VEGF Signalling Pathways

Vascular endothelial growth factor originally known as vascular permeability factor (VPF),[1] is a signal protein produced by many cells that stimulates the formation of blood vessels. To be specific, VEGF is a sub-family of growth factors, the platelet-derived growth factor family of cystine-knot growth factors. They are important signaling proteins involved in both vasculogenesis (the de novo formation of the embryonic circulatory system) and angiogenesis (the growth of blood vessels from pre-existing vasculature).
In mammals, the VEGF family comprises five members: VEGF-A, placenta growth factor (PGF), VEGF-B, VEGF-C and VEGF-D. The latter members were discovered after VEGF-A; before their discovery, VEGF-A was known as VEGF. A number of VEGF-related proteins encoded by viruses (VEGF-E) and in the venom of some snakes (VEGF-F) have also been discovered.
All members of the VEGF family stimulate cellular responses by binding to tyrosine kinase receptors (the VEGFRs) on the cell surface, causing them to dimerize and become activated through transphosphorylation, although to different sites, times, and extents. The VEGF receptors have an extracellular portion consisting of 7 immunoglobulin-like domains, a single transmembrane spanning region, and an intracellular portion containing a split tyrosine-kinase domain. VEGF-A binds to VEGFR-1 (Flt-1) and VEGFR-2 (KDR/Flk-1).[21] VEGFR-2 appears to mediate almost all of the known cellular responses to VEGF. The function of VEGFR-1 is less well-defined, although it is thought to modulate VEGFR-2 signaling.[22] Another function of VEGFR-1 may be to act as a dummy/decoy receptor, sequestering VEGF from VEGFR-2 binding (this appears to be particularly important during vasculogenesis in the embryo). VEGF-C and VEGF-D, but not VEGF-A, are ligands for a third receptor (VEGFR-3/Flt4), which mediates lymphangiogenesis. The receptor (VEGFR3) is the site of binding of main ligands (VEGFC and VEGFD), which mediates perpetual action and function of ligands on target cells. Vascular endothelial growth factor-C can stimulate lymphangiogenesis (via VEGFR3) and angiogenesis via VEGFR2. Vascular endothelial growth factor-R3 has been detected in lymphatic endothelial cells in CL of many species, cattle, buffalo and primate.[23]
In addition to binding to VEGFRs, VEGF binds to receptor complexes consisting of both neuropilins and VEGFRs. This receptor complex has increased VEGF signalling activity in endothelial cells (blood vessels).[12][24] Neuropilins (NRP) are pleiotropic receptors and therefore other molecules may interfere with the signalling of the NRP/VEGFR receptor complexes. For example, Class 3 semaphorins compete with VEGF165 for NRP binding and could therefore regulate VEGF-mediated angiogenesis

[@zubairbiosciences8226]

Nice Animation jgr🤞💕

[@mol_biologist30]

Great content 💯 so much information in such a short timespan 👌

[@Bionika.]

Lovely video ..FOXO insulin aging signalling next plz ....u are the great version of science..

[@michaeleisenberg7867]

Good Morning Shabir! It's lovely seeing you draw the lipid bilayer! And of course, all the colors plus this time, the swipe of your hand! I am guessing but do microtubules compartmentalize these pathways? Best Wishes, Mike

[@hussainbiology]

Microtubules mediates mostly cross talks...

[@jasmine939]

❤

[@ryanballout9302]

Where is your work cited?

[@umerfarooqbiology7083]

aslamoalkum حسین you are going so much well and good please hussain give me any tips to increase impression rate my channel not that bad still but not taking right audience i dont know why.... even i have 100 super 10min videos save in my usb but i dont want to upload because not going to viral even one video....even i have 2 min video contain 50+audience retention with 15% ictr FOR EXAMPLE even many videos but impression from youtube not going up.... 95k to 80k per month which is so bad...... what should i do.... by the way congratulations for 190k followers including me... ❤❤❤🎉 please guide me some aspects...

[@hussainbiology]

Target Indian Audience and make video in Urdu/Hindi.... U will see growth then for sure....

[@umerfarooqbiology7083]

@@hussainbiology right bro.... can we edit both types of language to make 2 in 1, i means 2 videos one english as well as urdu edit to upload both?

[@hussainbiology]

@@umerfarooqbiology7083 Attract masses. that is only possible by doing videos in Hindi

[@umerfarooqbiology7083]

@@hussainbiology yeah of course because most youtube audience are Indians that is why.... i will try it very good suggestion