if you're a baby at the time) at the age of 15. And that was historically the age when you where considered an adult. Iceland being similar to Norway had similar traditions. And the age of consent in Iceland was 14 as recently as 2007, it's 15 now. Basically teens aren't necessarily seen as children everywhere. Similarly in other cultures. Bar mitzvah and bat mitzvah are Jewish ceremonies at 13 (boys) and 12 (girls) that from what I understand traditionally signified a individuals entrance into adulthood. What these examples hopefully make you realize is that back in historic times it was normal for teens to be seen as adults, working, providing for their families, often forming their own, making their own way through life, marrying, having children, the whole lot. You as a girl would probably be married at 12 in many parts of the world in many parts of history, and would probably be pregnant by 14 or 15, if not earlier. Children often didn't survive, stillborn or dying in their infancy. So you'd probably be burying a few before one actually grew up. And having a few was important. As you needed to be sure you'd have some that could provide for you when you reached an old age (there where times when you'd probably be among the older people in your community if you managed to become 35, simply because people where dropping as flies among the poor...)

[@peterjackson4763]

That was not the case in England in the middle ages (maybe elsewhere too but England is the place I know the history off). Marriage could happen at 12, but that was rare. Men would not get married until they could support a family which for the majority was in the mid 20s. They married women of a similar age who had the skills to support them. The people who tended to marry very young were the aristocracy Also the average life span if you made it into your teens was a lot more than 35. The overall average was brought down by the very high infant mortality rate. Only the healthy made it to 20 so they could then expect to live a reasonably long time.

[@YekouriGaming]

It is in the 1700's that we even fully coin the term for Empire to describe ruling over many different groups of people, what we would now call a country ruling over multiple other countries (United Kingdom anybody). A "country/nation" would first and foremost have a ruler and it is what regions would be firmly defined under, and it is what you see on the maps. For example "Austria" was a geographic region in Europe and it would commonly be known and shown on maps as the Habsburg Monarchy as it was not a kingdom but a monarchy of multiple kingdoms, sort of like Empire and it is why Austria during and after the Napoleonic Wars would often be called Austrian Empire and why Russia becomes the Russian Empire as it expands. The Tsar of Russia would be known as Emperor as the official title in 1721 and the Habsburg Monarchy would become the Austrian Empire in 1804. The title of Empire and Emperor was otherwise only given to the Holy Roman Empire and the former Roman Empire and it is also in the 1900's that the English becomes the British Empire as the red coats during the American Revolution were English and not British. We only fully coin the term of "country/nation" in the 1800's when there are a rise of nationalism and people start feeling connected to the other that speak the same language, uses the same coins and have the same cultural traditions, and by this definition many of the older already unified kingdoms such as UK, Denmark, Sweden, Netherlands, Portugal and Spain can be called countries/nations. It is why Germany and Italy only emerges in 1871 when all of the areas with the same language and culture unites under one single ruler. Lets just take the United States of America, it was not a "country/nation" either until after the civil war, when there was a clearer distinction between the state and federal level of government. A settler living in Oregon or California in 1850's were pretty divided from someone living in Vermont or Maine and this lack of unity is what gave a lot of the troubles for the federal government, however it was more unified than the chaotic areas of Germany and Italy.

[@N0031inq]

Finland was invaded by Sweden prior to the Russian invasion. Finns are one of the very oldest people of Europe and ven the name Finland is from old Norse (Finnland). Doing the 1100s Denmark led three crusades to Finland to stamp out the pagan Finns. In the mid 1200s the Swedes led a second Swedish crusade and Finland fell under Swedish control. For hundred of years the Fins were under the somewhat brutal rule of the Swedish monarchs (old Nordic kings were not the nicest bunch). But even after generations Finland was never considered "Swedish" by the Swedes (not really surprising if you know how arrogant and tribalistic the old Scandinavians used to be) and the Finnish identity and language survived. If you travel to Finland today you can still see the Swedish period exemplified in old statures, buildings and the sizeable population of Fenno-Swedes.

[@thomasschmidt1452]

The main problem of these series is that the author almost ignoring that these "briliant" emperors and emperesses turn 90% of Russians into serves, but practicaly into a slaves. Russian peasants had the same rights as Afro-American had. They were just a living property for their masters, mainly foreign nobles. That was the price for the state glory - slavery of the people. And the only chance of freedom for Russian was in the first half of XX-th century but the communists usurped the power and a fewer years later Russians would also be turned into serves and slaves.

[@daviddavis7710]

Ukraine, though currently one nation, is divided into two halves by the River Danube which flows into the Black Sea. It's the longest river in Europe and easy to spot on any map.

[@MarkVrem]

River Dnieper... .. Danube flows through Vienna and Belgrade.

[@alesxemsky]

It's not Danube, which doesn't flow in Ukraine. I think you meant Dnieper (or Dnipro).

[@Groffili]

I think you mean the River Dnepr, which runs through Ukraine and flows into the Black Sea. The Danube is further to the south, the lower part is at the southern rumanian border. It is also only the second longest river in Europe, with the Volga being the longest.

[@daviddavis7710]

Quite right gentlemen. My mistake. I meant the Dnieper.

[@drivers99]

9:38 1/4th of my ancestors were Volga Germans. Fortunately they came to America around 1900 because things didn’t go well there later. And 1/4 is from Finland in the 1890s (my last name is actually a translation from Finnish) but the immigration papers say “Russia”. So 1/2 is from Russia but none of them were Russian at all!

[@williambranch4283]

John Paul Jones, of American Revolution fame, went on to be a naval mercenary working for Czarina Ekaterina in the war in the Sea of Azov. Czarina Ekaterina also sponsored Pushkin, a great Russian poet. Ukrainians are multiethnic ... Russians are mono-ethnic. Ukrainians are Russian, Polish, Lithuanian, Jewish, German and Cossack. The northern city of Novgorod was never conquered, and Moscow only briefly. Kiev was conquered by many.

[@markmorris7123]

You should watch Catherine the great on extra credits history channel.She's one of Europes greatest queens, perhaps even the greatest

[@casslane3932]

geopolitics resources and cultural history and of course raw imperial ambition are generaly part of any war of expansion though they tend to give the solders different reasons

[@stephenparker6362]

Ukraine translates into English as borderland, the area existed but not as a country. After the Russian Revolution it was one of the founder republics of the USSR. The first time Ukraine became a fully independent country was after the break up of the Soviet Union. Worth studying more.

[@YekouriGaming]

Russification was based on the same nationalism movement that had begun in Europe after the Napoleonic War. Especially the Confederation of the Rhine was important for sparking this new mindset. People in the British Empire, French Empire, Danish Kingdom/empire and Dutch Kingdom/empire began being forced to learn the main countries native tongue. People in Iceland, Greenland and the Faroe Islands were forced to learn Danish. Suriname and the Dutch Caribean islands and Dutch East-indies had to learn Dutch and the many islands in the pacific had to learn either French or English. This would just further expand as Africa was colonized again later in the 1800's and there are still remnants of it today, as the former colonizers language are either the main state language or at least a recognized language. Suriname in South America exclusively has Dutch as their state language and children in the independent Iceland still learns Danish in school (even tho they totally don't have to).

[@omarbradley6807]

Altought the French identity and nationalism literally was not during the "French Empire" as it was multicultural

[@YekouriGaming]

@@omarbradley6807 Yes, it was in Post-Napoleon in the new world order

[@erikaoharadwashington5769]

Check out Caspian Report

[@sowhat249]

The term Ukraine has a meaning but people here give you a wrong translation. They say Ukraina means borderland, which although somewhat coreect, that's a very loose, indirect translation. Ukraina is made of two archaic words, U which means in, and kraina which comes from the word kroy/kroity, which translates in "to cut", or in this context, to define where something ends and another begins. In order words to establish a border. There also other regions in Russia today that have the word krai in them. The translation has shifted to region/area, but the root of the word remains, to cut, meaning a region where it ends. Primorsky krai = the end at the sea. Zabaykalski krai = the end at Baikal lake. Altaisky krai = the end at Altai mountains etc. These regions carry krai in their names, because they were once frontier regions of Russia. Regions where Russia used to end, and something else began. The case with Ukraine is similar. The region came to be known as Ruthenia while under Lithuanian and Polish control, but after the Russians took control mid 1600s, the region became a frontier of Russia, a krai, a place where Russia ended. So it became known as Ukraina or translated roughly as in the end regions, which can be roughly translated as a borderland. And as it happens in European countries, you call people by their birth place. Muscovians, Siberians. In this case, Ukrainians. When their national awakening happened, they already had a name for themselves, Ukrainians. People from the end regions.

[@olegfedorov3225]

Dear SoGal, please read War an Peace or watch some of films, especially directed by Bondarchuk.

[@artgutz5295]

Counry as Ukraine did not exist rill 1991. Komunists led by Lenin created Ukrainian Soviet Social Republic after they won in Civil war. This war started after revolution in 1917. Ukraine is name of teritory. It was region of Polish-lithuanian comonwelth and later parst joined to russian empire step by step.

[@BoBaH_BoBaHoB]

Thank you. We want more!

[@marksadventures3889]

Interesting that Russia would choose to call their Star Wars group and base Catherine and then Peter the Great. This was in opposition to Reagan's US base.

[@divifilius]

The area known as Ukraine today was a cultural hotbed for more than 1000 years as all would be invaders from Huns during the 4-5th century Roman Empire to 13th century Mongols used the area as bases for their conquests eventually settling and intermingling with the locals. I'd say Ukraine is a hybrid culture born of several centuries of cultural intermingling. Today I'd say they are more affiliated to the cossacks who were descended from the Mongols that had mingled with the local Khazars, Cumans and Slavic tribes to form a new identity. The same goes for the area between the Baltic Sea and Black Sea(that Catherine the Great named the Pale of Settlements and that's why they see themselves as sovereign peoples not identifying much with the larger slavic nations like Poland and Russia.

[@schpyy]

Names of nations very often comes from their ethnicity, Ottoman Empire may be plastered all over south east Europe but within it you still have the Greeks, Bulgarians, Croatians, Romanians and so on waiting for a revolution..

[@ragnarironspear1791]

Loved your TT video you should check out the NW200 and The Ulster GP and The Armoy Road races here in Northern Ireland

[@draganmarkovic491]

Ukraine and Ukrainians are basically Russians colonists mixed with other Slavic, Turkic and Tatar tribes and people which pre date Slavic migration. Ukraine as a word means region or a border region so in some way Ukrainian nation under that name is fairly new, probably couple of centuries old. Nationality in Europe is very fluid as regional division often become new nations and vice versa.

[@HibikiKano]

Ukraine as a name is fairly new. In Austrian empire they were named Ruthenian as a people and language. Again you have to think of those not as countries but as dynasties that held onto dutchies. Nothing was homogeneous at that time. To bad they didn't cover the Circassian genocide.

[@ministarodbrane]

I would like to see your reaction on the long movie called " Ukraine on Fire "

[@anonimousanonimous7472]

The rulers were young, but they had plenty of advisors who were mostly old men maybe some women.

[@eduardpeeterlemming]

I think you should listen to Finnish winter war songs

[@totonk793]

It's rather a retro-knowledge, where the current political pliteness force auther to refer Ukraine eve though it was not even a country. The time of appearance of theword itself can be discussed though. It literally meant "Okraina" = "The edge" or "The border" referring most likely to the Zaporozhian cossacks and Krym Tatars scarse "frontier" of the Russian Empire

[@sergeesin]

1:15 В 2014 году Украина перестала существовать как государство, нарушив Конституцию страны, совершив государственный переворот! Так что ни о какой аннексии не может идти речь. 7:49 Никакой Украины во времена Екатерины 2 не было! Это было не государство а территориальная единица (и называлось это, другим термином). Украина как Государство образовалось в результате распада СССР!!! 16:19 Цель сражения, разгромить Русскую армию и склонить Россию к миру. Мир не получил, Армию не разгромил. Почему Наполеон при Бородино, вышел победителем?!🙄 А Её (Финляндии) и не было, до Русско-Шведской войны(1808-1809). Благодаря этой войне и появилось на свет новое государство, Финляндия. До 1917 года находилась в составе Российской империи/республики (в 1917 году Россия предоставила Финляндии независимость). Но ещё в 1906 году женщины Финляндии получили свои избирательные права от России!!! В 1917 они их получили на всей территории России. PS: Интересные факты Вашей истории, о которых Вам не говорят. А зачем, ведь Россия Вам враг. Екатерина 2, поспособствовала обретению независимости Соединенных Штатов и направила военную эскадру чтобы снять морскую блокаду, которую устроила Англия. А когда произошла гражданская война, выступила на стороне Севера, 2 военные эскадры и сухопутный корпус отправила на материк, против Англии и Франции.

[@krakendragonslayer1909]

Polish POV: How to properly pronounce "Meissen"? "Miśnia".

[@baronvonleppe5029]

13:44 haha

[@alansmithee8831]

Hello SoGal and Roger. Are native Alaskans Russian? It was sold to US by the Czar. As a kid in UK my Ukrainian neighbours did not identify as Soviet. I am sure your ancestors still felt Irish even when at this time Ireland became part of UK. The more recent wars in Europe showed not all Yugoslavs felt suddenly Serbian. From the same area in WW1 you saw that Austria Hungary was another empire of many nationalities. In short the Russian Empire was not all Russian, but left a legacy of Russian speakers. Your native language is English, yet you are from US not UK. I am told however that some in US identify as Klingon and there is reputed to be a famous Cardassian family? P.S. The Ottoman claim to the Tartar lands in Crimea had not at this point gone away. Note that the later Crimean War, that got Britain and France involved in that area, would see the stretching of the unity in the three powers in Eastern Europe referred to as keeping the peace.

[@ElenaKozyreva]

5) In 1923, the Entente transferred Galicia to Poland. In 1924, the Communists, hoping for the victory of the world revolution and preparing to annex Galicia, began the violent Ukrainization of Little Russia. Here, again, M. Grushevsky was needed, with his "movoyu". I. Stalin, in order to teach the Little Russians a language alien to them, discharged thousands of teachers from Poland. A. Dovzhenko, O. Vishnya - runaway Petliurists, such teachers discharged from Poland. Until the end of his life, M. Hrushevsky never learned Ukrainian, it was too painful for him to come up with a natural language. At the beginning of the 30s, M. Hrushevsky distinguished himself again - he began to weave a Ukrainian conspiracy, and when he was arrested, he turned in all the participants in the conspiracy - they were all shot, except for him. Even his death is kind of strange, in a sanatorium, from blood poisoning... Apparently, everyone has already got this "old bastard", "scientific nonentity" (as contemporaries spoke of him), because he has done a lot of evil.. In 1933, at the November plenum of the party, due to the absence of a world revolution, Ukrainian conspiracies and the deterioration of the academic performance of students taught in Ukrainian, they decided to "correct the excesses of Ukrainization..." In large cities, parents were given the opportunity to choose the language of instruction for their children (and naturally, the choice was in favor of Russian). But in the villages of most regions there was no such right to choose. Russian Russian was banned for a long time, forced Ukrainization was stopped in 1938, and the printing of Ukrainian newspapers in Russian was allowed... After 1945, no one remembered about Ukrainization. Of course, the Ukrainizers worked in the USSR after the Second World War. In Soviet research institutes, Ukrainizers spent millions of budget funds on improving the Ukrainian language. In the 50s, in Ukrainian, potatoes were called "bulba", and in the 70s, they were already called "kartoplya". They copied not only literary works, but also songs on the "mova". However, sometimes they forgot about such Russian words as "cancer" and "fish". There are also poems and songs in the Little Russian language, where the hand of the Ukrainizers did not reach. I read to one "schirom" Maidan activist: "Marusya one, two, three viburnum. A dark-haired divchina, in the garden she was tearing a berry.. And I'm going to the green garden, to the garden, to dig a crinichenka..." He asked me right away: "Is there a Ukrainian mova here?" "Right." - I answer him: "The Ukrainian language is a chimera, and this is a Little Russian song..." I understand that there are people who absorbed this language of M. Hrushevsky with their mother's milk and their parents were also deceived. The Chinese believe that not everything that the "Great Helmsman" Mao did was good, only 70%. We can also say about the Communists of the USSR, who forcibly Ukrainized Little Russia. The centenary of the birth of the first Ukrainians, in Ukraine, was celebrated - only by Maidan. Ukrainians are fighting, as at their birth - for the Uniate faith (not Russian) and the "mov" gibberish (not at all Little Russian)... Evgeny Kazakov The literature used. 1) O. Buzina "Union of plow and trident. How Ukraine was invented..." 2) A. Karevin "Non-Russian Russia (How "ridna mova" was born)" 3) V. Vavrik "Genocide of the Carpatho-Russian Muscovites is a silent tragedy of the twentieth century" 4) Schengen Ukraine: V. Vavrik "Talergof and Terezin" 5) Orthodox Church calendar "Hieromartyr Maxim Gorlitsky

[@eldertoguro1]

React to CGP Grey Rules for Rulers

[@andyp5899]

:) You should realise they became adults much sooner because there was less knowledge to learn especially history :) Ukraine as an administrative region was created by Stalin. Russia was a group of supposedly autonomous soviet republics, the Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik (CCCP: in English USSR). When the Soviet Union broke up in 1991 was when Ukraine became an independent nation. There are some that believe the current leader of Russia is not trying to recreate the USSR but the Czarist Empire.

[@omarbradley6807]

Yes the problem here is who Ukraine growth during the Soviet era, as all de regions east of the Dnipro and Galitzia were added under Lenin Stalin and Khrushev, so liiterally if they wanted the russian Tsarism back they will be invading Ukraine

[@captaintrizer]

You should review the documentary 'the Russian revolution in colour' you can find it online

[@MarkVrem]

Need to look more into it. But starting to think Ukrainia comes from Ruthenia. Which is just a Polish/Austrian perspective name for Russians. But the fact Ukrainians call themselves this, just shows the Western influence on them from an early time.

[@totonk793]

No it's kinda like UN. And to be fair NATO is a militry alliance not counter-military so to say. :)

[@totonk793]

At the time Kathrine was "siezing" a prt of Ukraine there was even no such thing as Ukrain. The Krimean was runned by the Krym Tatars that were a lot of the Turkish imposer of some sort at that time

[@ristusnotta1653]

you must understand that these empires do not follow the ethnic lines of europe, there are different peoples living everywhere but ruled over by an empire/kingdom, current map of europe is much more accurate by ethnic lines but there are still significant communities of different peoples living inside countries who have always been living there but not given a chance for independence, biggest of these is perhaps Russia which is way more diverse than people think

[@FLORATOSOTHON]

Kings and Emperors of royal descent do not have last names. If you see the map with the Polish-Lithuanian area and Russia you will see that they are separated by the Dnieper river. This river separates East Ukraine from West Ukraine today and explains why the two sides are so different and effectively hate each other. Of course during the Soviet era, they were all considered Soviets and any nationalistic attitudes were purged. This led to some population mixing, but still about 70% of the population in East and South Ukraine and less than 30% in West Ukraine are of Russian origin. The hatred between the two sides of Ukraine was so great, that during WW2 many Western Ukrainians joined the SS and were used as extermination camp guards, or in Ukrainian Waffen SS divisions. These historic events and divisions, along with Western economic interests regarding who will supply the EU with natural gas, led to the tragedy of today, that may very well escalate to WW3, since none of the parts involved, has any room to diplomatically back down while saving face at the same time. This video might also be of interest: kzbin.info/www/bejne/eZ3PamSsm8iSabM

[@ElenaKozyreva]

2) What day is considered the day of the appearance of the first Ukrainians? Some went through Talerhof and renounced all Russian, while others did not even get into a concentration camp, were killed earlier. The Austrians believed that it was useless to convert them into Ukrainians. The Orthodox Galician priest Maxim Gorlitsky (Maxim Timofeevich Sandovich) was strong in the Russian faith. So on March 28, 1912, he was once again arrested and imprisoned in the city of Lviv. He was accused of collusion with three other clergymen who were talking about Orthodoxy in the city of Brody. Only thanks to the petition of Nicholas II and his support, at the trial, the clergy were acquitted and released on June 7, 1914. But on July 4, 1914, he was arrested again on false charges and imprisoned... September 6, 1914 - Maxim Sandovich was shot in Gorlovka prison by the Austrians. The Holy Martyr died with the words: "May Russia and Orthodoxy live!". He was killed in front of his pregnant wife, Pelagia. Then the Austrians sent Pelagia to Talerhof, where she miraculously, after all the torments, gave birth to a son... Russian Russians after the genocide of Galicians, all those who renounced the Orthodox faith and everything Russian, began to be called "Ukrainians". Orthodox Galicians, on pain of death, moved from numerous Orthodox parishes to the small Uniate ones that remained after Polish rule. About a hundred thousand Galicians died and about two hundred thousand fled to Russia. The genocide of 1914 changed the ethnic balance in Galicia forever... Of course, someone will say - the first Ukrainians appeared earlier, because there were Ukrainian circles, Ukrainian parties, there was Larisa Kosach, a distant relative of Leo Tolstoy, with the pseudonym "Lesya Ukrainka" and her beloved uncle, with the pseudonym "Ukrainian". But these are all units, a trifle, and then legions of the first Ukrainians were born... I believe that September 6, 1914, should be celebrated by all residents of Ukraine as the day of the appearance of the first Ukrainians. I think this day should be one of the main state holidays of Ukraine.Where did the term "Ukrainians" come from? The cordons of the Russian land have long been called "Ukrainians", and the soldiers of the border guards - "Ukrainians". Then the Poles used this word in order for the rural population of Little Russia to support them during the upcoming Polish riot. Preparations for the uprising lasted about 10 years - long before the uprising of 1863.

[@YekouriGaming]

The age of adulthood was considered to be 14-15 year old for a long time, it is only really the advancement in science that changes it to 18 years old. You could say that a legacy of it is that the age of consent is pretty much 14-16 in all of Europe and predominatly 15 years old in central europe. It was also fully okay up to around the 1930's for everyone to buy and consume alcohol, no matter the age, and it is only withing the last 40 years that Europe has some limitations commonly at around 16 years old for purchase of alcohol. I dont know many people in Europe who would consider a 15/16/17 year old as a kid, you are a only a kid in the eyes of elections.

[@alexmckee4683]

Advancement of science? Nah, the other way around. The tendency toward an ever later age of majority is a modern cultural phenomenon. In the UK around 30 or even 20 years ago most people would have regarded 16 as adult, but now most people consider 18+ to be adults with a sizeable minority view that even 18 year old people aren't really adults. I was working at 15, in full time employment (and studying evenings and weekends) at 16, a civil servant at 17 with considerable responsibility. My younger relatives 20 years later were still in full time education at 18 (not a bad thing necessarily, just an observation). I feel like there's a rise in a new category of "young adult" with shops, for instance, requiring ID for those who look under 30 years old when buying tobacco or alcohol, and the tendency for people to stay at home with parents longer. Britons used to be somewhat bemused at the American notion of majority at 21, even though we had only changed it in the UK from 21 to 18 in 1969. However while we used to have an age of majority set at 21, the reality was somewhat different: most people over about 14 years old were generally held to be responsible for their own actions and while their guardians could, and sometimes did, prevent such things as marriage, enlistment in the armed services, or employment, generally most guardians allowed their wards over 14 years old quite a lot of freedoms. Certainly they were expected to work if not in education, to behave responsibly at all times and as such they were generally allowed to drink or smoke though obviously there was significant differences in view in individual families. Generally guardians were inclined to allow marriage for their wards aged 16 and over. Scotland is generally more liberal in the freedoms of minors than England, but they were not significantly different in specifics. I completely agree with your last sentence: most Europeans do not consider individuals aged 15+ as children, they would expect a level of general behaviour consistent with adults.

[@omarbradley6807]

Well in Russia literally you can buy beer because it is "not enough alcohol", at any age,

[@YekouriGaming]

@@omarbradley6807 Yes generalized a bit since the actual rules are complicated.

[@YekouriGaming]

@@alexmckee4683 I would say that it is the advancement of science and philosophy that defines it. We have realized that there are differences in cognitive ability. For example a person under the age of 3 has no cognitive sense of self, a person in puberty acts erratic and an early fetus is a blob of cells and not a person. I would say that it is what has changed the laws and perception a lot. In Denmark you were recognized as an adult at the age of 14. But since the 1960's it is 18, but at age of 15 you have legal and sexual responsibility. While at 18 you have financial and electorial responsibility and you can only be a guardian/protector of something at 18

[@gaborkakuszi1598]

17 20 You don't have to think about it. Finland was founded by the Finnish people, they inhabit the area (Finnish tribes also occupy it from others), then they come under Swedish rule. From there comes Russian occupation. Then independence. As for Ukraine. "U kraina" in Russian means border region. The western region of the Russian Empire. This is how the sources refer to it from the 1500s. Poles, Lithuanians, Belarusians, Turks, Tatars live in the area, as well as the peoples who call themselves Cossacks, which are not ethnic, but they define themselves based on their lifestyle. They are mostly refugees of any birth who want to live freely, and live as a kind of free mercenary in areas not ruled by anyone. From a mixture of these peoples, the so-called Ukrainian people were created, sometime in the middle of the 1800s. With falsified history, of course, you can claim that the cave paintings were also made by Ukrainians, but few normal people think that H. sapiens neanderthalensis is the German ancestor, because in that living in Budapest, I would be ridiculed if I considered myself a descendant of the Roman Empire, even though I can see the ruins of Aquincum from the window. This is how Kiev was founded earlier than Moscow, but it was not Ukraine, it is only in the territory of today's Ukraine. By the way, the majority in Kiev would still speak Russian if the law allowed it.

[@totonk793]

Honesly, she did so much. And it's so condensed here. It's a pity. But if youll get into details history will take forever )

[@МояЛепта]

-- There was a restitution of the Crimea, not an annexation. The annexation of Crimea to the Russian Empire - in 1783, took place during Potemkin's military campaign to "pacify the Crimea" of 1782-1783, after the abdication of the last Crimean Khan Shahin Giray. Ukrainian Crimea has never been. And that part of modern Ukraine, which was liberated during the reign of Catherine - 2 was never Ukrainian, it completely belonged to the Turks and Tatars, and was called "Wild Steppe", under Catherine, and after, it was called "Novorossia" New Russia was the name given to the historical territories of the Northern Black Sea region, annexed to the Russian Empire in the second half of the 18th century as a result of the Russo-Turkish wars. On these lands, Kherson, Yekaterinoslav, Tauride, Bessarabia provinces, as well as the Kuban region [specify] were formed. The name was used until the beginning of the 20th century; after the October Revolution of 1917, it practically fell into disuse - the lands of historical Novorossia became part of the Ukrainian SSR and the Russian SFSR. -- Была реституция Крыма, а не анексия. Присоединение Крыма к Российской империи - в 1783 году произошло в ходе военной кампании Потёмкина по «усмирению Крыма» 1782-1783 годов, после отречения последнего крымского хана Шахина Гирея . Украинским Крым никогда не был. И та часть современной украины, которую освободили в царствование Екатерины -2 никогда украинской не была, она полностью принадлежала туркам и татарам, и называлась "Дикая степь", при Екатерине, и после, её называли "Новороссия" Новороссией именовались исторические территории Северного Причерноморья, присоединённые к Российской империи во второй половине XVIII века в результате русско-турецких войн. На этих землях были образованы Херсонская, Екатеринославская, Таврическая, Бессарабская губернии, а также Кубанская область[уточнить]. Наименование использовалось вплоть до начала XX века; после Октябрьской революции 1917 года оно практически вышло из употребления - земли исторической Новороссии вошли в состав Украинской ССР и Российской СФСР.

[@Welsh_Dragon756]

Again on the ages thing. Remember that people had a lot shorter lifespans back then. Even in 1900 the life expectancy for men was 50 and women just 24. The term "teenager" was an invention of 1950s America. Not that long before then a man would probably be working from the age of 11, sometimes earlier and women would be considered a woman as soon as she first bled and would be expected to marry and have children at about that time.

[@alanmon2690]

One has to be careful about Age Expectancy. Once one was past childhood then most people lived more than 60 years, well, my direct ancestors did and so did their descendants. My father lost 5 siblings before they were two years old but the most of the others lived to be over 60 (one died at a48 from diabetes, one died at 65, 3 in their 70s, one in late 80s). My family tree contains several thousand people, direct and others and very few adults died before 50.

[@rafa_skill1433]

Hey, really like your russia's videos i should check out a movie about russia, from the style of that vid you uploaded a few time ago know your ally : Britain. The name of the movie is why we fight : the battle of russia. Please check it out

[@eduardoserrao7372]

Ottoman Empire could be an interesting topic for you some day.

[@YekouriGaming]

If you look at all the countries in Western Europe today, then all the borders are following the natural landscape and are thus not straight lines at all.

[@judeknowles2319]

React to Yakkkos world please🙂

[@judeknowles2319]

Sorry it’s Yakkos world

[@totonk793]

So basicly... Russia gifted autonomity to FInland?

[@vadimanreev4585]

To clearly understand where Ukrainians and other nations came from, you need to read a scientific essay by I. V. Dzhugashvili (Stalin): "Marxism and the national question." "A nation is a historically stable community of language, territory, economic life and mental makeup, manifested in a community of culture... It should be emphasized that none of these features, taken separately, is sufficient to determine the nation. Moreover, the absence of at least one of these signs is enough for a nation to cease to be a nation... Only the presence of all the attributes taken together gives us a nation." Stalin I.V. Marxism and the national-colonial question. - M., 1934, p.6.