What Makes Each of the Romance Languages Unique (Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, and more!)

[@riverareyes5408]

I grew up thinking that the big 5 were the only romance languages. I'm so happy to have discovered that there's so many more, with communities that are trying to keep them alive.

[@SenhorKoringa]

The thing is even Spanish and Portuguese are very common to the untrained ear and have such high mutual intelligibility with each other that the more regional you get, they really do feel like just dialects. Like if someone told me they were trilingual and those 3 languages were Spanish Catalan and Austurian, i would prob roll my eyes at them.

[@RobespierreThePoof]

The big five are the only ones that are likely to survive the next couple centuries, sadly. Globalization and nationalism do not favor minority languages.

[@aiocafea]

@@SenhorKoringa i think that's a bit unfair, like as a romanian i can understand a lot of aromanian yes, there is a world in which you may call them dialects but that doesn't mean i can *speak* that way obviously, the spectrum is continuous, but it does feel like a different sort of state when you can get what people mean without making an active effort even accents that are considered 'thick' my brain tunes into that manner of speaking, but to try to understand italian i have to sort of lock in and continue keeping myself in that focused state

[@osasunaitor]

​@@SenhorKoringa Catalan and Spanish are different enough to cause intelligibility problems. I have met native Catalans from rural areas who had real trouble communicating in Spanish. It's definitely not as simple as comparing them to dialects.

[@TheHistorySoldier]

​@@SenhorKoringa Catalan is more closely related to the traditional languages of southern France than it is to Spanish.

[@extravenusiano6352]

You forgot some contractions in portuguese, here's one that a lot of portuguese speakers forget too: a + a = à, a + aquele = àquele

[@oravlaful]

essas são contrações escritas só, acho que ele tava se referindo a contrações faladas

[@Krka1716]

@@oravlaful Em PT, as pronúncias são claramente distintas.

[@oravlaful]

@@Krka1716 ah perdão, nao sabia, qual é a diferença?

[@Krka1716]

@@oravlaful Em PT e noutros países lusófonos, o 'â' é menos aberto do que 'à': 'aquele'=='âquele' ([ɐ.ˈke.ɫɨ] 'àquele'=='àquele' ([a.ˈke.ɫɨ] Há mais contrações com 'aquele': daquele, naquele...

[@oravlaful]

@@Krka1716 muito interessante

[@coolconner1029]

Romanian is the purple sheep of the Romance family

[@alexilonopoulos3165]

Black sheep

[@AKockasfuluNyulwastaken]

Speaking of purple sheep.... (does anyone remember that YT channel. :-D)

[@friesgaming487]

@@AKockasfuluNyulwastakenomg its flooding back to me

[@yoylecake313]

@@AKockasfuluNyulwastaken does that channel still exist

[@Samsung-1.9Cu.Ft.Microwave]

Id argue french is the most distant language, romanian sounds somewhat slavic but still sounds latin unlike french

[@tony58300]

Spanish also has a neuter gender, it's pretty similar to Asturian pure neuter, it only applies to abstract nouns and it inflects very similar to the masculine so its usually overlooked, but it can change the meaning of a word, for example: lo pequeño (neuter) ("the smallness" it references to the atribute of being small) el pequeño (masculine) (something/someone masculine who is small)

[@prado1205]

i'm surprised this wasn't mentioned tbh since it makes spanish unique ((tho ik it's currently done in catalan by some ppl too

[@apolo399]

I wanted to add more precision to this comment: Spanish has a neuter gender in articles and other demonstratives, yes, but no noun is neuter.

[@tenzoRaperi]

This exist in sardinian too, It's not a particular trait of Spanish ​@@prado1205

[@Dovicz]

Indeed, the neuter "lo" has been in use in Catalan for a looong time, though for some reason it didn't make it into the standard developed in the 1930s so it's now only used in informal contexts (i wish it was acceptable in formal language as well, so useful and elegant!)​ @@prado1205

[@sam_9228]

Wow i’m shocked that i didn’t know this and this is my native language

[@samuchase14]

Fun fact, in Spanish you can also add the article in front of a proper name, but only when refering to friends and it's pretty informal

[@Tornnnado]

yes my family in chile does this

[@Katares]

Just like in Austrian German.

[@rene3181]

could you give me an exemple?

[@Tornnnado]

@@rene3181 ¿Dónde está la Pauli?

[@cuckoo61]

This happens very commonly in a variant from the north of Mexico that is close to me

[@J.o.s.h.u.a.]

As a Sardinian speaker, your segment about Sardinian is very accurate! I am also glad that you mentioned some very important characteristics that many linguistics amateurs on the internet often ignore or don't speak about (mainly, the fact that Sardinian is not one single unified language and that the difference between dialects impacts phonology, grammar and vocabulary. Many people say that Sardinian is the closest Romance language to Latin because but it still preserves the old unpalatalised C's and G's, but this is only true for the Logudorese dialects). Some more characteristics that make Sardinian really unique: 1) Sardinian is the only language, together with the Balearic dialect of Catalan, whose articles developed from Latin ipse, ipsa. That means that the articles contain an S instead of an L, like in many other Romance languages. 2) The most important aspect of Sardinian phonology is the so-called paragogic vowel. This is a feature that evolved relatively recently, but it basically means that even if some words might end in a consonant in the written language, they can't end in that consonant in the spoken language. The phenomenon varies depending on how well you can speak Sardinian (people who speak better Italian than Sardinian, tend to use the paragogic vowel systematically with every word, whereas more proficient speakers only use it in set contexts), but it basically means that you have to repeat the vowel of the preceding syllable at the end of the word. This can be often heard with plural forms: "Sa domu" (the house) is pronounced /za domu/ "Is domus" (the houses) is pronounced /iz domuzu). Those who can't write Sardinian (which is many people, also due to the fact there is no standardised written language), often but incorrectly write things like "is domusu" for this reason.

[@lolloblue9646]

Huh, so ipse/ipsa instead of ille/illa? Fascinating. Salute to you from the mainland, and thank you for ichnusa and maialetto.

[@FairyCRat]

As an Occitan, I'm glad that my ancestral language was mentioned, even if I don't speak a word of it unfortunately. Also, since I'm also half-Belgian, I gotta mention that Belgian French (as well as Swiss French) doesn't have the wonky numbers, as they have dedicated words for 70 and 90, and Swiss French does too for 80.

[@vampyricon7026]

IIRC Québécois also doesn't do wonky tens.

[@InventorZahran]

French stoners be like "fifty, sixty, seventy, four-twenty!"

[@fablb9006]

I did not speak occitan too, but I shoose to learn this so beautiful language that was the language of parts of my ancestors spoke (the others did speak oil dialects, franco-provençal or Breton). Fun fact, just one century ago, none of mu ancestors did speak the modern standard french that I am a native speaker of.

[@FairyCRat]

​@@fablb9006I guess those on my father's side spoke it as a second language, while those on my mother's side spoke Flemish.

[@emilianohermosilla3996]

Thank god for the number changes, I’m planning to learn French but the numbers are one of those things that make me die inside ☠️😅. Also, Occitan is such a fascinating language almost as if a combination between French and Spanish, I wish we could see a resurgence of it in the future 💪🏼

[@wrenisprobablyb0red]

Omg you're in a romance with a language? I wish you two well 🎉

[@nmrubeck]

definitely a poly-glot situation here

[@weston06.]

It’s the second L in LGBT… Lingsexual.

[@fenyx2558]

Silence furry

[@wrenisprobablyb0red]

@@fenyx2558 wait till you find out that the gal behind lingolizard is a furry heheh

[@oravlaful]

omg it's wren

[@Ktlxst]

48:15 In latin there are six infinitives: amāre (present active) “to love”, amā(vi)sse (perfect active) ~“to have loved”, amātūrum esse (future active) ~“to will love”, amārī (present passive) “to be loved”, amātum esse (perfect passive) ~“to have been loved” and amātum īrī (future passive) ~“to will be loved”.

[@maelstrom57]

"to will" ew

[@Nevrits]

Btw final o in brazilian portuguese is often pronounced [ʊ], or sometimes just [ʷ], or more extremely just straight up going silent. In European portuguese unstressed o and u both weaken to [ʊ] usually but often gets devoiced or straight up goes silent and possibly influencing previous consonants.

[@i4limbo]

Yes, i'm Brazilian and in my dialect final O is always silent and sometimes final E / E at the beggining as well. In my city some people pronounce final O as an "n" though, I wish I knew the exact sound or the reason why they do it because I never saw it in other places.

[@andarilho_31]

No sotaque que eu falo, o /ʊ/ é deletado no final de palavras somente no plural. "O gato" > /u ˈɡatʊ/ "Os gatos" > /uzˈɡats/ Isso só acontece se a consoante for um plosivo (/t/, /d/, /p/, /b/, /k/, /g/), então: "Os cachorros" > /uskaˈʃohʊs/ (veja que o /ʊ/ é pronunciado)

[@gonzalo_rosae]

​@@i4limbo de onde é que és?

[@i4limbo]

@@gonzalo_rosae norte de minas gerais but my comment was kind of misleading though 😭 some people pronounce final O as u and some don't pronounce it

[@iel8797]

I mean isto era mais para falar sobre o português. Não o português do Brasil

[@dragskcinnay3184]

22:20 note: most "standard" (Parisian) French speakers don't use /ə/ anymore, merging with /ø/ (when it's not elided, which near-universal in casual speech); the distinctions between /e/ and /ε/, and between /ø/ and /œ/, are sometimes lost as well

[@pierreabbat6157]

My accent is not Parisian (my father was from Le Trait, Normandy), and I do use /ə/ and maintain the distinction between /e/ and /ε/ (the verb endings -ai and -ais, respectively), though sometimes I don't know which one to say when I see a written word. Between /ø/ and /œ/, though, I know of only one minimal pair (jeûne/jeune), and I don't bother distinguishing them.

[@dragskcinnay3184]

@@pierreabbat6157 Interesting! Do you distinguish /ə/ from /ø/ and /œ/? Personally, I distinguish /e/ from /ε/ and /ø/ from /œ/, but elide /ə/ or merge it with either of the two preceding sounds (I'm from the western Petite couronne)

[@Kat.brush1]

@@dragskcinnay3184 I personally don’t distinguish the difference between the schwa and œ. Sometimes I say words like œuvre and sœur as uh-vr, and suh. (I am not a native french speaker)

[@afuyeas9914]

​@@dragskcinnay3184Do you distinguish between "ceci" and "ceux-ci"? I do personally, and it's a common feature where I'm from

[@dragskcinnay3184]

@@afuyeas9914 I don't distinguish them, no

[@artifactU]

i dont speak a romance language... does that make me... aromantic?

[@kakahass8845]

I speak a romance language but I'm also aromantic... what now?

[@traumatizedamericanrat]

I'm bi, does that mean I speak two Romance languages?? Qué :00000

[@Bobogdan258]

No, because you don't speak Aromanian

[@killianobrien2007]

I speak neither romance languages nor sexual languages but I do still speak platonic languages

[@OfficeDuck-]

@@killianobrien2007what platonic languages can i learn?

[@maneliquet]

What an interesting video!! Catalan also has orthografic at the end of words, like feliç, 'happy'

[@oravlaful]

they mentioned this

[@ValkyRiver]

24:07 â ê î ô û usually indicate that the word used to be spelled with that letter followed by an s, such as forêt (forest) and hôpital (hospital)

[@DavidCowie2022]

Or my favourite, guêpe (wasp), which is also one of a handful of Germanic words where an initial /w/ has become a /g/.

[@ValkyRiver]

@@DavidCowie2022 My favorite “letter-substitution” French-English cognate would probably be échafaudage/scaffolding

[@pierreabbat6157]

There are exceptions, such as âme (amme, anima, but never asme), théâtre (no letter was lost, the vowel was long in Greek and Latin), and -âmes (probably influenced by -âtes, where s was lost, as in Spanish -asteis).

[@vespasiancloscan7077]

"Classical" Latin refers to a time period. "Vulgar" Latin refers to the informal register of any period's Latin.

[@tylere.8436]

Yes, and most tend to misuse "Vulgar Latin" when they really mean 'proto-Romance'

[@Kat.brush1]

As a Brazilian, just saying that when you say words like _verdade_ or porta, the R can differ from region to region. The one you put on your video sounds more likely to be the Carioca accent, while if you go to the other cities, like São Paulo, it can be more like an English-R or a Tap-R…

[@iel8797]

Não importa isto é português não português do Brasil

[@Kat.brush1]

@@iel8797 Ambos são português, e inclusive, os Portugueses não falam com o R como se fosse /h/ mas um Tap-R. E como OBSERVAÇÃO, eu apenas adicionei um fato sobre a PRONÚNCIA BRASILEIRA e suas DIFERENÇAS. Não com o intuito de corrigi-lo.

[@Kat.brush1]

@@iel8797 Inclusive, como o Português Brasileiro é o mais falado, muitos vídeos gringos usam transcrições fonéticas com a pronúncia brasileira.

[@fernandodcbk938]

Cussao

[@iel8797]

@@Kat.brush1 ok e mesmo que seja verdade o português continua a ser o de Portugal no Brasil é português do Brasil

[@jeremyallanhall]

Awesome video! I've been looking into exactly these connections and similarities recently as I began my Romanian learning journey. Neatly put together and very useful information 😊 Thank you!

[@topazbutterfly1853]

I cracked a little when I saw “păsărică” as a diminutive example. We sometimes use that word to refer to a girl’s genitalia. I like your coverage, though. You were kind and considerate enough to include as many Romance languages as possible. They are highly disregarded and endangered because of the governments. There are these giants, French, Italian, Spanish, Portugues, and Romanian, which supress the other ones by declaring they are just dialects. As a Romanian, if there are any Aromanians, Istro-Romanians, or Megleno-Romanians reading this, I feel ashamed for the claims of the Romanian Academy. Also, I felt a huge rush of dopamine when you indirectly said you had a boyfriend. Why is it always us, the gays, that are interested in linguistics and communication? (This is a joke, don’t attack me, please!)

[@ppn194]

Feel ashamed for the reason you thought you might feel ashamed. The Academy is CORECT.

[@topazbutterfly1853]

@@ppn194 I am a native Romanian speaker, but I cannot understand much more Aromanian than Italian. Yet people go on and call them Romanians and their language a dialect. The Romanian Academy has even coined the term “grai,” which isn’t used anywhere else, in order to explain the dialects of the so called Daco-Romanian “dialect.” It’s just plain stupid at this point. And this is not even the worst case. The French have done so much worse to their languages!

[@ppn194]

@@topazbutterfly1853 You are a plain stupid guy.

[@jamesvas6986]

as a gay, i can confirm that many of us are interested in linguistics n communication 😂 dar când o zis că are o gagic ?? mi-a scăpat 🤦🏼‍♂️ și hai să fim prietenii te rog 🥹

[@topazbutterfly1853]

@@jamesvas6986 La final de tot, când mulțumea pentru ajutor. A spus și ceva de genul „Special thanks to my boyfriend” și apoi a pus o poză cu un mesaj pe bilețel de la iubitu-său. Spunea că s-au chinuit mult să lege părțile. Și sigur, putem fi prieteni. E destul de greu să dai peste gay deschiși la noi în țară. Dacă spui cuiva și ajunge la urechile vreunui homofob comunist sau prea plimbat pe la biserică, mai că nu te ard pe rug.

[@MinpikuWasTaken]

it's always a great day when a new LingoLizard video drops!!!!!!

[@weston06.]

Immediate sub. This is such an interesting topic and something which I’ve thought about quite a bit. Breaking down language groups and helping people understand that just because a language is in a language group doesn’t mean they can’t each be very different from each other is very important. Romanian and French are very important languages.

[@bastianodimebag]

Sicilian: 1) Its own vowel system: Latin ē, ī, i --> i [ɪ, i] (telam, finem, nivem --> tila, fini, nivi) and ō, ū, u --> u [ʊ, u] (solem, murum, crucem --> suli, muru, cruci). This system evolved in Sicily into a pattern with 5 stressed vowels (mànu, vèntu, stìddha, còddhu, lùpu) and 3 unstressed vowels (a, i u; in Southern Calabria the pretonic "e" and "o" are preserved: sonaturi vs sunaturi; penzari vs pinzari). 2) Huge number of loanwords from Italiot Greek (still spoken in some village in Southern Calabria), Norman French, Sicilian Arabic (extinct in Sicily but evolved in modern Maltese), Gallo-italic languages, Iberian languages. 3) Phonetic features: - Latin cl, pl, fl, bl --> [c], [c], [ç], [j]: clavem, plantam, florem, blancum --> chjavi, chjanta, hiuri, jancu; - Latin g --> [j], [ɣ], []: *gattum --> jattu, gattu (it exists with [g] as well), attu; - Latin -ll- --> [ɖ], [ɖʐ], [j], [ʒ]: caballum --> cavaddhu, cavaddru, cavaju, cavasgiu (other variants, such as cavallu, exist) - Retroflex consonants: ddh [ɖ], dr [ɖʐ], str [ʂ], tr [ʈʂ]; - h from Greek and Arabic loanwords ([x] before a, o, u; [ç] before e, i): ψιχάλα --> zihala, χέρσος --> hersu; - Metaphony caused by posttonic "u", "i" in certain areas: bonum --> buonu/buenu/bunu but bona - Aspirated occlusive and affricate consonants when they geminate (South-West Sicily, Calabria) 4) Presence of a Balkanic feature mostly in Eastern Sicily and Southern Calabria: partial loss of the infinitive, substitued by mu/mi + indicative (I want to go to the sea --> vogghju mi vaju a mari, but also vogghju jiri a mari). It appears in the West as well, but introducted by the "ca".

[@dadonix61]

I speak the variety spoken in the city of catania, and here theese shifts happened: [ç] → [tʃ] [rC] → [Cː] [ɾ] → [ɹ] (this being a mostly alveolar r, not a postalveolar or retroflex one)

[@bastianodimebag]

@@dadonix61 senti na cosa, cumpari, jeu haju nu situ unni discrivemu 'a grammatica dî dialetti di varii citati. Catania nun saria mali

[@esti-od1mz]

L'assenza dell'uso dell'infinito a favore di costrutti perifrastici non è presente solo nella Sicilia orientale, ma con vari gradienti in diverse parti della Sicilia. "Ca", si trova al posto di "mu/mi" solitamente. Ricordiamoci anche che il siciliano conserva parole di origine preindoeuropea (sicane) e sicule. La "g" latina rimane invariata in alcune varianti, "Su/Sa/Si" come articoli nell'eoliano, la presenza di un'aspirata nel pantesco per influenze semitiche

[@bastianodimebag]

@@esti-od1mz ho aggiunto qualche cosa che avevo dimenticato. Le h le avevo già scritte e gli articoli salati non li ho aggiunti perché vorrei avere conferma diretta

[@esti-od1mz]

@@bastianodimebag la mia era solo un'aggiunta. Ottimo lavoro nello scrivere questo papiro di commento, non volevo fare correzioni

[@roomcayz]

so much work has been put into this video, good job ♥️

[@nikukllobocishta]

Albanian is a partially Latinized language. I could understand a lot of these words and understood some of the rules you shared.

[@Solo_Traveling]

When talking about Occitan, you omitted Aranès, which is a dialect of Occitan spoken in Val d'Aran, an area in the North Western part of Catalonia, where it actually has official status.

[@davidp.7620]

Galician has a fantastic feature called "solidarity pronouns". If someone asks you a question you won't reply with "I don't know" ("Non sei") but rather a sort of "I don't know to you" ("Non cho sei")

[@LeafNye]

The French circumflex actually indicates where an s was historically used, for instance fête would have been pronounced feste and forêt would have been forest. You’re not wrong in your video but this is just more info!

[@aureltoniniimperatorecomun4029]

Actually, all romance languages ( with the sardinian/ balkan exeptions) are a dialectal continuum with no defined bounderies

[@bennythetiger6052]

The only thing I'd say you missed about brazilian portuguese it's that it is "more syllable-timed", but it still a stress-timed dialect. In fact, only a handful of very specific dialects in Brazil are to be considered properly "syllable-timed"

[@AnarchoPinkoEuroBr]

Yes, I'd say only Rio Grande do Sul has a true syllable-timed dialect and it gets more stress-timed in the Porto Alegre metropolitan area

[@I-own-a]

Do you have sources for this? I'm about to start a phonology study on the differences between european Portuguese and BP rhythm and I'd love to read about this!

[@AnarchoPinkoEuroBr]

@@I-own-a Wikipedia in general has good sources but I would love to contact you if possible in some way because I feel like this field misses A TON of important details of Brazilian Portuguese that make it seem more different from European Portuguese as well as less unique linguistically than it really is

[@apolo399]

A couple of corrections in relation to the spanish section. Even though /j/ doesn't exist, /ʝ/ is indeed allophonically pronounced as [j]. And also, IOPs and DOPs can attach to _gerundios_, in addition to _imperativos_ and _infinitivos_.

[@AKockasfuluNyulwastaken]

TIL that western asturian has a retroflex consonant which is cool honestly

[@nlama9663]

@@AKockasfuluNyulwastaken so does Sicilian actually

[@AKockasfuluNyulwastaken]

@@nlama9663 & sardinian too :-)

[@prado1205]

brazilian portuguese does too =)

[@AnarchoPinkoEuroBr]

​@@prado1205 There's [ɻ] as an allophone of /ɾ (~ ʁ)/ and /l/ when in coda in the caipira dialect (and as an allophone of /ɾ/ in the syllable onset only in the city of Piracicaba), [ɽ] as an allophone of /ɾ/ in the syllable onset in the caipira and sulista dialects (some people in Portugal also have it), and [ɻ̝̊] as an allophone of coda /ʁ (~ ɾ)/ and /s/ (very rarely onset /s/) in the hinterland of many Northeastern states, I notice it above all in Ceará, Piauí and nearby areas of Pernambuco and Bahia. Here in Rio de Janeiro some people only have it in cuspe (spit), from ['kʰuɪ̯ɕpɪ̥] > [ˈkuʂʷp͡ɸç̍], but you need to have an EXTREMELY thick accent in order for that to happen. 😃 Funnily enough we'd never pronounce USP (University of São Paulo) like that, it'd be just [ˈuɵ̯ɕpɪ]. Otherwise, none of our consonants is ever retroflex.

[@ХекфиВол]

Spanish, Italian, French and Romanian - 4 Romance languages are used along with English and Russian in one song in Eurovision: Everywhere around the world Io ti amo sempre uguale Cada dia y cada noche Люби, люби ты меня Prends mon coeur, prends mon ame, ma vie, ma cherie, Inima, spune-ea, aici casa ta.

[@jamesvas6986]

what song is this ??

[@ХекфиВол]

@@jamesvas6986 Eurovision 2007, Romania.

[@justinherrera3722]

Its always Portuguese that’s left out 😢

[@weepingscorpion8739]

Great video. Although you did talk in depth about one of my currently favourite Romance languages, Sardinian, you didn't go into depth about the other two: Aromanian and Aragonese. But that's OK, there's only so much time in the world. Special shout out to Picard/Ch'ti, Walloon, and Norman of Jersey, Guernsey, and Sark.

[@vasilistheocharis164]

Okay but to his excuse aromanian is weird what with every village having its own dialect. I don't speak much of it but even adjacent villages often have a different pronunciation.

[@weepingscorpion8739]

@@vasilistheocharis164 Well, that is true for most minority languages. You usually get around that by picking one and going with it, but making sure you indicate which one you've gone with. If said minority language doesn't have a standardised spelling, that is, which I believe Aromanian does. Or has in certain countries.

[@piercemoen2269]

So excited for this video as I’m currently studying Romontsch (Sursilvan) and love to see it represented. Yes the reflexive pronouns have morphed into a verbal prefix. Something else to note is that the conditional tense is formed differently than other romance languages- the conditional looks like the usual subjunctive imperfect tense and thus they form subjunctive differently. Also, the (only?) future tense is formed with vegnir a instead ir/andare/aller or infinitive + avere like in other romance languages, kinda special. The prepositions are also somewhat unique, like sin meaning “at”, e.g. the trains in Grischun say “Fermada sin damonda” for stop on request.

[@M_dMV]

14:56 Holy shit it’s my map on the right!!!1!!1!! That counts as enough of an appearance. Though you didn’t cover my language (Mirandese) I’m glad you went above and beyond to include minority Romance languages such as our sister language Asturian. Great video!

[@AAAAAAAHHHmammamia]

37:57 random fact: in the province of Verona there is a mountain that looks like a saddle, its called "el Carega" /əl Karéga/ that means "the chair"

[@franciscoovarela]

Some small corrections/clarification for Portuguese: 1- I would argue (and linguists too) that word final «o» in European Portuguese is not pronounced like a full /u/ in normal speech, it actually just rounds the previous consonant, so should more accurately be represented as a superscript /w/ in the IPA. It only sounds fully like /u/ when in a diphthong like «io» 2- The three vowels that you mentioned that are the only ones that appear unstressed in EP may be the most common, but some others can appear unstressed too, and actually the grave accent «`» used to signal that in the past. Examples: inclusive (inclusivè), sozinho (sòzinho), manete (mànete), where /ɛ/, /ɔ/ and /a/ appear unstressed 3- You are right that /tʃ/ and /dʒ/ are not phonemes, but they appear in consonant clusters in EP not only in loan words as you said, but also in native words. This is a product of stress-timing and often it's so drastic that a vowel in between is no longer detectable in normal speech. Example: testar /tʃtaɾ/, desligar /dʒliɣaɾ/ 4- Rightly mentioned that Brazil is losing/has lost 2nd person conjugations. Additionally, almost all EP speakers have lost 2nd person plural conjugations too, «vós» and its respective conjugations are only used scarcely in the Northern region of the country. It has been replaced by «vocês» and 3rd person plural conjugations like in Brazil. 5- There are many more contractions than the ones you put up on the screen, but that's understandable since they are a lot. However, you wrote «pràs» (para as) and it's worth noting that this is used exclusively in speech, not in writing, whereas all the other are correct and legitimate words. 6- The gerund is used by quite a lot of people in Portugal, even if not by the majority, but it's especially dominant in Alentejo, Ribatejo and Algarve regions. Loved the video by the way, and it was very good, these are just some slight details

[@TheRealWALLABI]

Very good video overall. I can't comment on the other languages but I'd like to clarify two things about French. The Past Simple in not "historic", at least not in writing. While fully replaced in spoken French, it is still regularly used in writing, especially in formal writing, news articles and novels describing past actions. In writing, it is a much better alternative to the spoken Passé composé, at least for those that educated and know how to use it properly (which unfortunately is not the case for everyone). The other thing is about verbs that use ETRE as their auxiliary to form compound tenses. Those are not specifically verbs of "motion" because verbs like "mourrir" (to die) do not express any motion. Instead, it'd more accurate to say that those verbs that use ETRE as their auxiliary are reflexive verbs, those that perform an action upon themselves, where the subject and object of the sentence are the same person or thing. Some verbs are always reflexive, while others may become reflexive in some context (in which case they'll take on a reflexive pronoun placed before the verb, such as "me, te, se, nous, vous, se"). Verbs that are always reflexive always take ETRE, those that are only reflexive in some contexts will take AVOIR most of the time, and ETRE when they are used in a reflexive manner.

[@unimaginative5352]

1:20 akshually the Picard language, spoken in Northern France and some of Belgium, doesn't really have grammatical gender, and only has one definite article for both genders (ch'). Its a fascinating language, check it out!

[@lafond3653]

watchyourlanguage upload a few days ago, lingotter yesterday, lingolizard today what an amazing week ❤

[@traumatizedamericanrat]

Yassssss

[@syldaviaball9545]

Awesome video! As I am trying to learn some occitan from my region, I was interested in every part of this video! Such a shame you didn't talk much about Corsican!

[@edgarmaestre6622]

Catalan here, great video! Greetins from the Pyrenees mountains

[@nynthes]

this has convinced me to learn portuguese, it just seems like the cooler spanish

[@TheStickCollector]

That's a lot of flags/languages. Nice to see.

[@seid3366]

4:43 Ladino: *stares deep to the ether**

[@sovi7284]

It's interesting how Venetian has spread in Brazil, too. I don't know the actual numbers behind it, but I've had two first-hand accounts of Brazilians saying they could understand or speak Venetian to some extent, and that it's normal there. Also interesting is how Venetian is spread in parts of the Friuli- Venezia Giulia, especially the city of Triest, because of a bunch of Venetian workers who immigrated there during Austria's reign over the region.

[@SaladDongs]

Hey just a small correction. You talked about the letter î reprezenting ⟨ɨ⟩ in Romanian, however the pronunciation was a bit too high. I checked the wiki and it's a little wrong there too, if you click on the article of the close central unrounded vowel ⟨ɨ⟩, down a paragraph you can see there is a near-close variant that's lower; it's IPA notation is a little different although a little confusing. That's the actual sound of î (and â), despite the wiki not clarifying further. There's a channel called Romanian Hub (or you can check any other) that talked about this sound in a video ~7 months ago from now. If you want to jump straight into examples you can skip to 4:00 on his video. And of course â is identically pronounced so same rules apply. No other issue that I could spot.

[@topesimoes]

3:30 note: The "Past" refers to the "Pretérito Perfeito Simples" but there's also a compound version, that being "Pretérito Perfeito Composto", named in the video "Present Perfect" Falei - pretérito perfeito simples Tenho falado - pretérito perfeito composto (Being compound means that there's the main verb and an auxiliary, in this case "tenho - ter" meaning "to have")

[@topesimoes]

Another thing worth mentioning is that the Pluperfect i.e. "Pretérito mais-que-perfeito" is commonly used on speech on its compound form, not on the simple version - that being really rare to appear, even only in literary texts. And following the example: Falara - Pretérito mais-que-perfeito SIMPLES Tinha falado - Pretérito mais-que-perfeito COMPOSTO

[@gaelbrd]

25:23 The choice of the auxiliary be or have actually on the verb's transitivity (avoir for direct transitivity, être otherwise)

[@lepton_01]

Hace rato no encontraba un buen video de este tema, mis felicitaciones.

[@johnr3599]

Great video. Greetings to all speakers of a Romance language.

[@LucasSchimmel]

The portuguese one is definitively conditional on dialect. The Brazilian portuguese parts are very São Paulo-Rio de Janeiro Southeastern Axis specific.

[@oravlaful]

there was a disclaimer at the beginning of the portuguese section

[@AnarchoPinkoEuroBr]

The IPA transcription has câmara pronounced as "camára"... Of course they're not going to be able to describe our dialects in depth. Do Brazilians even ever talk about Brazil in English sufficiently enough? This was mostly taken out of Wikipedia.

[@LucasSchimmel]

​@@AnarchoPinkoEuroBr The problem is that while there's a disclaimer saying it depends on the dialect, pretty much all of the features spoken about are features present in Southeastern dialects, but not necessarily in Brazilian Portuguese in general, and sometimes it's explicitly mentioned as a Brazilian trend.

[@diocanaja]

bro ngl I think you missed out on so much by not covering the gallo-romance languages in Italy in more detail, all of them are very much unique in their own way and generally they are not mutually intelligible at all when spoken at normal speed same for Sicilian

[@petonchiospataponchio366]

Bel nome

[@Ratatouille4820]

I can confirm that you've been very accurate with neapolitan. Very good video 👍

[@wordsofdv]

From the info at 6:17, I went down a rabbit hole and learnt that most languages have similar roots for the word soap. I explored because in urdu we call it sābun, which is similar to the Spanish jàbón.

[@calliope_x3]

this would probably be incredibly hard given how many languages there are (and how different many of them are from each other) but I'd love to see a video on the differences between Austronesian languages! I think it'd be especially interesting given how the Polynesian languages have evolved due to complete geographic isolation on individual tiny islands scattered throughout the Pacific. There's also a lot of cases of almost creole languages based on the languages of largely European colonizers merging with the native languages, such as the CHamoru language of the Mariana Islands (especially the Guamanian dialect), which for a while was nearly mutually intelligible with Spanish.

[@theholyaxolotol898]

As an native italian speaker who has been learning english for a few years and who is currently studying spanish and russian, this video was very nice:D

[@dragskcinnay3184]

24:21 note : the ligature 'œ' is prescriptively supposed to be pronounced /e/ in Greek loanwords (such as /e.zo.'faž/ (ž for the voiced velar fricative; don't have the correct symbol on my phone's keyboard) for "œsophage"), with "bœuf", "œuf" and "œil" being the only words where it's pronounced /œ/. However, this is now rare, and it's now generally pronounced /ø/ or /œ/ (in open and closed syllables respectively) in Greek borrowings (such as /ø.zo.'faž/ for "œsophage"). Also, note that while "bœuf" is /bœf/ and "œuf" is /œf/, plural "bœufs" is somehow... /bø/, and "œufs" is /ø/. Don't ask me why adding an 's' makes the 'f' silent, I don't know (the change in vowel quality is coherent though; /œ/ is generally constrained to closed syllables and /ø/ to open ones)

[@sledgehog1]

Awesome video, nice to see you deep-diving into the Latin languages!

[@Krl-j5y]

You forgot about Portugoose

[@leafyschannel3444]

Yeah man! That is so sad! Agma Schwa might be crying right now😰😰😰😰😭😭😭☹☹😱😱😱😱😱

[@StockyScoresRaoraPantheraFC]

I was going to say this

[@seid3366]

@@Krl-j5y honestly it was probably too far in the research phase to add it.

[@Booksforthewin]

Didn’t even mention my obscure Langue d’Oil spoken in part of a single department smh

[@HerFishness]

Venetian is my Roman empire

[@SylveonSimp]

ngl those what makes them unique are my favorite videos, so well done

[@JHF563]

6:26 Uhm, actually Judeo-Spanish has a /ʒ/ sound, despite being controversially a separate language.

[@Zestieee]

This video is a literal blessing. Thank you for highlighting lesser known Romance languages, especially the ones within Italy. They're SO overlooked even by their speakers.

[@MeowMeow-bi4lj]

"what yo gun sound like" me: 32:22

[@NarosVibe]

Bye your so funny for this 😂😂😂😂😂😂😂 I wasn’t expecting that.

[@heironic8547]

No mention of historical Philippine Spanish? Please do a video on it (and maybe Chavacano too) to make up for it!

[@justidiedi9767]

I Would really Love a video about all Finno-Uric languages. ❤❤❤❤❤❤ PS: This video is very good. 👍🏼 ❤

[@Nero-idc]

I would have liked to see more emphasis on the Valencian dialect uniqueness (ofc, I'm from the Valencian Country 💙❤💛). But, generally, I love your videos!!! Every one of them ❤❤❤

[@sonicps9056]

6:18 false, in some dialects we do have the sound “Sh” and lack the “ch” sound

[@geodavras]

Exactly!

[@drunkhousecat]

He also said b and v are the same in Spanish. They’re very much different.

[@geodavras]

@@drunkhousecat exactly

[@519djw6]

My maternal grandfather was a Walloon (French-speaking Belgian). At one time, I was fairly conversant in French--but I was "tempted away" by German (the language of my maternal *grandmother*, in which I am fluent. Also, I have a good working knowledge of Russian, whose literature attracts me a great deal. That said, I regret not keeping up with French. Your video on the Romance languages is very interesting! PS I now live and work in Japan, and am tangling with the "monster" that is the Japanese language.

[@kakahass8845]

10:59 by the way they're not sequences (At least in every dialect I've heard) /kʷ/ and /gʷ/ are PHONETICALLY [kʷ] and [gʷ].

[@nlama9663]

sound quality is woah

[@wedkarz5248]

I used to learn French on my own for a long time, but it is a very hard and thankless language. I could write, read, and speak (somewhat) but when someone spoke to me I didn't understand anything, which made me very sad and eventually made me give up learning it.😢

[@tbirdparis]

Oral comprehension is definitely the hardest part about mastering French. I think the biggest problem is the liaison in French, where you sometimes have to pronounce the final consonant of certain words (which usually are silent) depending on which sound the following word in the sentence starts with. When you're trying to learn French, this makes things really tricky because you keep hearing what you think are new words you've never heard before, when actually you're not. Unfortunately it's just one of those things in languages that somehow make perfect sense when you know them, but are completely baffling when you're trying to learn as a foreigner.

[@claudiaborges8406]

8:12 I wish other languages also had these. I remember reading texts out loud in school and only noticing it was a question when I reached the end and saw the “?”. The only difference between how questions and affirmations are written is the punctuation, reading it out loud sounds weird when you only use the appropriate tone at the very end of a phrase because you thought it wasn’t a question… or maybe the texts just sucked, in my language we usually add a few more words that you’d only find in questions, almost leaning more towards how english structures them

[@nicolasglemot6760]

/uj/ isn't a main diphtong of spanish, it only occurs in a few words and some people don't even pronounce them with /uj/ Also, french "désolé" isn't pronounced /dezɔle/ (at least in the varieties I'm familiar with) but /dezole/, and can represent /ø/ as well as /œ/, as in singular "œuf" /œf/ vs plural "œufs" /ø/, meaning "egg(s)". And the use of "être" as an auxiliary for passé composé isn't restricted to verbs of motion, but is also used for verbs that use reflexive pronouns, as well as some verbs for changes in state that one undergoes involontarily, such as to die, to be born, to fall, etc. 27:07 Omg eune mencion du galo ! E su l'internet qi caoze anglléz en pus de ça, qheu pllézi ! C'ét don ben vrai qe t'âs pâs ghere oublië de parlement aoqhun !

[@gabrielaribeiro6155]

@11:24 in nothern regions of portugal people still use /tʃ/ for ch, like in the words chuva /tʃubɐ/ (rain) and chaves /tʃabɨʃ/ (keys)

[@DanielQwerty]

A couple of things about Latin: - Prepositions take either accusative or ablative; some preposition-like constructions use genitive nouns (like causa), but "ex" takes ablative - There are infinitives, and they're very common. "Volō tē amāre" means "I want to love you" with "amāre" being an infinitive. - You didn't get this wrong (latin had no definite articles), but it did have demonstratives (ille, iste and hic), which were used also as 3rd person pronouns (latin had no set 3rd person pronouns).

[@tylere.8436]

Late Latin did start to see ille and ipse used as definite articles in very informal registers, especially in Christian translation texts (for the Bible was written in Greek and that language had definite articles).

[@elitettelbach4247]

Love this remake of Isn’t It Romantic starring Rebel Wilson!

[@yyaaa3434]

i love this type of video

[@demonk4722]

Great video!

[@camersquan8915]

Small corrections with romanian: At 44:48 you showed a declension table for the word for ” meat ” , but the dative/genitive is usually ” cărnii ” with a definite article since , although it is tehnically also ” feminine singular genitive/dative without a definite article ” , it also shares its form with the feminine plural nominative form, which can be a bit confusing. You also didn't mention the helping preposition ” pe ” used to express the accusative case for animate nouns or special constructions. At 45:17 you said ” pronouns in the accusative and genitive cases ” , but , as was shown on-screen, it was actually the accusative and dative ones. Lastly, this is more of a nit-pick, but the polite pronouns are actually more numerous that those shown and also there are certain dative/genitive forms for both these polite pronouns and also the emphatic ones. Ex: ” dumitale ” , ” dumneasa-dumisale ” (colloquial) , ” dumneamea ” (jokingly), ” dumneei ” (rarer form for dative/genitive feminine singular polite) , ” însemi ” (emphatic 1st person singular feminine dative/genitive) etc. Still, I think your video was amazing and was really in-depth for the allocated time for each language. Good job honestly!

[@moebiusul]

Small correction but ”însemi” doesn't really exist. This is a very common mistake but as you said, it should follow the pronoun and gender so for masculine it's "eu însumi/tu însuți/el însuși/noi înșine/voi înșivă/ei înșiși" and for feminine "eu însămi/tu însăți/ea însăși/noi însene/voi însevă/ele înseși or însele"

[@Nacho-mu8se]

As a native spanish speaker, I want say that technically v in spanish is suposed to be different than b, being similar to v in english but using the lips only. However, since this is ignored by most spanish speakers I understand it could be said to be the same as b.

[@yadiracamacho499]

The distinction between b and v was lost centuries ago. According to the RAE, in medieval texts some words were spelled with v or b interchangeably, evidence that they represented the same sound even back then. There are people who pronounce them diferently, it's mot considered a mistake but just an accent, usually because of the influence of another language (like Catalá or English). "En general, en español la b y v se pronuncian igual: con [b] bilabial. La articulación labiodental de v solo es espontánea en hablantes valencianos o mallorquines y de zonas de Cataluña por influencia del catalán, y en puntos de América por influjo de las lenguas amerindias." Some people do distinguish between the two sounds because they think it's a mistake not to do it, but that's not true.

[@AnarchoPinkoEuroBr]

​@@yadiracamacho499It's very funny when I see a hispanohablante pronouncing v as [v] but not z as [z] in Spanish. If as a Portuguese speaker you replace all your vs with [b] you just sound rural (indeed plenty of people talk like that in northern Portugal) but it's honestly still very normal to the ears, but a s+z merger makes you sound bizarre and like a maniac, it destroys the whole flow of the language, vowels after [z] are often shorter and more closed than after [s] since you put less work on your tongue muscles right before, the sound arrangement is all wrecked. 😭

[@AnarchoPinkoEuroBr]

(Pronouncing z as [z] wouldn't really help Spanish sound like Portuguese, since half of the time z is equivalent to ça/ce/ci/ço/çu for us and half of the time our /z/ phoneme is being orthographically represented by the letter s. But still, if you're gonna be xenocentric and hypercorrect Spanish go for the right phoneme!)

[@1988vikable]

Correct!!! As a native spanish speaker my name starts with the letter V and when Spanich speakers say it with B I correct them and say my name starts with a V not a B. "sounds almost the same" NOT to Me. The B is harsher than V. The V is smoother and Softer. Vee NOT Bee! LOL

[@tylere.8436]

Supposed to be a [β] sound, but [b] when it's the first letter and some consonant clusters.

[@sofiaruschel]

Portuguese is the most beautiful Romance language

[@florinalfonse4163]

Niet! Sounds like Russian!

[@1988vikable]

Its far away from the romance languages the main ones are french,spanish and Italian. Portuguese is barely a romance language.

[@sofiaruschel]

@@1988vikableIt's still the most beautiful language and it's still a Romance language and you don't rule anything

[@1988vikable]

@@sofiaruschel No but its a FACT and Portuguese is harsh compared to the MAIN supreme 3 .

[@sofiaruschel]

@@1988vikable So go tell them that, you son of a bitch.🤣🤣🤣

[@Nevrits]

Another great video ^o^

[@miammissophiapetrillo]

At 48:18, Latin has no infinitives? Second principal part in every Latin dictionary is the present infinitive (one of the four standard infinitives of a non-defective, non-deponent verb).

[@CriZtOpHr_015]

9:18 In paraguay we speak Jopará, which is a Guaraní-Spanish mix. I'm not sure if it classifies as a creole though, but i guess it's still worth to mention.

[@ff_crafter]

New video, nice!

[@JerboGod]

Does anyone know good resources to learn phonetics ?

[@valetech8751]

it's rather debatable if classical latin actually evolved into vulgar latin. the most common current thinking is that vulgar latin is actually descendant from the dialects that were already spoken during the roman time. As you can already find plenty of inscriptions with the changes that many of the romance language would later take on. Not to mention the famous graffiti in Pompeii. So yo probably want to correct this statement

[@higorribeiro8318]

just a correction, "tu" is not dying in all of brazilian portuguese, my regional accent uses it all the time, sometimes more than "você", just the 2 person singular conjugation is dying, survived only with some verbs and in some contexts. tho is true that "vós" is completely out of use, only survived in religious texts, together with the 2 person plural conjugation. Despite losing two verbal conjugations, you can still drop the prounouns when the context makes it clear.

[@AnarchoPinkoEuroBr]

I feel like the thing with tu conjugations is that we drop the /s/ in codas when it's superfluous in general ("as menina num qué(rem)", "n'intendo teus problema", "quais comida cê fez?", "compráru [ʊ̃əz ~ w̃əz] novas máquina", etc.), in casual speech, so of course second person's /s/ would go away as it's supposed to be familiar and relaxed.

[@AnarchoPinkoEuroBr]

I just noticed this doesn't excuse saying tu fez instead of tu fizeste. Oh well, in the Northeast they say fizesse, which is a valid clipping, st > s is very common cross-linguistically.

[@higorribeiro8318]

@@AnarchoPinkoEuroBr i've never noticed this relation before, and makes a lot of sense.

[@higorribeiro8318]

@@AnarchoPinkoEuroBr i'm northeastern , the st > s with "tu" conjugations is one of the factors that are enabling it to survive as much as it did here i think.

[@Haskoph]

Bro could've farm view from us with 13 video and 1 more by combining 'em. But he did this.

[@leafyschannel3444]

I think that you should do a remake of the what makes each of the slavic languages unique, it gots very few information for most of the languages and I think that you got a lot more information it those conlangs(like serously, in this video, you said more about Venitian and Sardinian than the Belarusian in that video, like c'mon!)

[@AAAAAAAHHHmammamia]

40:21 and casu is cheese, like "casu martzu" called rarely "casu frazigu"

[@vampyricon7026]

Thank you for putting in the effort to make this very in-depth video on the Romance languages family! However, while it isn't the main character, I have found some issues with the section on Latin: Latin also had 5 nasal vowels: /ãː ẽː ĩː õː ũː/, spelled ⟨am em im om um⟩, which participate in elision just like other vowels, including diphthongs. /s/ should not be in the "dentals" section as it was a retracted S [s̠], which meant it was apico-alveolar. This also explains the alternation between S and R in flós-flórem, as the retracted Z [z̠] sounds much more similar to [r]. It's inaccurate to say Latin used both U and V for /w/, as there was no distinction between the two. There was just one letter, V in block capitals and ˘ in Old Roman Cursive. In fact, this distinction didn't exist until much, much later. You can see Early Modern English scribes using the sharp form word-initially and the rounded form word-internally: Shakespeare wrote ⟨loue⟩ for present-day ⟨love⟩, for instance. Latin indeed had no articles, but it had plenty of infinitives, as another comment mentions, e.g. dormÍre "to sleep". Finally, valé is only used when addressing a single person. When greeting a group of people, the word you're looking for is valéte.

[@hinatwinz917]

You should do the Iranian languages next!

[@francoiscarrier8745]

Even though I have lived in the United States for 28 years now, I still spend time explaining to my anglophone interlocutors how my name "François" is meant to sound. Also, French spoken in Québec differs between large cities.

[@AAAAAAAHHHmammamia]

1:33 actually, there is no actual Sardinian language: its divided in: campidanese, barbaricino, sartoriano?(idk), catalano, logudorese, oristanese, nuorese, sassarese and many more. i say this being a Cagliaritano-Veronese

[@tntrose7285]

Finally, the long-awaited threequel.

[@gustavoscalabrin5028]

Guessing by your phonological exemples, you have used more a Rio de Janeiro variant, no problems towards this, but Rio's prononciation has some particularities that are more difficult to a foreign to learn and understand. Usually, São Paulo city's variant is taught as Brazilian Portuguese, but there are actually no real standards. Anyways, very nice job! 😊

[@namibiaxx1016]

Thank you!