What Are The 7 Realms of Biogeography?

[@reon5346]

Mad respect for that one marsupial making it half way across the world

[@VoidLantadd]

Searching for their promised land, Australia.

[@Dave_Sisson]

There's also the genus Nothofagus or southern beech trees. They are common in Australia and New Zealand, also found in South America and found as fossils in Antarctica. They're probably the most widely dispersed and longest lasting single genus of large trees anywhere.

[@oliverkiernan4997]

Tbh it was probably a group of them who floated there, and then banged a lot. One guy isn't making many kids

[@bluemountain4181]

@@oliverkiernan4997 Maybe it was one pregnant female marsupial. Incest is wincest?

[@VoidLantadd]

@@bluemountain4181 the gene pool would've been too small, it would have been a population of marsupials.

[@Villanotrh]

Pinus Genus : *exists Biggus Dickus : finally a worthy opponent

[@billydasquid1201]

Thank you for making my day

[@mfaizsyahmi]

Thith ith a very theditiouth comment.

[@ra_alf9467]

He has a wife, you know

[@captainclarky5352]

@@ra_alf9467 You know what she's called?

[@umairusman]

Lol

[@t-bone9239]

What must have been pretty interesting is that Antarctica during the warmer periods would still have had complete darkness for months at a time. It would be cool to know how the flora and fauna adapted to those circumstances

[@sagarak999]

exactly my thoughts! He has shown green rainforests while talking about a warm Antarctica of 30 million years, but I very much doubt it would have looked like that with 6 months of darkness. It opens a huge and I mean HUGE potential for insectivorous plants!

[@unconventionalapproach1908]

I don't think that the earths current axis of rotation was at the angle of 24.5 degrees at that time it was different so a completely different area might have been under darkness for 6 months

[@simonschnedl]

Hibernation.

[@SageTheTrashPanda]

@@unconventionalapproach1908 Even still, I'd imagine a lot of the areas wouldn't have received nearly as much sunlight despite Antarctica having abundant plant life

[@BrazilianImperialist]

​@@unconventionalapproach1908 Not that different

[@mysterious7215]

I was doing homework but this seems more important

[@maffanchadziqashari4888]

Same lol

[@HopeRock425]

I'm watching this *while* doing my homework.

[@ieuanhunt552]

You are doing geography homework

[@acamelwholikescoke4641]

Same

[@D4rkn3ss2000]

Homework is not that important nowdays anyways... And if it is an Atlas Pro video you can bet your ass you will learn more watching it than by doing your HW 👍🏻

[@ashutoshkaisen7004]

The redefining guy is an absolute maniac stay away from him.

[@t-bonethediscospider5157]

I think Atlas did a mistake guys he called himself crazy LMAO(Yes I know it is a joke don’t r/wooosh me)

[@paradoxicalpotato8927]

@@t-bonethediscospider5157 He just explained the idea he never said he supported it.

[@t-bonethediscospider5157]

@@paradoxicalpotato8927 Did you read what I said in the brackets?

[@mrtoasteer3561]

@@t-bonethediscospider5157 areslashwuush

[@Arya_amsha]

@@t-bonethediscospider5157 r/woosh

[@Deadlyish]

"The Australasian realm" Zealandians: "Them's fighting words"

[@quidam_surprise]

Yeah well, Zealandia was already such a dumb and impractical name anyway

[@emilyatgiaras8767]

Yes, riding a kangaroo to work🦘🦘🦘

[@laurencefraser]

@@quidam_surprise it's literally "the (place/land) of sea land". Arguably a perfectly reasonable name for a "continent" that's mostly under water, especially when the bulk of its habitable land is part of the Kingdom of New Zealand (a slightly complicated entity compromised of New Zealand (the nation state. It's not "the (anything) of New Zealand", just New Zealand), and it's various... Satelites, I guess. Their actual status varies a lot from one to the next,but they're all small enough to not really be able to function truly independently, at most. Not all of them are part of zealandia, though), with the rest being ... I think All of the rest of zealandia is part of France, actually. Close to, if not actually all, anyway. (Yes, in an amusing twist, New Zealand's closest neighbour (that isn't part if the Kingdom, at least) is actually France... New Zealand even has its own reasons for not liking the French much...) Point is, the name's perfectly sensible. Downright Boring, actually.

[@aidansokolov7184]

@@laurencefraser zeeland is in the Nederlands

[@moo8866]

It’s Oceania 😤

[@ghyul6263]

I didn't know geography was so controversial

[@balticpagan1495]

IT IS!

[@rj5848]

Everything in this world is controversial. Literally everything !!!

[@miguelmontenegro3520]

Even KZbin comments are controversial

[@VoidLantadd]

@@rj5848 I completely disagree with you

[@AppaBalloonPro]

@@VoidLantadd All science is controversial. Even math. MATH

[@bearscuba1]

It would be interesting to see a similar video on biology of the oceans and their different realms.

[@rj5848]

When I was a kid I thought Indian Ocean was completely part of India

[@Yuio_Quaz]

@@rj5848 to be fare, it makes a ton of sense.

[@skeratix11]

We know what his next vid will be now

[@lusciouslocks8790]

I’ve tried to look into it on my own and hoo boy does it get complicated. The only standardized scheme I could find involves only shallows. Having a three-dimensional, interconnected space to consider is not something my human brain is confident with

[@melonbals5512]

@@rj5848 I looked at a us map and saw Indiana thinking it was India

[@thomasraywood679]

Excellent. Judging by shape alone, I always wondered why India found itself ranked as a subcontinent while Arabia did not. Your computer modeling of the movements of the various plates over time, however, makes the distinction now clear. Great job.

[@prabuddhaghosh7022]

Frankly India should be classified a continent and not a subcontinent. The Himalayas separate it from Asia much more thoroughly than the Cacasus separate Europe from Asia. Classifying Europe as a continent and India as a sub continent is just inconsistent.

[@BrazilianImperialist]

​@@prabuddhaghosh7022 No

[@surajs5913]

​@@BrazilianImperialist yes

[@prabuddhaghosh7022]

@@hits_different On the East the Lesser Himalayas come all the way down through Myanmar to touch the Bay of Bengal. On the West the Iranian plateau marks the end of India and start of Asia. Alternately the West border can be the Indus River. India literally means the land beyond the Indus in Greek.

[@VigneshVicky-ku8gr]

​@@prabuddhaghosh7022You wanted to call India a continent? Fine

[@jeanluc1420]

The Seychelles islands also have a very unique biogeography since they separated from Madagascar and India 80 million years ago leading to it having very unique flora and fauna

[@bssb8537]

Wow I love it

[@Moldovanul_]

Sally sells sea shells on the shores of Seychelles.

[@manh385]

Yes ... it is a great example

[@jacksu43-65]

Same with Socotra island, although I don't know it's biogeographic history it's still incredibly uniqe and diverse

[@itsgonnabeanaurfromme]

Well Madagascar has a unique set of flora and fauna so duh.

[@Pratalax]

I love that "Oh yeah, and Antarctica" is still a thing

[@russia2328]

Subscribe to the cumbersome members

[@mochardiansah7452]

I was expecting it from the very beginning

[@JuandeFucaU]

Antarctica..... like a kid kept and raised in the basement so the neighbours never see him and the parents avoid shame.

[@StuffandThings_]

The glaciation of Antarctica always makes me sad... would've been such a neat place if it weren't for that damn Antarctic circumpolar current.

[@Dragrath1]

@@StuffandThings_ The worst bit is that the death of Antarctica's Flora/Fauna was slow taking millions of years the glaciation began ~37 Ma but the last hospitable refuges of Tundra were only lost ~13 Ma leaving only the Antarctic peninsula that lost its last flora ~3-5 Ma. Think of thall the flora and fauna that struggled to adapt but lingered on as much as they could. One lineage of insect has been found that actually is Antarctic native barely managing to meek it through at times given its very low genetic diversity.

[@hiyacynthia]

Thus should be a full length movie... with music. Or a whole Netflix documentary series.

[@3dstudiomike]

Why the music?! Why the distraction? Keep music out of instructional vids! Atlas Pro doesn't feel the need to impose their personal musical tastes on us as a fee for learning what they are teaching. I have to agree with you on one point though: this is a GREAT channel!

[@realtalk6195]

The longer you make it, the harder it becomes to follow and the less information people actually retain. This video was almost perfect and I'm not one to throw high-praise around so easily.

[@kaineskeptic6484]

I would like a more in depth vid too.

[@tijojose7966]

Yeah @AtlasPro. Make a Nebula documentary!

[@philipbirzulis5099]

I can just picture the mandatory netflix sex scenes

[@rubenlarochelle1881]

When he said that some types of elephants started an aquatic life, my fantasy started to wonder in joy, trying to imagine such a marvelous extinct animal. Then he said they're dugongs...

[@workthroway283]

im sure there were many extinct versions between the originals and today's dugongs. :)

[@nidohime6233]

Dugong where thought to be mermaids back then.

[@azrielmoha6877]

It's not that accurate though. Sure elephants and dugongs (Ordo sirenian) came from the same afrotheria stock, but they're not closely related. Both lineages evolve independently.

[@nidohime6233]

@@azrielmoha6877 But they had the same ancestor, right? It just happend both got separate very early.

[@steviebudden3397]

@@nidohime6233 If you go back far enough then any two organisms have a common ancestor. Humans and Water Cress for example share a common ancestor long enough ago.

[@MatthewGross87]

Just think: One generation of species native to a thriving Antarctic ecosystem represented the last, and ultimately missed chance to migrate to South America or Australia to save the fate of their species from certain, frozen doom, and they didn't even know it.

[@Cyw0rx]

That's why, we humans need to migrate to other worlds as well. Mars here we come!

[@rogersconcha]

Actually there are many species un southern Chile and Argentina, New Zealand and Australia from antarctic origin

[@m.debaser4]

@@rogersconcha yep, boldly missed in this video but recognized by the Takhtajan's floral Kingdoms

[@altrag]

@@m.debaser4 Not really "missed" so much as a distinction of definition. This video was specifically referring that species evolved _after_ Antarctica had separated too far to allow significant mixing. Now there was probably the odd bird or rafting animal that still made the trek right up until the last member of the last species in Antarctica died off, but if those individuals who made the journey either didn't come as a breeding pair (well colony to prevent gene pool collapse) or weren't well enough adapted to their new homes to propagate their species, or has simply not evolved sufficiently to be noticeably distinguishable from the species that were already there from before the continents separated, it doesn't really "matter" for the purposes of tracking biodiversity. He kind of touched on that when he was talking about Australia and pointed out that he was focusing on marsupials even though obviously other stuff exists there as well. You could probably make a similar map based on spiders or ants or whatever else instead of based on large mammals and rodents (he didn't even touch on reptiles and lizards), and while the new map might be _slightly_ different its likely to be pretty close as the same geographic splitting would affect them as well and lead to a similar pattern of evolutionary divergences.

[@jeanbarque9918]

@@Cyw0rx forget mars, space exploration is near our limits, no human will ever walk on Mars, space exploration will end way before 2100

[@elmosanica]

Fun fact in Indonesia, we were also taught Weber's Line, that has the line slightly to the east, making Indonesia's biogeography was split into 3 regions, Asian (Indomalayan), the Wallacea region, and the Australasian.

[@hanggaraaryagunarencagutuh7072]

I rename the "Indomalayan realm" as "Indo-Austrican realm".

[@packi_5]

His voice sounds weirdly happier than previous ones.

[@theuserofthissite]

probably because he's talking about one of the most interesting subjects I've ever fucking heard of

[@radicusladicus7559]

@@theuserofthissite whoa Jamal

[@instanttregret]

@@radicusladicus7559 dont pull put the 9!

[@badartgallery9322]

Love is the answer.

[@tsogobauggi8721]

Maybe he got lucky. :)

[@geographyvibes5624]

“Antarctica is a blind spot for potential unique species.” Penguins-

[@keihanicol7372]

Penguins actually developed first in the south island of New Zealand, thirty or so thousand years ago. I guess they just did their things and swam down to Antarctica

[@Dracorex13]

Only five of the 18 penguin species even live on the mainland of Antarctica because it's too inhospitable, and two of those only on the Antarctic Peninsula, which is basically Greenland.

[@Qylk]

farm pontensial

[@Qylk]

@@Andrew19ao but the hooman needs new resources immediately as the fairest creature on earth and the holy-hopely-happily penguin it won't be long have the same fate as his brother to become 🐧🔪 = dinner

[@Qylk]

@@Andrew19ao why hooman do not empower maximum these resources while there is still a chance, that it is better than being useless for hooman and gone forava extinct by nature selection 😡

[@galaxiaknight]

This is honestly the most interesting thing I've ever learnt about animal and plant evolution. I wish they taught us more about the dynamics of it in college and such, it would probably make it easier to learn and keep it interesting

[@josecarvajal6654]

8:47 A genus originating in Africa getting to the Americas trough the Bering strait? Where have I heard that before?

[@russia2328]

Subscribe to the cumbersome members

[@crackedemerald4930]

Nah, you're just imagining it.

[@adamgad2183]

riverdale

[@worstnightmareee2900]

Humans

[@Biobele]

History class???

[@schizomode]

I always wondered why there seemed to be more pine species in the northern hemisphere. This explains it!

[@MsMRkv]

Pines are a plague in Páramos ecosystems in the andes. They can tolerate the cold temperatures in the andes.

[@edwardtonkin8387]

@@MsMRkv Similarly in New Zealand.

[@legrandliseurtri7495]

pines are op please nerf.

[@StephensCrazyHour]

Always knew the northern hemisphere was soft.

[@mastering7305]

Ok Mel Gibson

[@t.b.cont.]

You showed hyenas as canines but they’re actually feliforms. Canids evolved in North America, and didn’t come over to Eurasia and Africa until the bearing land bridge made it possible. Horses and camels also similarly draw their origins in North America in the Eocene

[@davidegaruti2582]

Yeah he also claimed that gibbons evolved in india , while they evolved in africa and spread to india during the biotic exchange , But still small mistakes aside this video is great

[@laureanovalotta5188]

@Da G horses originated in America, migrate to Eurasia and then became extint in America until the discovery of America by europe

[@crinsombone5380]

@@davidegaruti2582 I think he simplified too much and made a lot of mistakes in this video

[@ettinakitten5047]

@@davidegaruti2582 Yeah, gibbons are apes, not monkeys, so that kinda threw me.

[@gabrielford3473]

The Wolf is Eurasian and came to N America via the land bridge.

[@witoldgarczynski4602]

So... you’re saying that at one point Australia was a “seeded world” a speculative evolutionist dream where one species gets to diversify in almost all niches. Straya is the real life Serina.

[@Crosshill]

i havent watched the video yet, but im gonna challenge my memory from this one continent documentary series i cant find anymore but in which i got to learn that australias animals look and act especially daft because australia was fecking cold once and then suddenly all the animals had to just fecking try and make do in a hot hellscape on pretty short notice, and thats why you get one mystery species that had to diversify? god i wanna find that series again, i love this kinda geography, i love this channel

[@kim7990]

Straya cvn✝️

[@Piromanofeliz]

Serina, the canary world! Awesome stuff

[@KorbentMarksman]

I enjoy this comment

[@yuujinner5801]

Yoooo let's goo specevo

[@zacktoby]

You could do a similar exercise with mineral deposits: eg gold, coal iron ore etc. Would be easier because minerals don't just get up and migrate thousands of kilometers.

[@veetatceetit3054]

I want to search this, In The Name Of Rahman.

[@frostnotm5282]

You... ever heard of volcanos?

[@altrag]

Two big problems with that: First, minerals are (mostly) underground while plants and animals are (mostly) aboveground. Sure, fossils of extinct animals will require some digging but we can do a lot of biohistory with just what we find in the wild, especially these days with genetic mapping often giving us a much clearer idea of lineage connections than fossils ever did (not that fossils are unimportant - knowing there _is_ a connection is useful but knowing what that connection actually was is also useful. But in the specific role of trying to track movement of species over evolutionary time scales, its often far more accurate to match gene sequences than bone fragments). Second, minerals aren't nearly as diverse. Elements have certainly come up with plenty of ways to combine themselves, but they show definite preferences that tend to be more correlated to things like global temperature and atmospheric conditions than they are with localized effects like geology. There are absolutely some minerals that are unique enough to be traced and they definitely have their role in tracking the movement of tectonic plates and other geologic activity, especially when we get beyond what the DNA of extant life can tell us (ie: before Pangaean mixing) but in general the accuracy just isn't where we'd like it to be and biodiversity can tell us much more for the time period it covers.

[@zacktoby]

@@altrag Much depends on how and when the original mineral deposit formed. For instance all coal deposits were formed between 300 and 350 million years ago (linked to evolution of new plants and their decay). Iron ore deposits occurred when plankton started producing oxygen and the oceans rusted out iron oxide. I understand that both Australia's north west iron ore deposits and similar iron ore deposits in India were linked when India was literally part of Australia.

[@trippinonfebreeze7198]

Interesting arguments

[@julianwyatt6297]

i love the way that down in Tasmania we still get raspberries and olives that are native, and related to the European raspberries and olives. As well as a whole stack of plants left over from Pangea and Gondwana

[@archermadsen2028]

Tassie Pride!

[@danidejaneiro8378]

Were they not brought by European colonisers?

[@Yousef-lb4ip]

@@danidejaneiro8378probably

[@Rokkedahl]

When a video is well over twice the "mandatory" 10 minutes, you already know it was made for passion and not money. And it shows!

[@ManuelBTC21]

5:20 Would you look at India smashing up into the land mass and lifting up the Himalayas. Beautiful visualization.

[@PratUshh]

CURIOUS: There IS A AREA IN *India* called *"GONDWANA"* and the tribal ppl there are called "GOND".

[@letsknow3753]

Yes the meaning of Gondwana is country of gonds in their native languages. So gond tribes can claim much more land

[@silver-pearl]

Would love to know what history those people have to tell

[@letsknow3753]

@@silver-pearl Gond were one of the strongest and largest tribal communities in India

[@skeptic781]

That's very cool! Thanks for the information

[@marcusviniciusmagalhaesdea3779]

Big diamond deposits there

[@paradoxicalpotato8927]

Geography: *Is messed up* Biology: I'll help

[@russia2328]

Subscribe to the cumbersome members

[@paradoxicalpotato8927]

@@russia2328 ???????

[@daddyleon]

Geography: Is messed up Biology: Helped, but still messed up Sociology: May I try?

[@manh385]

Modern Technology : Allow me to introduce myself Geography and others : Yes ... Surely

[@DBT1007]

@@manh385 bruh. It's not related to these stuff. These stuff are knowledge field thingy. Modern technology is just.. technology. In every era, human use technology. It's not a field of knowledge.

[@georgiancrossroads]

Interestingly this is exactly how I divide ethnographic regions in music history, with the major exception of European music from Asian music. The Russian steppe acts as an ocean in that case.

[@russia2328]

Subscribe to the cumbersome members

[@grungeguy97]

And that's essentially an observation of human geography! Cultural development and interchange have long been influenced by environment and location

[@georgiancrossroads]

@@grungeguy97 Exactly. Which then raises questions about those barriers breaking down.

[@WanderTheNomad]

Humans are indeed still a part of nature, no matter how we think otherwise.

[@---iv5gj]

Russian steppe is not void of music... you may need to reexamine your music history materials. The steppes were quite instrumental in the spread of say turkic/mongolian nomadic music and instruments, throat and overtone singing for example. How can it be an "ocean"?

[@joang.cavanna2046]

This was absolutely fascinating and incredibly informative. I have heard of Pangia and Gonswanland but that's all. It was amazing to learn, at last, how the planet went from Pangia to what we have today. Not something I pursued on my own, just curiosity in the background. Thank you for explaining this so clearly and with such great graphics. You made it so understandable and real. Thank you for sharing your knowledge. So glad I discovered you.

[@jcortese3300]

Every time I see that era of continental drift animated, it's always like, "GEEZ, India, calm down ... "

[@liri8243]

😅

[@gopalp.3621]

Imagine China with a vast coastline and India as another large Island continent.

[@Wanboy]

@@gopalp.3621 bruh it would be unique man

[@snuffeldjuret]

@@gopalp.3621 that should be a way more common scenario in computer games imo.

[@RangerJackWalker]

We’re going north and nothing’s gonna stop us.

[@nienke7713]

I think every kind of classification of the world into realms/continents has some informational value; there's not one single division that's the most true, it simply depends on what sort of information you're after: this model is useful for understanding the flora and fauna of regions, but others serve, for example, more geological, geopolitical, and/or cultural purposes

[@shramanadasdutta3006]

Dont use the map of the city's plumbing system to plan your road trip.

[@TAP7a]

@@shramanadasdutta3006 on the contrary, city plumbing mostly goes under the roads, where it belongs! That is until you drive straight into the treatment plant...

[@Tinus429]

Context is always key

[@docauch5938]

I learn more in one of your videos than a lot of teachers could teach me in a year. It’s so helpful for visual learners, and you put it in such a way that makes it very easy to grasp and sink in. I can’t thank you enough.

[@Solrd]

"Sending Antarctica to Shadow realm" gives me surprising amount of joy. Thank you :D

[@adiabd1]

Aaaand some people just dumbfully believe that same shadow realm is the edge of the world and the earth is a flat rock (sigh)

[@layachaz7318]

"Shadow realm" Yu-gi-oh fans: ah yeah. The one who lose gets send there

[@thijsbos]

Yes! An Age of Wonders reference. Very cool

[@soledieairvideos5974]

I love how incredibly indepth he is! He makes it not boring while also still explaining the subject in a detailed way for us non scientist types.

[@calaentro]

No one: Literally no one: Scientists: *P I N U S G E N U S*

[@Panzer_Runner]

_P I N G A S_

[@laurencefraser]

... it's basically just latin. Or psuedo-latin, given how many new terms have been created. But the spelling and (mist of) the pronunciation are latin.

[@ajarofmayonnaise3250]

SUS AMONGUS

[@krowdrah_1693]

Also Scientists: Cock roach

[@Panzer_Runner]

@@ajarofmayonnaise3250 Also scientists: Sus Scrofa Domesticus Genus

[@ChaosGodII]

If you just found Atlas Pro, happy binge watching!

[@billydasquid1201]

😂

[@connerstewart7155]

It’s so true though lol

[@harshvatwani2202]

True

[@kingt0295]

He makes insanely high quality videos

[@arkadeepkundu4729]

12:28 "Their only route to colonizing India would have been a random rafting event" Brits: _Don't have rafts but best we can do is ships. Take it or leave it._

[@manh385]

😁😁😁

[@theguide1192]

Lmfao!

[@josephgibbons1195]

This is legit one of the coolest videos I have seen in a long time. I spent a good portion of it in shock and it has fueled within me a great deal of interest in the topic. Thanks homie.

[@Kurtizss]

The Earth's Core to Antarctica: *You're going to the shadow realm jimbo*

[@maazin2782]

Lol

[@Lazris59]

F

[@ericwolf9664]

It was more of when south America pulled away it's proverbial hand that Antarctica was truly doomed.

[@frankb3347]

8:32 Hyenas being Feliformia are more closely related to cats then canines.

[@pozzowon]

Dang! I thought I was the first one to notice.

[@abruemmer77]

I know, but still I won't admit it!

[@TheDylPickle]

I noticed Antarctica had a massive inner sea that was constantly changing but never completely drying, I wonder the isolated biodiversity could be under all that ice that evolved in completely different ways during its “golden age”.

[@iainsan]

This documentary is incredibly professional and well put-together, explaining very complex geography and biology in a clear and easy to understand way. It puts many mainstream media channels to shame. Well done!

[@patapax7033]

„Pinus genus” made me laugh way harder than it should.

[@keerthichandra376]

It sounded like an insult used by a 3rd grader

[@jasonglass5413]

Great episode would like to see this one turned into a mini series. With each region getting a one hour even more indepth episode.

[@pteronoid]

At 08:33 you show that the canines that migrated into Africa became Hyenas. This mistake is an opportunity for the people reading this to find out that Hyenas are actually feliform carnivorans, the suborder that includes the cats, mongooses and other related taxa. The opposing faction, caniform carnivorans in Africa are represented most notably by Jackals.

[@hainleysimpson1507]

What about African painted wolves.

[@dariobalicevic607]

@@hainleysimpson1507 or the ethiopian wolf

[@pteronoid]

Well, in my commment i did not exclude the existence of these wolves, while their not actually related to wolves, but more like foxes, jackals, in size they are not bigger than regular dogs.

[@nawwafsudi9761]

4:01 "Pinus genus" Atlas pro silently chuckled.

[@TheMiniMaestroMan]

0:17 This is the only 100% accurate map of Asia I've seen, good job.

[@TrickShotKoopa]

I’ve never heard of biogeography before and it's so interesting. I was glued to this video from the start.

[@banosja]

My god - these videos really are amazing. They're filling a gaping hole in my understanding of the world that I never knew I had. And to think - a few years ago, I didn't even know what euthrophication was! My next goal: drop 'Pinus Genus' into conversation.

[@TheTomBevis]

Do you mean eutrophication?

[@klx6265]

This is the most interesting video i have seen in weeks. Gripping from start to finish!

[@tultrapfighter]

fun fact: hyenas are more closely related to felines than canines

[@mickus85]

Fun fact: hyenas aren’t cats or dogs. They take more traits from dogs, however they’re their own family line.

[@MrSnappy-hv8ox]

If you mean ‘more traits from dogs’ as in their apperance and general behaviour then yes. However hyenas are part of the feliformia suborder so they are more closely related to cats than dogs, but they aren’t cats themselves as they’re part of their own family seperate from felidae, that being hyeanidae

[@visionentertainment8006]

@@mickus85 No one said they were cats or dogs.

[@dinkydude8205]

@@visionentertainment8006 at 8.32 he showed a hyena while naming "canines". So he basicly said they were dogs! No hate tho probably just a small error on an overall great video

[@elmacho2789]

Atlas: there’s tons of biology hidden under Antarctic ice Scientists: don’t worry, it’ll all be gone in like thirty years

[@MatthewsPersonal]

Pretty hyped honestly

[@appa609]

lol more like a few thousand

[@angrytedtalks]

The South Pole is pretty safe from melting currently. The Milankovich cycles will switch to pointing the south pole towards the Sun at it's closest point in solar orbit within the next 10,000 years. This quaternary ice age has been going on for 2.6 million years, so hopefully we will get a warmer spell before then.

[@Heywoodthepeckerwood]

Yeah..... we’ve been saying that for the last 30 years... Hope the sheep don’t realize what we’re up to... -world economic forum

[@legrandliseurtri7495]

Lol, sadly I think it's mostly just the ice of the coaslines that will melt more and more each year.

[@JohnsonvillePoint]

I feel like New Zealand deserves to be its own biogeographic region considering it’s very unique flora and fauna, and geographic isolation.

[@connerstewart7155]

I believe that New Zealand is the closest thing to what biogeography on Antartica was like before it froze

[@duffal0]

@@connerstewart7155 I would say that’s more like North Africa

[@daanvos194]

dont forget the patagonian forests

[@AdmiralBonetoPick]

*its

[@GwyyshsbakIzjsbsbszjzjzjhh]

@@daanvos194 Patagonia is definitely a part of South America. Its flora and fauna can be analogous to Northern British Columbia and Yukon of North America.

[@hailgiratinathetruegod7564]

10:42 a huge mistake. It is correct that many rodents groups colonized South America from North America, in the great American interchange. But the Caviomorpha (Capybaras, Guniea Pigs, Chinchillas, Tree porcupines and the extinct giant rodents are native to South America and colonized North America. They orginating from africa, who like the Newworld Primates came over sea arround 31 million years ago. Their giant size was the result of the lack of competition from ungulates like horses or deer.

[@aaronmarks9366]

Yess, I thought I had heard this somewhere and was going to comment about it. Glad you did.

[@anch95]

He discusses this at 7:38, and also mentions later at your timestamp that they still dominated the continent. Hail Giratina, btw.

[@alexandroskaminas]

05:27 Watch what happens at the mediterranean sea area, it appears to darken and then light up again. If im not terribly mistaken from a chronological point of view, thats an event called The Messinian salinity crisis (MSC). During this event, the Mediterranean sea had undergone near complete dissication, only leaving hypersaline pools in the basin. This happened because the Gibraltar strait (which links the Med with the adjacent Atlantic ocean) had been closed off, so the water evaporated slowly over millions of years. The event happened during the Messinian age of the Miocene epoch, hence the name. Pretty cool stuff!

[@AtlasPro1]

Good catch!

[@TJ-tu5xc]

I've rarely ever watched and listened to a video with such great interest literally sucking in every frame like a sponge. This is so incredibly interesting, it's explained in an extremely understandable fashion and a beautiful travel through time and around the globe. Worth absolutely ever single minute of watching. Thank you so much for creating such captivating content ❤️

[@eduardofirmezafarias9075]

10:46 , actually the the group of rodents that contains the capybara, the caviomorpha, have existed in South América for around 40 million years ago and have nothing to do with the Great American Interchange. Either way good video

[@hailgiratinathetruegod7564]

they acctually had a intersting history with the great american interchange. Since they colonized North America. New World Porcupines still ive up to Alaska. And Giant Capybaras lived up to texas untill the end of the ice age.

[@vincentx2850]

Yes! And in addition to that, giant sloth and armadillos did not go extinct during the interchange. On the contrary, they marched north, even evolving some uniquely north american taxons

[@tscottshea]

This is great! I took a biogeography course twenty years ago, and this was a wonderful refresher, plus some stuff I must have missed! Thanks!

[@bird-watcher-91]

Atlas Pro: Something you might be interested in knowing is that in 2012, McGill University updated Alfred Wallace's biogeographic realms map (what you're referring to in your video). Essentially, they added some new realms to the previous seven: the "Panamanian" (tropical Mexico, Central, northern South America, and the Caribbean), "Saharo-Arabian" (North Africa and the Sahel region of Africa, the Middle East, Afghanistan, and portions of Pakistan), "Madagascan" (Malagasy would be a more precise, formal name; this region also includes the Aldabra atoll, the Comoros, Mauritius, and surrounding islands), and "Sino-Japanese" (Tibet and central China, and Japan). The Nearctic realm has been redrawn to include Hawaii (previously part of the Oceanic realm). In this new, updated biogeographic map, Australasia is now more - it has been separated to Australian and Oceanic. The Oceanic realm now includes the Moluccan Islands, Aru, New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, the Solomon Islands, Palau, New Caledonia, Vanuatu, and the traditional Pacific Islands; the Australian realm only encompasses Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand and its surrounding islands. The Oriental realm now ends at Sulawesi and Timor and Wetar instead of cutting off right at Bali, Borneo, and the Philippines. All of Taiwan is now part of the Oriental Realm. I've provided a link of this for anyone interested: www.mcgill.ca/newsroom/channels/news/wallace’s-century-old-map-natural-world-updated-219609

[@ProximaCentauri55]

I ain't reading allat 🤷

[@catsdogswoof3968]

​@@ProximaCentauri55🧟‍♂️

[@dubstepXpower]

Wierd not sure how that works with Palau not being oriental but Philippines and east Timor are?

[@vaiyt]

Hawaii being part of the nearctic now must be because of all the native species that went extinct and replaced mainly with animals from north america

[@simonj3413]

8:35 hyenas aren’t canines, they’re their own family that’s actually more closely related to cats.

[@Kingsofthenorth1SKOL]

No

[@nathancreek6086]

@@Kingsofthenorth1SKOL this is the kind of delusional overconfidence in being wrong that I aspire to have

[@dalelc43]

​@@nathancreek6086 Yes they say that their more like cats, and then tell us this with no mention of cat like hyenas. So I'm not writing off The Guy yet. The dog-like hyenas Skull of Ictitherium viverrinum, one of the "dog-like" hyenas. American Museum of Natural History The descendants of Plioviverrops reached their peak 15 million years ago, with more than 30 species having been identified. Unlike most modern hyena species, which are specialised bone-crushers, these dog-like hyenas were nimble-bodied, wolfish animals; one species among them was Ictitherium viverrinum, which was similar to a jackal. The dog-like hyenas were very numerous; in some Miocene fossil sites, the remains of Ictitherium and other dog-like hyenas outnumber those of all other carnivores combined. The decline of the dog-like hyenas began 5-7 million years ago during a period of climate change, which was exacerbated when canids crossed the Bering land bridge to Eurasia. One species, Chasmaporthetes ossifragus, managed to cross the land bridge into North America, being the only hyena to do so. Chasmaporthetes managed to survive for some time in North America by deviating from the cursorial and bone-crushing niches monopolised by canids, and developing into a cheetah-like sprinter. Most of the dog-like hyenas had died off by 1.5 million years ago. Bone-crushing hyenas By 10-14 million years ago, the hyena family had split into two distinct groups: dog-like hyenas and bone-crushing hyenas. The arrival of the ancestral bone-crushing hyenas coincided with the decline of the similarly built family Percrocutidae. The bone-crushing hyenas survived the changes in climate and the arrival of canids, which wiped out the dog-like hyenas, though they never crossed into North America, as their niche there had already been taken by the dog subfamily Borophaginae. By 5 million years ago, the bone-crushing hyenas had become the dominant scavengers of Eurasia, primarily feeding on large herbivore carcasses felled by sabre-toothed cats. One genus, Pachycrocuta, was a 200 kg (440 lb) mega-scavenger that could splinter the bones of elephants[citation needed]. With the decline of large herbivores by the late ice age, Pachycrocuta was replaced by the smaller Crocuta. Rise of modern hyenas Skeletons of a striped hyena and a spotted hyena, two species of the "bone-crushing" hyenas The four extant species are the striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena), the brown hyena (Hyaena brunnea), the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta), and the aardwolf (Proteles cristata). The aardwolf can trace its lineage directly back to Plioviverrops 15 million years ago, and is the only survivor of the dog-like hyena lineage. Its success is partly attributed to its insectivorous diet, for which it faced no competition from canids crossing from North America. It is likely that its unrivaled ability to digest the terpene excretions from soldier termites is a modification of the strong digestive system its ancestors used to consume fetid carrion. The striped hyena may have evolved from H. namaquensis of Pliocene Africa. Striped hyena fossils are common in Africa, with records going back as far as the Villafranchian. As fossil striped hyenas are absent from the Mediterranean region, it is likely that the species is a relatively late invader to Eurasia, having likely spread outside Africa only after the extinction of spotted hyenas in Asia at the end of the Ice Age. The striped hyena occurred for some time in Europe during the Pleistocene, having been particularly widespread in France and Germany. It also occurred in Montmaurin, Hollabrunn in Austria, the Furninha Cave in Portugal and the Genista Caves in Gibraltar. The European form was similar in appearance to modern populations, but was larger, being comparable in size to the brown hyena. The spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) diverged from the striped and brown hyena 10 million years agoIts direct ancestor was the Indian Crocuta sivalensis, which lived during the Villafranchian.[10] Ancestral spotted hyenas probably developed social behaviours in response to increased pressure from rivals on carcasses, thus forcing them to operate in teams. Spotted hyenas evolved sharp carnassials behind their crushing premolars, therefore they did not need to wait for their prey to die, and thus became pack hunters as well as scavengers. They began forming increasingly larger territories, necessitated by the fact that their prey was often migratory, and long chases in a small territory would have caused them to encroach into another clan's turf. Spotted hyenas spread from their original homeland during the Middle Pleistocene, and quickly colonised a very wide area from Europe, to southern Africa and China. With the decline of grasslands 12,500 years ago, Europe experienced a massive loss of lowland habitats favoured by spotted hyenas, and a corresponding increase in mixed woodlands. Spotted hyenas, under these circumstances, would have been outcompeted by wolves and humans, who were as much at home in forests as in open lands-and in highlands as in lowlands. Spotted hyena populations began to shrink after roughly 20,000 years ago, completely disappearing from Western Europe between 11 and 14 thousand years ago, and earlier in some areas.

[@gallusderp3513]

@@dalelc43 ok so you copied and pasted a big chunk of the wikipedia section for dog-like hyenas and others, that still does not prove hyenas are even remotely close to dogs/canids. There are no cat-like hyenas, because the closest relatives of hyenas are mongoose, meerkats and madagascar carnivorans such as the fossa.

[@gallusderp3513]

@@Kingsofthenorth1SKOL hyenas are most closely related to mongoose, mongoose are feliform carnivores, closer to fossa, cats and civets than they are to dogs, weasels and bears.

[@antsensei1481]

No one: The South-East Indian Ridge to Antarctica: Looks like you're going to the shadow realm, jimbo.

[@shouryacool]

Antarctica be like: yeah bitch no human here to fuckup my side of the map. Humans years later: Hellow there !

[@zeozeto5457]

This video: Land biota travel to another continent through a continent bridge, birds and sea tide. Sea biota: Hold my sea water

[@vaiyt]

The amazon river plume actually blocks the movement of saltwater species between northern brazil and the caribbean

[@somerandomguy___]

The lord has blessed us with another masterpiece

[@russia2328]

Subscribe to the cumbersome members

[@hubazubax]

@@russia2328 no

[@tinydong4586]

@@russia2328 nice playlists

[@abruemmer77]

You mean nature and its evolution? True.

[@awsomeness753159]

this is the coolest video i've ever watched. holy shit. i think i picked the wrong major in college.

[@ghost_curse]

10:53 The jaguar on the left is looking at that giant sloth like "wooooahhh look at the size of this lad! Absolute unit!"

[@orfeasdroop2733]

This is literally the most interesting and fascinating video I've seen in the past two years

[@waterdrinker7958]

Gotta say, this is one of those channels you don’t skip the ads just to support them

[@Ascertivon]

What a great and high-quality video! My jaw literally hung open for a good portion of the historical explanations. Watching this all be pieced together and visualized clearly is utterly mesmerizing and so satisfying to me.

[@joshbernard-pearl5335]

This is a really cool way to think about geography!

[@yashraghav1485]

as india was earlier a part of africa and later joined asia , it and other parts of south east asia show a somewhat mixed wildlife like india(and many SE asian nations) has some wild animals commonly associated with africa like: lion , leopard , elephant , hyena , rhino, antelopes , wild dogs but it also has some animals associated with eurasia like: tigers , bears , deers , wolves, snow leopards, eurasian lynx, pheasants, bisons, stags(kashmir stag), yaks, mountain goats etc

[@jpbcollins]

This is a really fantastic video. Blown away by how many ideas this unifies.

[@underarock9447]

Imagine being able to walk among the creatures in the landmasses from long ago. Imagine how many species we will never know about.

[@joelhungerford8388]

When you consider the minuscule amount of actual fossils we've discovered compared to the length of time they represent you cam start to imagine the amount of fauna we have no idea about.

[@underarock9447]

@@joelhungerford8388 Mind Boggling. I wish we could go back in time as ghosts and not be able to mess anything up

[@lastyhopper2792]

@@underarock9447 Careful, you might create time paradoxes

[@ImThylacine]

I really enjoyed this wonderfully informative video! It reminded me of a condensed version of many PBS Eons shorts.

[@mohamedmenacer3303]

This is the single most amazing video on youtube ! I've been looking for something like this for ages ! Thank you

[@bassetac5880]

Outstanding video! Nailed so many biology points, while keeping it simplified. Keep up the great work.

[@j.s.7335]

This is all very fascinating. Thank you. I find it so impressive that single marsupial species managed to get all the way from South America to Australia. Even more impressive is how life manages to find its way onto every island across the enormous Pacific Ocean.

[@jfrfilms6697]

This channel is like a hidden realm of treasure for geography fans.

[@Cadmann778]

you say Canine side of carnivora and show a Hyena when talking about their migration to Africa but Hyenas are part of the Feline part of the family

[@Aaronit0]

Didn't hyenonditae branch out before carnivora split into felinae and caninae ?

[@Cadmann778]

@@Aaronit0 Hyaenidae or Hyaenodontidae? Hyaenidea is the family Hyenas belong to, Hyaenodontidae is an extinct family that broke off a long way back before Carnivora

[@-guloluscus-3876]

@@Aaronit0 Hyaenidae sits within Feliformia, cat-like carnivorans (to be more specific, superfamily Herpestoidea, containing herpestids, euplerids, hyaenids and extinct close relatives) and are thought to have diverged from other carnivorans around 22 mya, during the lowest Miocene.

[@MacandArney]

Same as the fox.

[@indomalayan]

Thank you for creating this 🙏🏻 Love from Indomalaya 🦋

[@sailorgaijin8838]

wth hahaha lmao

[@Naktya7]

This is one of my favorite video from you. I keep coming back to watch it again and again. I think it is also the reason I subscribed to you.

[@ungratefulmango]

This video needed to be made. Thank you!

[@jovanpetronijevic7934]

Very nice video. Just two things: New Zealand should be counted as a separate realm since there are no marsupials there, only indigenous terrestrial mammals are bats; also, Madagascar should be distinct realm that separated from Africa a lot earlier

[@danielcornwall1585]

Yeah, they discounted Zealandia as a "Realm of Biogeography" and then proceeded to explain exactly nothing about why. By their definitions, it should count even MORE than say, North America, since the interchange of species between it and other zones was so few and far between

[@faeya2005]

It's typical New Zealand erasure, even on some of the maps we were cut off xD (this is an on going trope). We share some Flora with Australia, but a lot of our Fauna was isolated for a time (there was still some Fauna interchange with Australia in the form of birds) So I'm guessing we are a sub realm with in the Australian one, what I wonder is if we were kind of a blend between Australia and Antarctica. This video seems to imply the marsupials came to Australasia before Zealandia broke off, but the lack of marsupial fossils found here seems to imply it was after.

[@danielcornwall1585]

@@faeya2005 Apparently we get more flora from South America, somehow.

[@N40M1_P1L0T]

I totally agree with this. And quick fun fact most of the species in New Zealand are birds.

[@m.debaser4]

Yep, NZ, southern South America (Patagonia) and New Caledonia are truly part of the Antarctic Realm, or of an "Austral Realm" so to speak.

[@samedu5667]

Thank you, an informative video for an Infor-hungry geography student and for a teacher as well. Thank Atlas Pro.

[@markpreston9562]

That was a fantastic video, I watched intently until the very end. Such an interesting topic that you explained really well

[@Ascertivon]

The fact about pines at 4:12 is so cool to me!

[@fwogboi]

*P I N E T R E E*

[@Charles_S09]

@@fwogboi P I N U S T R E E

[@fwogboi]

@@Charles_S09 💀

[@dawnokeefe8456]

To me, this is a masterpiece and a very valuable documentary with a lot of contents I was desperately looking for: thank you for having uploaded this work!

[@scythos6540]

Along with the Pacific Islands, there are other cases of isolationism breeding unique flora and fauna, New Zealand is one example. The Flora from there are found almost nowhere else in the world and the Fauna, well it is the only place (that I know of) to have Avians as the predominant species.

[@keihanicol7372]

The only endemic terrestrial mammal species in NZ are the three species of flightless bats. They came over from Aus and, just like a lot of the endemic birds (Kākāpō, Weka, Tekapō, Moa, Kiwi) the lack of ground predators meant made flying a bit redundant for them. The lack of scavanging rodents (until introduced) meant that many of thesr bird species could fill these niches too

[@qwerasdliop2810]

The beautiful Pacific ocean shots brought tears to my eyes. Travelling there has always been a dream of mine. Also, excellent video!!!

[@gracielablanco5975]

Im a environmental sciences major and had a biogeography class. For me, this video was such a well put together, clear and concise revision of some of it. I loved it

[@mallorymckinney7787]

The Great American Interchange is my favorite biogeography topic 😊 I wrote a term paper during grad school on the subject. So fascinating

[@Rafael_Peixoto]

I like how many species from south America were outcompeted, but ground sloths simply went "BRING IT ON LOSERS" and became successful in north America as well

[@lobstervortex]

this is one of the most interesting videos ive watched yet in my life.

[@HazelTownshend]

you explained this so much better than my uni lecturer, i have an exam tomorrow so eternally grateful.

[@Numba003]

The time-lapse clips of the continents is wonderful in this video! Keep up the excellent work. Stay well out there everybody, and Jesus Christ be with you friends.😊

[@vilena5308]

"Putting the wide scale extinction aside though the true shame of it that all the fossils left behind now lay buried under miles of ice..." It makes sense in the context, I know, but man that's cold.

[@mackycabangon8945]

quite literally

[@andrewbrown6522]

The bit about african animals being of arctic origins is mind blowing in modern terminology. You think you understand wildlife until you see a video like this. Very cool. Thanks for the lesson.

[@thefirminator]

Challenge: do this with the ocean.

[@a_m5115]

That one is tricky, if you only consider the marine life living in the shallow seas of the continental self, then you can distinguish different regions. But if you instead consider the marine creatures that live in the open ocean, you can't make a clean distinction

[@badartgallery9322]

(mind blown)

[@tinydong4586]

We already have names for the oceans

[@VGOM2000]

@@a_m5115 To put even more salt in the wound, the ocean is (currently) connected, so isolation, which is essential for the production of endemic species, currently cannot occur. But then we have the hot/cold ocean currents, which may play a role in this whole mess of a story.

[@lusciouslocks8790]

@@VGOM2000 there is still some isolation when it comes to species that both require some sort of anchor and are limited by depth. Which is why there’s such unique fauna on seamounts. In general though yeah it’s a lot more connected

[@OkunenSan]

"the south Indian ridge sent Antártica to the shadow realm" 😂 😂 😂

[@109reaper]

That one monkey rafting to Indian ridge must've been a badass

[@benny7929]

You are easily the best earth science channel on youtube

[@anontorocky8506]

I used to like geography, this channel made me fall in love with it.