The BIOGEOGRAPHY of the Ice Age

[@eypick6987]

Panama: Rises out of the water Theodore Roosevelt thousands of years later: N O .

[@da_ostrichyeet7999]

Eypick 😂😂😂

[@alfonsoviquez286]

as a panamenian i can confirm

[@amargasaurus5337]

*Hears deep stable voice* *instantly SMACKS the subscribe button*

[@Ar-fy5nc]

What's uppp bitchisss

[@Ersiiin]

*millions of years later.

[@AlternateHistoryHub]

This channel scratches a very specific itch. Keep up the great work

[@TitoTitoTitoTito]

Hello there

[@AtlasPro1]

Then that makes two of us

[@or_gluzman561Peace_IL_PS]

hey there cody you also have video on this topic

[@user-nc9pc3gr4c]

@@AtlasPro1 If you could only match up this video with hypothesis/theories of human evolution. That would really wrap it all together. I mean in much greater detail, and the changing bio as humans evolved from the ice age to roman times.

[@gianb3952]

AlternateHistoryHub and AtlasPro are probably in my Top 10 favourite channels on youtube

[@BioshockChicken]

Man, I remember when this channel was way too under appreciated. Now this video has thousands of views in half an hour. This is still under appreciated until it has more viewers than the lackluster excuses we have for the “Discovery” and “History” channels though. Keep up the great work!

[@wizard680]

Yea this channel really did blow up

[@saims.2402]

mason jean yeah, I remember those days!

[@soap147]

Yea for real, I was bout to say he was at 120k not even that long ago

[@feynstein1004]

@@soap147 Lol you should look for my comment on his city video m8 ;)

[@ciripa]

only recent i have discovered the channel, incredible work, hope he will get the time and money to produce more clips per month.Respect!

[@Aeyekay0]

That fact about redwoods cloning themselves and being able to live for 30,000 years; that’s so awesome.

[@craigb8228]

It's usually referred to as a fallin tree with the new Sprout growing from its bark.

[@JasonMason-es5js]

clown clone themselves lol its called seeds. its a plant and they are not a-sexual.

[@JasonMason-es5js]

all plants do that - EVERY SINGLE ONE. and i dont think its 30,000 years, the rufus in the video said 2000 ?

[@JasonMason-es5js]

so every comment here is from wiztards that know nothing of what they are seeing ?

[@stevenm732]

It’s almost like time travel. Imagining the same genetic codes existing for 200 minion years. Part of me wonders if there’s some sort of plant consciousness they’ve developed and what it’d be like to communicate with such a life form.

[@palerider660]

What’s terrible is the fact that massive trees even larger, older and more majestic than the giant redwoods existed in Australia until greedy logging companies cut them all down and destroyed their very existence for profit!

[@TS-jm7jm]

surely the seeds can be found, they cant have cut them all down?

[@Ersiiin]

@Zero 01 a mountain Ash in Tasmania is 99 metres tall, named Centurion and also Icarus Dream 97 metres. Officially measured tallest tree in Australia was 107 metres.

[@kjj26k]

@@Ersiiin 107...METERS?! He a tol boi.

[@toddv3877]

no! :( Did anything happen afterwards? Like maybe trying to replant some or are they all extinct?

[@57strub]

Me thinks pale rider is full of dog dodo.

[@maddyschad6649]

The Northern Hemisphere changed a lot more than the Southern, I was surprised by how similar the southern hemisphere still was to today.

[@TheDanielRagsdale]

Sebastian Martinez in addition, the land in the Southern Hemisphere is much closer to the equator than the land in the northern hemisphere. The southern tip of S America is only 56 degrees below the equator, whereas 56 degrees north is still below much of Siberia and Canada. And, as he mentions in the video, equatorial regions were relatively unchanged.

[@therealunclevanya]

That's because there has been less oil exploration in the Southern hemisphere so geologists don't have the data. The Younger Dryas comet impacts were mostly in the North but the South still got the orogeny, subduction, tsunamis, volcanic activity, etc that killed 65% of all life on Earth.

[@MsMRkv]

@@johnperic6860 South america didn't change all that much. You still have tropical glaciers in the Andes and desert zones in the exact same places. The amazon rain forest grew considerably but that's pretty much it.

[@fleisbester612]

@@TheDanielRagsdale The ice sheets connected South America to Antarctica...

[@swirvinbirds1971]

@@therealunclevanya no... Just no.

[@thekito4623]

7:11 "perhaps with a north american flavour" ...whats that? Barbecue Sauce?

[@jakubpociecha8819]

Well,it is a flavor...

[@nfectedpsychosis]

Anise actually. Fun fact, almost all Native American herbs have a slightly sweet, anise, or funky minty flavor. Though most aren’t used culinarily. More are used in South America. Think Mexican oregano and how it tastes. NEAT

[@Pleon4s7ik]

They roamed about with a higher degree of freedom

[@mahamanava9658]

Smoked cheese

[@jakubpociecha8819]

@Rick K and *oil*

[@Pickle-oh]

"As it turns out, an instinctual fear of humans may have been the most advantageous trait for animals to develop." haha same

[@21LAZgoo]

it sucks that europe still lost all its megafauna compared to south asia which still has a lot of it despite hominids going into both places at the same time

[@gutemorcheln6134]

@@21LAZgoo It sucks that you keep pushing your agenda feeding people with your bullshit who didn't ask.

[@gutemorcheln6134]

First of all, Europe's glacial refuges were much smaller. Compare the landmass of Iberia, Italy and the Southern Balkans plus Anatolia and the Caucasus (Western Palearctic, belongs to the European biogeogrphical region) to Southern China, India and South-East Asia. Plus Iberia, Italy and the Balkans would have all been isolated due to glacial ice sheets in the Pyrenees, Alps and the Dinaric mountains. Smaller refuges means smaller population sizes, smaller population sizes means increased vulnerbility to e.g. human hunting. And then even in South Asia with its extensive habitat for megafauna Stegodon (a browsing proboscid), Plaeoloxodon namadicus (a huge elephant), Palaeoloxodon naumanni (Japanese elephant), a giant tapir, several water buffalos, Hexaprotodon (basically a hippo) and more went extinct.

[@Trag-zj2yo]

Avoiding humans seems to be a fairly good survival strategy.

[@JOhnDoe-nl4wj]

Teaming up with humans works a lot better, tho. Ask your cat or dog. * Oh and with "your cat" i meant your feline overlord.

[@godsstrongestmagicalgirl5217]

Underrated comment

[@la7era1u54]

While that is very very true, I live by that same strategy, the theory that humans caused the extinction of megafauna has been debunked. Though we are very adept at wiping entire species of animals off the face of the earth today, we weren't nearly as good at it during the last ice age.

[@dperry19661]

@@la7era1u54 Why were there millions of bison when Europeans arrived in North America? You cant eradicate megafauna on foot with stone-age weapons. Horses and .50 cal rifles and it's easy.

[@jollyjokress3852]

Human species sucks so bad in this respect!

[@davielawrence3773]

I'm a biology and geography student for lectureship and I absolutely love your channel. Even though I know most of what you are talking about, the visualisation is awesome. It helps a lot to understand the process 🤗

[@GeoPerspective]

Q: What do Great Woolly Mammoths wear when they go swimming? A: Their trunks.

[@jakubpociecha8819]

Well,the joke could work with any proboscidean

[@andraslibal]

LOL :)

[@jamescanjuggle]

Q: What do Tully Monsters wear when they go swimming? Scientist: It's a vertebrate Scientist 2 : Your wrong

[@jakubpociecha8819]

@@jamescanjuggle Well,they'd be technically swimming all the time

[@scottyj6226]

Long live dad jokes.

[@doriannamjesnik3007]

Hmm, "BioGeo", a good name for bioengineering company.

[@jaimedizra3534]

very similar to natgeo hint hint lawsuit

[@ivoboksem851]

I read that as BigGeo, and I was wondering what they are pushing

[@FirstnameLastname-py3bc]

@@ivoboksem851 what does it mean?

[@FirstnameLastname-py3bc]

Ok, lets found it

[@Albiom]

or for a hair cream

[@adammorrell9553]

Why did the ozone hole close up? You're the only one who could explain this in a way I'd both understand and be satisfied.

[@jakubpociecha8819]

Less gas emition,plain n' simple

[@hertogyarno746]

@@jakubpociecha8819 Yes. Plain and simple. You must be so smart. But how does it work?

[@nerobernardino88]

@@hertogyarno746 A few things I know: 1. The Ozone hole was created through decades of some specific chemicals. 2. Ozone is naturally produced through thunders and other processes. 3. Said chemicals got banned pretty much worldwide. 4. A few decades later, aka now, the levels of ozone are getting back up to what it had once been. 5. Profit???

[@varana]

As Nero Bernardino said, the ozone layer is usually in some kind of equilibrium. Whatever dissipates or vanishes through natural processes, gets also replenished through natural processes. We disrupted this equilibrium with the large-scale production and release of chlorofluorocarbons (hydrocarbons with chlorine and/or fluorine atoms) into the atmosphere. They were used as aerosols (i.e. the gases in spraying cans etc.), in refrigerating, and as solvents. These chemicals also react with ozone in the upper atmosphere and bind the ozone, thereby depleting the ozone layer. Starting in the late 70s, and esp. with the Montreal Protocol in 1987, the countries of the world agreed to severely reduce the use of chlorofluorocarbons, and today, we nearly stopped using them. Therefore, the ozone layer started to return to its normal state, slowly closing the gap.

[@spinyslasher6586]

@@varana also we've found less harmful substitutes for CFC, so that helped in banning CFC.

[@ThrottleKitty]

The Green Sahara: guess I'll go back to staying forgotten

[@deanfirnatine7814]

Ya he forgot to mention those tens of thousands of years an error along with saying people from Taiwan populated Australia

[@XavionofThera]

Different time frames. The african humid period / green sahara started after the glacial maximum this video is about ended. Glacial maximum > african humid period > last 5000 years

[@ThrottleKitty]

@@XavionofThera We are technically in the ice age still, this video is not even on the glacial maximum specifically. Feels like you are being pedantic to me. **shrug**

[@XavionofThera]

@@ThrottleKitty...It is though. This video only accurately describes the climate during the glacial maximum. Before that, things were a bit wetter and the glaciers weren't quite as extensive. And we're only "still in the ice age" in the sense that glaciers still exist at the poles. We aren't in a glacial period anymore. This is an interglacial.

[@ThrottleKitty]

@@XavionofThera I suppose you are technically semantically correct, but my assertion of your pedantic tone is still valid. A brief mention of it still would have fit.

[@robertcoplin2830]

Nice to see Ice Age events and conditions put together in a chronological bundle. Especially because you address more than one area of science. Being very much a generalist this approach is especially interesting to me. Keep it coming.

[@theconqueringram5295]

It's fascinating that how different, yet similar the Earth looked so long ago compared today.

[@somerandomguy___]

The iceage(s) are starting to become what planes are for wendoverproductions

[@udrajakagirindra1309]

Agree!

[@abailumlerrad1037]

Agree!

[@avariciousaxolotl]

Yes !??

[@domino_201]

Ice Age Part III: Biogeography The finale of a trilogy in the making.

[@PerishingPurplePulsar]

Me, a Canadian getting into the last glacial period: I wonder what Canada was like, what kind of divers- History: Ice. It was ice and there was nothing

[@eggreg]

So you think early man hunted the ALL the megafauna to extinction? What kind of human population numbers vs animal population numbers?

[@hermant860]

I'm actually watching from Sayan mountain region. I'd never imagine our steppes are so unique! I just kinda thought that they also exist in Mongolia or north China

[@zaidkhan6296]

Russian?

[@hermant860]

@@zaidkhan6296 yeah

[@johnnygnoneeded]

The closest things to your steppes left now is the nearly extinct long and short grass prairies of Canada and the central USA. Now it's mostly farm and cattle land...very little left! :(

[@VoidLantadd]

12:22 - The point you made at the end gave me the kind of existential feeling Vsauce videos used to leave me with back in the day.

[@unsureashell1947]

if you like that kinda feeling i recommend exurb1a

[@s.d6530]

Everyone typing in the premier chat while I’m in the comments

[@Wockes]

Cool kids go here

[@noahhova]

lol

[@abailumlerrad1037]

Such an epic savage moment....

[@FirstnameLastname-py3bc]

I don't even know what premier chat is

[@abailumlerrad1037]

@@FirstnameLastname-py3bc Its a live chat, when someone premiere his video, there's a premiere chat, basically chat in a premiere video (Its live or video upload share into live)

[@viviansventures]

A video on humans in the Ice Age/recent prehistory would be awesome, as we've reconstructed a decent amount about prehistoric cultures and there are things like the proto indo europeans that could be talked about

[@forsaturn4629]

A man has never dreamed of anything but a new Atlas video after waking up.

[@ferencgazdag1406]

AtlasPro: Humans were and are the most destructive species! Early cyanobacteria, making the GOE: Hold my beer!

[@lusciouslocks8790]

Ferenc Gazdag Most of the world’s resources: _At the gallows_ Iron deposits: “First time?”

[@KateeAngel]

They were not very destructive though. On a big scale invention of oxygenic photosynthesis increased organic matter production many times compared with earlier chemosynthesis and anoxygenic photosynthesis. Biodiversity and amount of matter and energy available to biosphere as a result increased. Also, oxygenation of atmosphere happened very slowly, over the millions of years, and microorganisms can reproduce and evolve really fast, so I doubt many huge taxa died out, there were probably more than enough species in every big taxon to either adapt to oxygen, or find anaerobic niche. Most bacterial and archeal phyla diverged before the oxygenation, and they (many many of them we still see today) still survived. If most phyla died out during oxygenation, we would see "bottleneck" - only few phyla diverging before oxygenation, and most diverging after it from only few taxa, which survived the event

[@rayberlin]

Humans are also the only species capable of self-loathing.

[@Crashed131963]

You know how small the human population was back then? No way people back then with stone spears extinct animals. The land mass to population ratio , would cause many animals to live without even seeing a human once. Killing big animals with $3000 carbon fiber crossbow is very hard let alone a stone tip spear. "Grab the spear son we are off the extinct the 1000lb cave bears and tigers and chase down the horses and mammoths." WTF?

[@vonfaustien3957]

@@Crashed131963 I belive the alternative theory to humans killing the megafauna is a supervolcano did the heavy lifting. Large animals adapt worse to massive environmental changes as a rule so theyd be more prone to extinction in the case of a large scale volcanic event.

[@Mrcryptidsarereal]

There's a nature reserve in Russia called Pleistocene Park that's working to recreate the mammoth steppe where they basically let large herbivores out to roam and graze to help restore a grassland ecosystem and studying the changes. It's a distant dream, but they hope to one day host hybrid recreations of the woolly mammoths.

[@waynecribbs8853]

9:24 lol at calling Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia a "small fez" of semi-desert land

[@falkkiwiben]

Best part of the video, hope it was intentional

[@Forlfir]

Well he meanth the semi-desert along the coast, Western Sahara and Southern Algeria were not counted

[@samyrandome425]

@@Forlfir i think they're referring to the specific use of the word "Fez" being a pun?joke?

[@samyrandome425]

@@Forlfir and fun fact, along the coast of the Maghreb was not, as IS not semi-desert, not even close, it's tempered mild Mediterranean forests and the more continental colder Atlas mountain chain, with below that steps and hills like the Aures. Only south of that is where it starts becoming semi-arid, until you get full blown Sahara.

[@elenaplekhanova4998]

Thank you for the video! FYI: tundra vegetation growth is mostly limited by low temperature (incl. short growing season), low moisture and nutrient availability, and not by sunlight. In fact, there is plenty of sunlight available in the growing season (summer) as it is polar day at this time. Plus, tundra vegetation includes lichens, grasses and shrubs and not limited by mosses (see Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Map). Perhaps, you meant polar desert (it also includes lichens)?

[@coelthomas]

This Ice Age series was amazing!!! Everyone should see these videos. It gives a great understanding of how the balance in our atmosphere is very delicate and how small changes make a big difference over a long time. It can also help understand how a big change over a small time can have large effects that are difficult, and most likely impossible, to reverse. Climate change and loss of biodiversity will surely have massive effects and someone might even be able to make a video like this in just 100 years looking back at how insanely different the world was in just 1800.

[@regular-joe]

I really, REALLY want an entire video on the mammoth steppe.

[@abailumlerrad1037]

We are early, but I don't have any ideas for a joke... *_ICE AGE BABY_*

[@Vic_Lit344]

Would've been better if you said ice age beby kil

[@Anonymous-pq8ys]

lmao me too

[@abailumlerrad1037]

@@Vic_Lit344 Agreed, now I edit it XD

[@Vic_Lit344]

@@abailumlerrad1037 lol your welcome

[@Vic_Lit344]

@@doctornefardio *K E E L*

[@mattifrostholmbisgaard3514]

I remember when this channel only had a couple of thousands subscribers, i was like "Hey this dude produces good stuff why doesn't he has more subscribers" Turns out he all of a sudden has 620 k subs, deserved though

[@alanivar2752]

almost sittin at that cool 1 mill

[@barkingmad50]

Enjoyed every one of my Biogeography classes. If I hadn't already committed to Archaeology, I believe I would have chosen either edge, or island, biomes as my life's work.

[@Alperen_Erdogan]

Atlas my man, you're doing great with this channel. The amount of growth this channel has seen in the past 1 year is crazy. You're up there in my favourite KZbin channels list with others like Lemmino and Wendover Productions. Keep it up brother!

[@alexcamilleri2562]

Someone’s never heard of the younger dryas climate disaster caused by a cosmic impact in Greenland that can be seen today hiding under the Hiawatha glacier

[@SoilToSoul]

Hiawatha glacier aside (so much more is needed to determine how old that impact is) I agree that something big happened. I was quite surprised to no hear him mention it at all.

[@Omar_ayach]

What's that?

[@SoilToSoul]

@@Omar_ayach Research the Younger Dryas. Its a 1300 year long period at the end of the last ice age. Lots of interesting science going on with it. :)

[@Nikolaj11]

Isn't that because the younger dryas happened sooner than the scope of this video?

[@thekito4623]

Its a huge catastrophic asteroid impact that most likely ended the latest ice age and is responsible for all those extinctions. But the evidene was only discovered in 2005 which is very recently in terms of getting recognized as a mainstream scientific theory, and therefore its not taught in schools and universities yet.

[@rigor7815]

finally, someone closed that damn fridge

[@renzoraschioni7954]

Actually, if you open a fridge, the room gets warmer. I can't explain why though, try to ask to a termophysics nerd

[@StratosphereTHAI]

@@renzoraschioni7954 fridge are litrally constantly pulling heat out to cool down the inside. So when you open the fridge, the average temperature wont decrease. But by opening the door for a long time, you force the cooling system to work harder and create even more heat *flies away*

[@renzoraschioni7954]

@@StratosphereTHAI thanks!! Great and clear explanation 👍

[@kirstenaudreidejesus4115]

One of the best series and channels I've ever had the pleasure of watching. Thank you Atlas Pro!

[@veggieboyultimate]

You must have done a lot studying and research to be able to make this video. I am impressed.

[@hirqx6570]

I just binge-watched every single one of your videos in about a day and I want more! Kepp up the incredible work!

[@leebradshaw8854]

I know it's nature and all, but it's kind of sad that one of the most successful traits for large herbivores in Africa was fear of humans

[@DneilB007]

It likely wasn't. The reality is that the areas with the least decline in megafauna are the areas where the climate changed the least, and the areas where the climate changed the most suffered the greatest losses. South America's vast taiga plains turned into a rainforest, Eurasia and North America radically rearranged there biospheres as the vast sheets of ice retreated. Even when we look at Australia, likely half of the forested area of the ancient continent is under water today. In contrast, Africa's deserts are still in basically the same places, Indomalasia's rainforests are still in basically the same places (except where we've chopped them down). Grasslands & forests have shrunk or grown, but are still in basically the same places.

[@Starfire_Storm]

Why wouldn't animals be afraid of other animals that kill them and eat them? It just makes sense...

[@lusciouslocks8790]

bnet sucks I mean that depends on how you define “successful”. I think population size is a bit misleading, since the vast majority of those animals and plants are being controlled by humans and killed for human production and consumption. Most domesticated plants and animals would have a terrible time if humans went extinct. That said, I think you’re still right about being cozier with humans makes animals more successful, especially for pests and weeds. I expect rats, Argentine ants, and tumbleweeds would do just as well if we went extinct right now.

[@af146983]

@@DneilB007 not to mention that some species of aspen trees, field mice, and hares went extinct at the same time. did humans kill all of one specific species of field mouse? No, its seems to be more closely related to climate.

[@shriyanv4407]

@@DneilB007 But humans did play a big role in the decline of the megafauna, the best example the Australian megafauna

[@jamiecanivet247]

Hey Atlas, your Ice age videos are incredible and must have meant you did huge amounts of research...thank you so much! Really enjoyed thiese presentations.

[@paulomendoza5606]

Instinctual fear of humans helped animals to survive Dogs: must serv hooman Cats: serv me hooman

[@Mr.Duckman]

Yes

[@Dragrath1]

They are exceptions rather than the norm sadly dogs are descended from wolves which seem to have established a cooperative hunting alliance with humans not unlike what dolphins and Tuna do in the sea that eventually transitioned to domestication whereas cats were a more recent relationship related to pest problems and agriculture.

[@aleksanderlenartowicz5659]

@@Dragrath1 Cats are a parasitoid.

[@creativedesignation7880]

Federico Paulo Mendoza He was talking about animals that were hunted by humans, not about predators. Predators were probably initially aggressive towards humans, to defend their hunting grounds and prey. But since we managed to always be more aggressive, it became more advantagous for survival to engange in friendly relations with humans.

[@creativedesignation7880]

@@aleksanderlenartowicz5659 No they are symbiotic. We use them for pest control and in urban enviroments for emotional wellbeing. Plus we chose to have them as pets, they are not really in a position to force their presence on us. The only parasite in the mix is Toxoplasma gondii, a sigle cell organism that infects cats and humans.

[@buzzin6895]

You and Masaman are 2 of my favorite educational KZbinrs. Because you're quite informative and not boring! Also has to do with my interest of the Pleistocene epoch. Greetings from Utah and thank you for your content.

[@ttystikkrocks1042]

This trilogy was fascinating and highly educational. It deepend my understanding of climate change, the spread of civilisation and the effects humans have had on the planet's animal life. Thank you!

[@joukekuipers3525]

Previous video: Geography of the last ice age This video: Biogeography of the last ice age Next video: Quantumbiogeography of the last ice age

[@seditt5146]

"Most destructive species so far"... Algae that first produced Oxygen: "Am I a joke to you?"

[@seditt5146]

@Matthew Chenault There ya go, they no doubt did some serious damage. Algae still got them beat. That shit came around and destroyed like 98-99.9% or some shit like that lol. It fucked up the whole game man. It would be like if a similar algae or something appeared tomorrow that learned to live in Cyanide and released a metric fuck ton( that is the Scientific term I think) of Cyanide into the atmosphere replacing all the oxygen. Needless to say we would be flat out fucked and all the tech in the world couldn't save us.

[@Dylanshreds1]

Atlas Pro: Human beings are the most destructive species in the history of the world! First land plants during Ordovician period: haha! Sure you are, cute little humans.

[@JOhnDoe-nl4wj]

Remember that one time when earth was covered in purple bacteria which literally farted us in a 200 million years lasting, all encompassing global iceage?

[@maythesciencebewithyou]

without land plants there wouldn't be life on land

[@jkhelkenn]

The white pines of Michigan, etc, today all the way down to ne Iowa, were certainly redwood-esque.

[@taritangeo4948]

Hit the subcribe on first ten seconds. The voice, the delivery, the confidence, the fact that its about iceage - im sold

[@dinop5857]

Great video series, thanks for creating it. How much effort did it take to make all these maps, was there already data available to create the proper overlays or did you have to analyze data to create them all yourself?

[@menkaur]

When you mentioned the destruction of the habitats of, say, mammoths, I'd say that explains extinction of large species better than human predation. Humans did expand throughout the planet together with the changing climate, and what large animals also have in common is that it takes them longer to adapt to changing climate because they usually have longer lifespans

[@gutemorcheln6134]

That would explain the event if the Weichselian transition (the last major climate change that ended the last Ice Age and started the current Holocene) was a one-off event. Unfortunately this is far from reality. During the whole Quaternary (Pleistocene + Holocene) the earth experienced as many as 8 such climate changes, i.e. prolonged Ice Ages periodically interrupted by warm interglacial periods, yet the effects on the megafauna were negligible in that they didn't cause nearly as much interuption and didn't produce megafaunal mass extinctions. Actually, the last of these interglacials (that is to say the last before the current Holocene), the Eem interglacial roughly 130.000 years ago, was both longer and warmer than the current Holocene, yet the mammoth-steppe fauna survived throughout without trouble. Similarly, temperate faunal assemblages such as the European Palaeoloxodon-fauna (straight-tusked elephant, two Rhinocerus-species, deer etc.) respectively its ecological predecessors (southern mammoth and different rhino-species) survived throughout all glacial peaks, some of which were more pronounced than the last one that coinceded with the extinction of for instance the straight-tusked elephants, without trouble, even though they were restricted to small refuges. This is a major flaw in the climate-change argument, and I don't see it being adequately adressed by those who claim the climate did the megafauna in.

[@lawrencemorris2261]

@@gutemorcheln6134 wow your so well spoken on this. You've clearly been keeping your mind on this fresh. Thanks for responding to this in such a way I couldn't have succinctly, saved me from fearing my comment not coming across well.

[@21LAZgoo]

@@lawrencemorris2261 the Eemian interglacial 130,000 years ago caused massive population collapses for mammoths and restricted them to only extreme north places, if the younger dryas impacts that happened 12900 years ago happened after the eemian interglacial, the species we saw go extinct during the younger dryas would have went extinct then

[@gutemorcheln6134]

@@21LAZgoo Lol this is blatantly wrong. The woolly mammoth, among other emblematic mammoth steppe species, _coexisted_ with completely temperate faunas during parts of the Eemian (Stuart A.J., 1976). Why don't you at least _try_ to be factually accurate, huh?

[@gutemorcheln6134]

@@lawrencemorris2261 Thanks man. Actually, I made two mistakes (fixed them), but I appreciate it.

[@emmalilliestam1817]

Thank you so much! I would love to see a video of what the Earth looks like when heated 6°C - in allegory with your amazing Pangea video, Areography videos, and this :)

[@petertaysum8947]

Just under 14 mins, and a really good description of the major issues involved, well illustrated with the clear use of maps. Very impressive.

[@richjordan6461]

Wow. I'm so glad I saw your video! It answered a lot of questions I had been wondering about for years. It never made sense elephant relatives could find enough to eat on modern tundra equivalents. It came as a surprise to me to learn of a type of biome (Mammoth Steppe) that wasn't in my thinking. Thanks!

[@bloodangel9403]

3:22 How feasible would it be then for humans of that time to cross from Siberia to the Alaska this way, since the further east you go the more inhospitable it gets.

[@vhstape4771]

I would assume it was a situation similar to modern Inuit people where they effectively live off of any animal species (whales, bears, anything edible to be honest). This could've eventually lead to people actually discovering the lush forests and plains further south, where presumably they settled (or in the case of the Inuit, stay). But then again, that is my assumption.

[@TheElizondo88]

Basically, as the climate warmed up the mammoth steppe slowly moved north-east towards Siberia and Alaska, the herds of mammoths, musk ox, rhinos, etc moved with the steppe and the humans followed. I read - can't quite recall where - that for a time the first humans and megafauna from Eurasia to make it into North America were actually trapped in Beringia/Alaska as the steppes had fully retreated from mainland Eurasia before the glaciers had opened up enough in Alaska for them to make their way into the rest of North America.

[@lusciouslocks8790]

To add on to what others said, for thousands of years humans in the Americas lived basically _only_ in Alaska, as you couldn’t easily go east or south. As the ice sheets melted and retreated a “corridor” of sorts formed in between Alaska and the Cascadia region to the southeast. From there humans were able to spread rapidly across the continents. They went south from Alaska before going east.

[@MaureenLycaon]

They may not have done so at all. The easiest route might have been along the coastlines, once they developed decent kayaks or the like. They'd have lost access to the big, meaty megafauna animals such as caribou, bison, horses, and mammoth, but those are hard to kill with only spears anyway. And they'd have *gained* access to the arctic waters' abundant fish, seals, walruses, Stellar's sea cows, and maybe even whales.

[@Crashed131963]

@@MaureenLycaon Killing a Elephant or Grizzly with a AK-47s would be risky. This guy thinks the tiny human population back then kill off the animals with stone spears? LOL Grab the spear we are going Cave Bear and Sabertooth Cat hunting after we chase down some horse on foot.

[@swapanzameen6302]

13:20 Running Zebra 🦓 made my day.

[@liang2492]

🤣🤣😂

[@stevenburkhardt1963]

I question the reasoning behind the disappearance of megafauna as described in this video. It is not known if it was humans or changing environmental conditions as the cause.

[@gustavoosorio97]

Este canal es uno de los mejores encuentros posibles en mucho tiempo. Gracias!

[@pavelmachytka5604]

(very fast) THE INTRO IS ALWAYS EPIC!!!!-----

[@hailgiratinathetruegod7564]

7:10 talks about the great american interchange. Includes a armadillo, the most south american animal group as part of north america.

[@simonj3413]

Hail Giratina The true god IKR?

[@chris41952]

Um. Armadillos are quite common all over the Southern U. S.

[@paleozoey]

@@chris41952 armadillos were originally from south america, as are opossums. both made it across the isthumus a few million years ago, alongside tapirs, capybaras, ground sloths, glyptodonts, and phorusrachids (aka terror birds). aside from some feral populations of the first two in florida, they went the way of much of the megafauna

[@paleozoey]

there's also a llama, which as a camelid is originally a north american mammal lol

[@fleisbester612]

And the Racoons in South America...

[@kushalmurthy]

Ha the iceages are becoming like aeroplanes of wendover production and Empires for RLL

[@Iberian_XAVO]

And bricks for half as interesting

[@CristianGomez-yu8gp]

@@Iberian_XAVO still waiting for the brics video

[@luciferpunk2606]

RLL is Corollas, not Empires

[@alanivar2752]

*toyota corola for RLL

[@griffinhunt2692]

9:17 Redwoods are the coolest conifer. Also the Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis poses another cause for the megafaunal extinction, though it remains controversial

[@XavionofThera]

Even if true, its only relevant for the Americas, the extinctions in Australia, asia, and Europe happened 30 - 40k years ago, well before the American extinctions, but still coinciding with the arrival of behaviorally modern humans.

[@alanivar2752]

if it was just climate change it wouldnt have been nearly as devastating. sure, it didnt help, but it was still primarily humams

[@frankiemcdonald5559]

@@alanivar2752 i dont understand jumping to conclusions tho, its still a mystery

[@gutemorcheln6134]

@@frankiemcdonald5559 It's not exactly a "mystery". Climate changes were a regular phenomenon throughout the Quaternary, and ice ages and warm interglacials alternated as many as 8 times during the Pleistocene. Without major ecological catastrophes and mass extinctions of megafauna. Then "coincidentally" the arrival of humans comes at the same time as another climate change, not too significant in itself, and suddenly ecosystems that have evolved over millions of years since the Miocene break apart and lose the animals that held them together and functioned like keystones. To have the audacity to claim that all this has nothing to do with man, a notorious extinctionist whose destructive impact on nature is known, acknowledged, documented and undisputed, to say that it was a natural event that wiped out the megafauna with stunning precision, while leaving a number of smaller species that would have been equally affected by the changing times virtually untouched, is indeed mysterious and beyond my understanding.

[@21LAZgoo]

@@alanivar2752 it would still be just as devastating, the eemian interglacial 130,000 years ago caused nearly all mammoths on earth to die out and forced them to only live in extremely north places

[@scm50able]

Great documentary. Unlike many similar subjects which are concentrated to specific areas, here the subject matter encompasses the whole globe. Great .

[@ane1315]

One of the best KZbin channel, I'm glad i find you. 😍

[@PhoenixFlame321]

Humans: *leaves Africa* Earth's Fauna: "Why do i head boss music?"

[@21LAZgoo]

*ti dis dae* we still dont know why we head boss music

[@janefonda5697]

Some of the last old growth is still here in the Illinois Cypress Swamps along the Ohio and Mississippi

[@jembaucan9042]

have you heard about the Greenland Impact crater and might have also the reason for mega fauna extinction : floods from the rapid glacial meltdown and rapid climate change?

[@Crashed131963]

That makes more sense. You know how small the human population was back then? No way people back then with stone spears extinct animals. The land mass to population ratio , would cause many animals to live without even seeing a human once. Killing big animals with $3000 carbon fiber crossbow is very hard let alone a stone tip spear. "Grab the spear son we are off the extinct the 1000lb cave bears and tigers and chase down the horses and mammoths." WTF?

[@mostlynew]

Jem Baucan - The narrator introduced correlation of megafauna die-off and expansion of the human species with a sinister silkiness. It stinks of white man’s guilt and politically correct scientific group think. Otherwise, the video offers exceptionally vivid explanation.

[@XavionofThera]

You mean the impact event that happened long after the megafaunal extinctions in Australia, Asia, and Europe already happened? Also, humans of that time had bows, blow-darts, serrated throwing spears & knives, fire, and quite possibly dogs (depending on whether you trust the genetic or archeological dates nore).

[@guerreiro943]

@@mostlynew Well, sadly the facts don't care whether something "stinks of white man's guilt and politically correctness". It is what is is. And the facts overwhemingly point to the fact that humans were the main drive behind the extinction of the megafauna.

[@21LAZgoo]

@@mostlynew ikr, and that graph he showed of human arrival is outdated too plus most of the megafauna in australia were extinct 15000 years before the first humans even arrived, and even the few megafauna species that went extinct when humans were there for a while is debated

[@stephenfoster4271]

Another great video! The overhunting of megafauna is and old disproven theory, but other than that, I like the land reliefs and overlays.

[@chrislusk3497]

Expertly put together, great work.

[@saims.2402]

9:38 that looks like a guy doing jumping jacks!😅

[@Menzobarrenza]

"It's most destructive species by far" *- Cyanobacteria has left the chat*

[@PremierCCGuyMMXVI]

Love seeing these videos. I’m so interested in learning about Earths climate, geography, and life forms that once lived on it. Also interested on humans effect on the climate and the warming were causing. Learning about the last ice age 12,000 years ago can definitely tell us about how humans evolved and we can learn so much.

[@garrettberna1331]

Best KZbin channel out there. Keep up the great work my guy👌

[@Jarod-sm5rf]

Channels like this answers questions I never thought I’d ask or had. Thank you for that dude.

[@TheOtherNeutrino]

Ice Age Megafauna not from Africa: Humans: I’m about end this man’s whole career.

[@edmind47]

*Humans and climate change

[@pugilist102]

I don't really buy the human theory. Mega fauna were very dangerous. Just look at our huge fauna today....imagine hunting an elephant or rhino with spears. It's a death sentence. I can see wiping out the more docile ones, but the dangerous ones?

[@kjj26k]

@@pugilist102 I think you underestimate humanity... The more dangerous and impossible the task, the more effort we put into beating it. It's our defining trait.

[@TheOtherNeutrino]

pugilist102 Those Megafauna are worth a ton XP and resources that nothing else in the environment gives in one fell swoop. One mammoth is worth a lot and taking one down is probably a sign of prestige in their culture. Look at what we did to the whales once our technology caught up.

[@pugilist102]

@@TheOtherNeutrino I don't know. There's a lot of other game that are more numerous and less dangerous. Perhaps human hunting has become so efficient that only fast animals and those with high reproductive rates survived? We killed off the mammoth, wooly rhino, but not buffalo, deer, camel?

[@kingsgaurd]

How does this have two disklikes before it even starts?

[@traditionalfood367]

kingsgaurd : The AGW types ...

[@vanKarsie]

Haters

[@vanKarsie]

Although Atlas doesn’t deserve them, there are haters

[@Barasforlife]

either intentional or pure haters

[@Vic_Lit344]

Idots

[@Rucuz]

Megafauna was more likely wiped out by an impact in Greenland that also caused the Younger Dryas.

[@21LAZgoo]

that crater in greenland has been dated to 58 million years, but even without it the evidence of some type of impacts is too great

[@mrnnhnz]

Very interesting. Thanks for all your hard work, and presenting it in an engaging way.

[@Wouterium]

YESYESYESSSS Been waiting for a video like this for years, thank you for touching upon these awesome subjects in such great visuals

[@tomsparey1305]

thumbnail looks like its from ice age 2

[@dietischlampe1327]

I need to re-watch this movie

[@projectwilkreatssecondaccl3423]

it changed now : (

[@dcoulter2685]

Its interesting how South America was connected to Antarctica

[@astranix0198]

@@hannobaali_makendali I'm not saying that it's Aliens, but it is Aliens

[@hannobaali_makendali]

@@astranix0198 it is well within the realm of logical possibilities. Gene Roddenberry got his ideas from somewhere. Most folks still don't know about black skinned GIANTS with 6 toes/fingers and double rows of teeth. The thought that their females were MAURSUPIAL hue-women is off the rails too. Much is known by el-ites, and hidden from the de-letes.

[@jibyjuibrahimovic3268]

Humans can only be destroyed by them selfs, because the lack instinct these days

[@RebelSoule]

man i have to admit that intro is amazing! it just triggers old animal planet and discovery channel memories.

[@Wanderingsoul91]

I've only just discovered your channel and I love your videos!

[@AdEPTErik]

You need to update your theory on the whole man klling everything theory...the black matte layer has been found every where and whatever caused it also wiped out the clovis in North america. ALl life on earth had trouble surviving, not just the megafuana.

[@LoneWolf-wp9dn]

Im a giant sloth and i can confirm all of this

[@cjr4497]

He was doing good until he claimed humans wiped out the mega fawna. That is a completely senseless theory that doesn't hold up.

[@ryanvandy1615]

not sure if completely senseless is an accurate description.

[@mahamanava9658]

Finally something good to watch 🤫😘

[@fruitpunchsg]

Love your mini documentary films bro. Please do more. This is, by far, my favorite channel.

[@goofguy316]

12:50 - It’s fairly accepted that humans didn’t have the numbers to support such mass extinction or decline in the wild animal populations of the time period. An alternative theory is the Younger Dryas Flood which caused a sudden mini ice age 12,000 years ago and lasted for a 1000 years. The mini ice age happened in about 30-80 years and caused temperatures in some places to decrease by 10 degrees. The animals didn’t have enough time to adapt and died suddenly, causing a mini extinction!

[@21LAZgoo]

quicker, it happened in less than 10 years and the temperatures went down by around 18 degrees F, or 10 degrees C

[@brendacooper5729]

Sorry honey, but if humans offed the megafauna, there would have to be a lot more of them than there actually were at the time, especially in North America, All of the megafauna vanished pretty much at once, entire islands in the arctic are literally composed of bones and mud, most of the megafauna that vanished were pretty formidable adversaries for the hunting technology of the time, and unless you have a large cliff handy killing more than one or two mammoths at a time was pretty difficult. People pretty much vanished at the same time the big critters did, and the idea that humans had the capability of killing millions of really large animals virtually overnight, because there is nothing gradual about what happened, is pretty much ridiculous. There would have been pockets of survivors, and maybe the human survivors took them out, but damn near everything died in certain areas far too quickly for it to have only been human predation.

[@gutemorcheln6134]

It is gradual. We're talking about thousands of years. From a geological perspective overnight, yes, but still a hell lot of time to inflict gradual damage on megafaunal populations. Big animals have low reproduction rates. Just a few percent loss per year will cause extinction for these species on the long run. Add to this the alternation of ecosystems, which humans are and were very capable of, and you get a potentially lethal mix. Especially in combination with climate change. That's the pattern we see in Eurasia. It's not just about North America, it's the bigger picture, and in the bigger picture a human-influenced cause is simply the only logical explanation, since climate occilations were a _regular_ phenomenon during the whole Pleistocene and never before caused widespread megafauna depopulation.

[@Vienna3080]

I sometimes wonder what would humanity be like if we somehow created civilization during the Ice Age and the Ice Age never went away

[@JOhnDoe-nl4wj]

We actually did just that. Likewise the "last" ice age is the one we have right now. Yes, the ice age shown in this video is still going on. We are in the declining phase right now.

[@XavionofThera]

@@JOhnDoe-nl4wj That's only because academia redefined "ice age" to mean "any period of time where there are polar ice caps" . Historically, and in the minds of most normal people, ice age = the glacial periods (as opposed to our current interglacial). So, the ice age is over, by most peoples definition.

[@JOhnDoe-nl4wj]

@@XavionofThera That's simply not right by definition and current understanding. Just know that glaciations as a whole are considered ice ages. Likewise, glacial and interglacial periods are part of the glaciation. The known 4 major Ice ages lasted for several hundred million years. Glacial and interglacial periods last 40 to 100 thousand years. A glacial period itself is not an ice age. The ice age we are currently experiencing is the pliocene-quaternary glaciation and it "just" started a mere 2,5 million years ago (which is minuscule in terms of ice age periods). I'll just leave you with a copypaste and the link to an article which explains it rather well. "What is an Ice Age? Scientists have known for some time that the Earth goes through cycles of climatic change. Owing to changes in Earth’s orbit, geological factors, and/or changes in Solar output, Earth occasionally experiences significant reductions in its surface and atmospheric temperatures. This results in long-term periods of glaciation, or what is more colloquially known as an “ice age”. These periods are characterized by the growth and expansion of ice sheets across the Earth’s surface, which occurs every few million years. By definition we are still in the last great ice age - which began during the late Pliocene epoch (ca. 2.58 million years ago) - and are currently in an interglacial period, characterized by the retreat of glaciers." www.universetoday.com/74714/what-is-an-ice-age/ Nice username by the way, made me chuckle.

[@sherlockjohn1845]

"When youtube video series is worth entire semester Geography, Biology and Forestry of Ice Age...." .. "Wait, that's Illegal! " Still, Great Video Sir!

[@tomdangelo]

I love how you edit man, I mean content is also great, but those smooth transitions, maps, videos... congrats and keep it up!

[@da_ostrichyeet7999]

In my opinion, this is why we should try and restore the ice age “mammoth steppe” biome, by restoring this habitat we can introduce animals that survived the ice age (Bison, Musk ox, wild horses) and make a habitat suitable for them again. In the far distant future we may even de-extinct mammoths or woolly rhinos and have them roaming the far north once again.

[@MaureenLycaon]

Have a look at Pleistocene Park; there's a father-son team in Russia trying to do just this. They have some big ideas.

[@MrGrumblier]

Why? What possible point would doing something like that serve?

[@no_bitches420]

@@MrGrumblier mainly for science and for fun

[@no_bitches420]

also it would help a lot in fighting climate change!

[@MrGrumblier]

The mammoths didn't survive the ice age. They were dependent on the ice age glaciers to create the loess prairies. Unless we recreate the vast nearly snowless grasslands, mammoths would not survive in the wild.

[@konradcomrade4845]

12:20 only in Central Africa the humans (including Denisovans and Neandertals) didn't build fortified (primitive to elaborate) stone-structures, that protected them from the dangerous megafauna animals. The size of human races also varied from giants (probably dominant during ice-ages) to dwarfs.

[@brandondavis7777]

Stop doing drugs.

[@21LAZgoo]

@@brandondavis7777 ay bruh who knows if giants exist, some army soldiers claim they killed a giant in afghanistan

[@abailumlerrad1037]

4:40 By a... Body of water.

[@nitramsamuel2988]

These are the most interesting KZbin videos. Amazing how this world ours keeps changing... Awesome!

[@kbuschkuehl1839]

Yes, I've been waiting for this video for ages. Keep up with the great work.