What Makes Each of the Germanic Languages Unique (English, German, Dutch, Swedish, and more!)

[@Afrologist]

I speak both English & German, so my fascination with Germanic languages has been a thing for years, especially once I started getting into Old English & Old Norse during my senior year of HS. This was a great breakdown & it didn't even take a full hour; respect.

[@KororaPenguin]

And given English's history, the fact that it preserves primitive phonemes that have vanished from most Germanic languages--including some that had vanished from the Italic languages by the time of Old Latin--is astonishing.

[@Afrologist]

@@KororaPenguin This is why I'm really triggered when people genuinely try to argue that English isn't a Germanic language, when phonologically English is actually one of the most conservative Germanic languages. Retention of the eth/thorn, a lack of a consonant shift like that seen in High German, & regular transformation of certain consonant clusters (e.g. sk->sh) shows just how ancient/distinct English truly is. Acting like the language began in the late 11th century is one of the worst misconceptions perpetuated by academics of the last 150 years.

[@mohammedsalman3397]

Great video! just one correction maybe, at 07:33 "Not found in other Germanic languages" in German you could say "Das ist meins" meaning "That is mine" so it definitely has independent possessive determiners.

[@SeverityOne]

Actually, Dutch does it as well, but always with a particle. "Mine": "het mijne"; "yours": "het jouwe" (informal, singular) or "het uwe" (formal, both singular and plural); "his": "het zijne"; "hers": "het hare"; "theirs": "het hunne". There is no such word for the informal second person plural. It's also used in "Zijne Majesteit" and "Hare Majesteit": "His Majesty" and "Her Majesty", respectively. And "Zijne Koninklijke Hoogheid", "Zijne Excellentie", etc. The Dutch term is "zelfstandig bezittelijk voornaamwoord", which literally translates to "independent possessive pronoun". Dutch, like German, has a separate word for "independent", although "onafhankelijk" exists as well. The "on-" prefix indicates a negation, like "un-" in German. Dependent: afhankelijk, onzelfstandig (NL); abhängig, unselbständig (DE). Independent: onafhankelijk, zelfstandig (NL); unabhängig, selbständig (DE). German has "das meine", "das deine", etc. So I'm guessing that it's not limited to English.

[@klnsbl]

austrian bavarian also does this, we say "meiniger/meinige/meiniges" for mine (male/female/neuter). this can be made into any combination like unsrige/deiniges/ihrige/euriger/etc.

[@livedandletdie]

All Germanic languages have Independent possessive determiners. Den är min Swedish. Den ær min Danish. Hit aer myn Old English Conclusion LingoLizard is stupid. And you should just know how much he butchered the North Branch languages. Bloody Americans.

[@ropeburn6684]

"Meins" however is colloquial, similar to "selber". In proper written German, you wouldn't use those.

[@rmyikzelf5604]

​@@SeverityOneIn Dutch, one can also say 'Dat is (de) mijne' (That is mine).

[@Ljothans]

I'm so glad that you included Elfdalian. This language is neglected by Swedish authorities. Whereas Romany, Yiddish, Sami (five dialects) and Finnish (two dialects) all have official status and are given specific rights in education and public administration, Elfdalian and other Swedish "dialects" get no support at all. One remark: All the "Ovansiljan" parishes speak the same kind of language. That is the parishes of Älvdalen, Våmhus, Mora, Sollerön, Venjan and Orsa. Although Elfdalian is the most archaic one.

[@hellbergsucks]

also very cool that he included gutnish, which may be even more frequently forgotten than elfdalian!

[@clanDeCo]

Swedeb neglects all minority languages in sweden. I speak another one that isnt official. All of your parishes you talk about do not speak the same language. They are all distinct and deserve recognition. Also elfdalian isnt just archaic. It has tons of innovation. And the other parishes also have tons of archaisms and innovations themselves. As do all languages in scandinavia

[@NaimHrustanovic]

The work to preserve and elevate our minority languages simply doesn't have any meaningful funding or support, unfortunately. There is academic interest but that's it.

[@clanDeCo]

@@NaimHrustanovic even academic interest is lacking contemporarily. With elfdalian as the exception

[@NaimHrustanovic]

@@clanDeCo I'm based in Luleå and there is a distinct academic presence in Sami and Meänkieli fields, linguistic or otherwise. But of course that's regional and not representative of the whole country or the subjects in general - the interest is still marginal.

[@LedgerBalance]

Minor correction: English actually does use V2 sentence structure; it just isn't very consistently applied. If English didn't sometimes use V2, people would refer to the popular wedding song as "Here the Bride Comes," teens would learn about each other through a game of "Never I Have Ever," when people do something they aren't sure of, they'd say "Here nothing goes," and tombstones would read "Here [person's name] lies." From what I've found, when you begin a phrase in English with an adverb or adverbial phrase, and the subject isn't denoted using a pronoun, it's generally acceptable to use V2. However, there are some instances where V2 in English is required. For instance, when you start a sentence with "here." When you see the bus coming, "Here the bus comes," and "The bus comes here," are not grammatically correct; only "Here comes the bus" is. That is, only the sentence using V2 sentence structure is grammatically correct.

[@BadChess56]

"Here the bus comes" sounds... kind of ok?

[@evskara]

I've always been fascinated by how different the languages are while still being pretty mutually intelligible. Like, if you're reading some German, like on a menu or a sign, you can normally guess what it says, especially if you know the nuances of how spelling changes between English and German (T/D = Th, SS = T, etc.).

[@klontjespap]

yep, it's not quite as mutually intellgiable as many latin languages probably are, but it's pretty damn close

[@tonyf9984]

Sorry, but the notion of mutual intelligibility is being stretched to ridiculous lengths here. Just because languages share a number of cognates in the core vocabulary, this doesn't mean speakers can talk with each other at all. "This is my hand" is not communication. The only area where this is true is Scandinavia, where Danes, Norwegians and Swedes can - with often great effort - communicate with each other in speech. In writing, however, the mutual intelligibility is greater.

[@LUKI4SS]

u spilled ariana

[@alansmith4748]

@@tonyf9984 I agree :)

[@alansmith4748]

I'm not saying it's the case here but usually people who talk about English and German being mutually intelligible don't know any German. About 45% of all English words have a French origin, whereas only about 25% of English words have a Germanic origin but you don't often find people saying English and French are mutually intelligible

[@shwabb1]

It would be interesting to also include some varieties that might be separate languages according to some (such as Zeelandic, West Flemish, Kaaps, Wymysorys, Low Rhenish, Pennsylvania Dutch), and also the two extinct languages related to English - Yola and Fingallian

[@artifactU]

iznt fingallian barely attested?

[@LingoLizard]

I didn’t want to work on the video for an extra 2 months 💀

[@shwabb1]

@@LingoLizard I'm not saying that you had to include these, I just stated that it would be interesting because these languages/dialects are not talked about much

[@mmmhorsesteaks]

I particularly missed Frisian? Or was I just not paying attention? Especially as it is a fellow ingvaeonic nasal spirant language...

[@bz7672]

​@@mmmhorsesteaksyou weren't paying attention. Frisian was in the video

[@torrawel]

Dutch teacher here (teacher of Dutch ;)): just wanted to say that I'm impressed with the research you did. Also: I couldn't find any mistake about my language! Geweldig! :)

[@insising]

Is that not the point of doing research

[@torrawel]

@@insising of course it is! (but you know KZbin 😉)

[@dutchafrikaner1204]

Ek hoop ons regerings gaan eendag die kinders vertel oor die verskillende tale wat lyk op Nederlands. Soos Afrikaans, Pella-Nederlands etc.

[@nicjansen230]

I agree. Some pronunciations could be better, but at least it's not butchering it. This is much better than most non-Dutch-natives who even claim to be able to speak Dutch or sometimes even claim/imply to not have a bad accent

[@vivalozwastaken]

Hij zegt daarentegen wél dat altijd wordt uitgesproken als , wat niet klopt. Zie bijvoorbeeld 'chips' of 'logisch'.

[@snowfloofcathug]

This is such an impressive and ambitious project. You've done well I thought it was a 15 minute video and didn't realise I was wrong until I looked at the length 20 minutes later

[@waddei3230]

this is such a interesting video! very well researched, I'm glas you shined a light in smaller dialects that are often sidelined

[@DoctorKalkyl]

The thing about the Swedish "sj" sound being a mix between a velar and post-alveolar sibilant fricative is just fascinatingly insane, because it clearly does not exhibit both qualities simultaneously in any dialects of Swedish I know, as a native speaker. It is true that it is realised as a postalveolar sibilant in some dialects, then usually contrasting with a corresponding affricate that would be the alvelo-palatal of standard Swedish, but that does not mean it has such a quality in standard Swedish. In "more standard" Swedish dialects, it is a lot more appropriate to call it a dorsal fricative, usually with some degree of labialisation, so it is essentially like the in certain conservative dialects of English. I like to use the sentence "Jag äter wheat" as a joking example of this, since the English word 'wheat' is close to homophonous with the Swedish word 'skit' in certain dialects.

[@tonyf9984]

This is of course a well-known technique for teaching this elusive sound to English speakers learning Swedish. Alternatively they can pretend they're Finnish ...

[@francisdec1615]

Det är det tunna sje-ljudet som är det ursprungliga. Jämför finlandssvenska, norska och hur man läser och sjunger om man vill låta högtidlig.

[@TheLappin]

Yeah, in my experience the so-called /ɧ/ phoneme is realized either as [x], [ʂ] or possibly [ʃ ~ ɕ] depending on the speaker. Maybe there's someone out there that actually pronounces it [ɧ], but if so, I haven't met them. My sj-sound is the retroflex [ʂ] which contrasts perfectly fine with the standard tj-sound [ɕ]. I know that the tj-sound being an affricate occurs in Finland-Swedish, but I don't know any other dialect that does that off the top of my head.

[@DoctorKalkyl]

@@TheLappin I do believe some far northern dialects also have it as an affricate, but my memory is vague in that regard.

[@Kimuyaman]

Never thought about this, if any English speaker wants to learn how to approximate the pronunciation we can just refer to the "Stewie pronounces Cool Whip funny"-joke in family guy from now on 😂

[@joeport1570]

I’m a speaker of Icelandic and I often find many people are totally off base when they attempt to talk about anything related to the language, but this was fantastic. Always love sound break downs.

[@budgierigarz]

Ó hæ frændi

[@Hwyadylaw]

Ég er að læra íslensku, og ég hef skynjað það sama

[@VasilStoychev-m1h]

😂😂😂 icelandic lengths whay you dont say that you speak broken danish or Norvegia 😂😂😂😂

[@andersjjensen]

@@VasilStoychev-m1h Laugh it up all you want, but it's an undisputed fact that modern Icelandic is a lot closer to the common ancestor than Danish, Norwegian or Swedish.

[@jackrorystaunton4557]

The massive effort you put into making this video is evident. I am not a linguistics person or even a languages person but I still found this fascinating. Great job!

[@SirQuickenn]

I'm glad you mentioned that Afrikaans was once written in Arabic

[@baltulielkungsgunarsmiezis9714]

All of us language nerds know this.

[@kamelboufenchouche8289]

But why?

[@xander1052]

@@baltulielkungsgunarsmiezis9714 Not all. New to me.

[@baltulielkungsgunarsmiezis9714]

@@kamelboufenchouche8289 Because the nederlanders used malay slaves who learned the nederlands language incorrecrtly, to preserve islam among them the ottoman empire would send preachers who would learn the local slaves language and write it down in their own writing system. In time as contact with the Nederlands was broken most nederlanders in South Africa would also adopt the slaves variety of the language as most people they talked to spoke afrikaans, but they would then begin to write it in the latin alphabet as they always had written the nederlander language.

[@Oznej]

Lovely video! I'd like to point out that Elfdalian and other Dalecarlian varieties are usually not classified as East Scandinavian. Most researchers today consider them to be West Scandinavian, some even see them as divergent enough to form their own group, Central Scandinavian.

[@jonasholmqvist5231]

Not so sure about that; in most of the distinctions between West and East Scandinavian, Dalecarlian goes with the East. That's also what virtually every Scandinavian linguist I know of tends to say. Which linguists do you find saying it would be West Scandinavian?

[@Oznej]

I believe it's fairly agreed upon that the Dalecarlian varieties share many of the innovations of West Scandinavian, but not East Scandinavian - at the very least this is certainly true of the northwestmost lects, the Särna-Idre group. Specific linguists? Kroonen is probably the most vocal proponent of reclassification. I believe Dahl stated it more cautiously, that the western features in Dalecarlian are obvious and may be inherited, or may have been more spread in Sweden before, and changed due to influence from the south but remained in Dalecarlia.

[@NATIK001]

Speak Danish, German and English of the Germanic languages, and this is enough that I can also understand Norwegian and Swedish in both spoken and written forms with few issues. I can sorta read Icelandic and Dutch as well with some effort. Dutch is a funny experience as a native Dane, it sounds to me like Danish but all the words are wrong, which is a confusing feeling until the brain adjusts and realizes it isn't Danish. As a native of western Denmark I also understand Frisian very well, in fact it's probably even more mutually intelligible with my native Danish dialect than Norwegian or Swedish is.

[@ole7146]

I'm from east Jutland and I've actually mistaken spoken Dutch for Danish a couple of times abroad until I realize it is not, you know if you mainly heard spoken Spanish, Greek or whatever for several days and suddenly you hear a language that sounds alike your own, but with my knowledge of English (and Danish) I do understand some of it, short sentences and words here and there. Icelandic? No, not so much.. I do however understand way more Faroes both written and spoken, full sentences and words here and there.

[@e.w.2712]

As a native German I mistake both Dutch and Danish for German when it is spoken. My brain always goes to this somehow blank and fried, fuzzy state at the same time haha I always think this is what having a stroke must be like

[@andersjjensen]

@@e.w.2712 The softer spoken German dialects also screws with me (as a Dane). When I hear "TV host German" I understand it straight away, but if I hear German tourists with soft dialects speak in the street my brain just crashes from trying to parse it as Danish.

[@bastiann93]

To me Danish sounds really different compared to Dutch.

[@jenschristensen5202]

@@bastiann93 Yes, they sound very different, and dutch is actually easier to understand (for us danes), when we read it, compared to when it's spoken - lots of words in dutch are quite a bit similar to the dialect spoken in the south of Jutland

[@thomasrichards8055]

5:45 where I’m from in Somerset we definitely have rhotic Rs; that also goes for Dorset, Devon, and Cornwall.

[@j5679]

A bit disappointing that Alemannic didn't get any coverage. It has some innovative grammatical features such as stressed/unstressed pronoun distinction ("i hilf ire" "i hilf re" "ich hilf re"), cross-serial dependencies ("i han kei Zit wil i ire d Wohnig helf iirichte") and verb reduplication ("i gaa go esse").

[@brittakriep2938]

True. I'm swabian.

[@rfvtgbzhn]

Yes, it's probably (together woth Plattdeutsch) the German dialect that is furthest from standard German. While people who just speak Standard German mostly understand for example Bavarian, they don't understand proper Alemannic.

[@pi4u_exe688]

Bavarian also has stressed n unstressed pronouns

[@srilankarelaxation5889]

Stressed and unstressed pronouns are quite common actually. I think Luxemburgish, Dutch, Bavarian, Flemish all have them

[@ConlangKrishna]

Epic work here! As a Luxembourger, I can confirm your data about Luxembourgish are correct.

[@demopem]

49:23 Although the text (correctly) states that Old Norse was written with the younger futhark (16 runes), the picture to the left shows the older futhark (24 runes).

[@AnulaibazIV]

It is called ‘Elder Futhark’, not ‘Older Futhark’!

[@jesperlykkeberg7438]

@@AnulaibazIV You mis-quoted him. He didn´t capitalize it. Also, designations such as "Elder Futhark" and "Old Norse" are dumb. Futhark should be separated into First Futhark, Second Futhark and Futhorc. "Norrøn" and "Dansk Tunge" should be used as terms rather than "Old Norse".

[@Kazarijyanainoyonamidawa]

In dutch "een" /ən/ (unstressed and the e vowel gets reduced) means a/an, and "één" /en/ (accents most commonly means the word is stressed) means 1,one. Also where I live the "-en" is not reduced when its the infitive of a verb like in "maken"

[@PauldeVrieze]

And the reduction is informal

[@SeverityOne]

@@PauldeVrieze I'm struggling to think who doesn't reduce the "-en" in standard Dutch. Even the King does it. OK, that's perhaps not the best example. 🙂

[@johndododoe1411]

The an/one distinction is also in Danish: En for An, Een for One . Though the Een form was removed from the orthography in the 1980s, forcing the use of phrases like "One single" where the distinction is important .

[@andersjjensen]

@@johndododoe1411 And I refuse to comply. I still use "een" in writing to avoid ambiguity.

[@Emdee5632]

I think only Dutch people in the northeast don't reduce final -n in plural forms and verb infinitives?

[@wendymueller8151]

A fascinating overview of the Germanic languages. Thank you! I am an Australian English speaker who speaks, reads and writes German as a second language and am currently learning Swedish and Dutch as well as French, which was the preferred second language at high school in the 60's and 70's. Language fascinates me, particularly the origins of the English language and the correlations between the languages.

[@Thor-Howell]

Lycka till med din svenskutbildning!

[@mckendrick7672]

6:50 Technically English does also have diareses for distinguishing between when vowels are two separate vowel sounds next to one another, and they can technically be used in any word (even non-loanwords) where this is the case - but in practice no one does except the New Yorker who kept it as part of their style guide.

[@Cronin_]

Finland-Swedish is actually very different to Sweden-Swedish in pronunciation. We for example don't have a pitch accent, and we don't have the weird sch-kind of sound that they have in Sweden

[@stefansoder6903]

You call us weird and we call YOU weird! (But we Sweden-Swedes love your weirdness!)

[@anul6801]

And meänkieli is interesting aswell. A pitch accent form of Finnish with more Swedish loanwords than standard Finnish.

[@BrandonLeeBrown]

Does that make it sound more like Danish? Isn't the guy that developed Linux a Swedish speaker from Finland?

[@Cronin_]

@@BrandonLeeBrown Not really, no. Danish is very different. It's closer to Finnish in pronunciation, like in tone, rhythm and such. Linus Torvalds, the creator of Linux, is indeed a Finland-Swede

[@ReiKakariki]

The Swedish language is from Sweden and the Finnish language is from Finland, the Swedish and European phonology and the Finnish and Asian phonology, there is no reason to be surprised, they are different cultures and phonology that have no relationship in common, simple as that.

[@amdrei]

a 50 minute video from my favorite lizard, thank you for keeping my day entertained ❤

[@CookieFonster]

Small correction/elaboration upon the German section (from a German speaker): In modern German, the subjunctive mood is only used for a few common verbs, such as "sein" (to be), "haben" (to have), "können" (to be able to), and "mögen" (to like). For example, "Ich wäre" means "I would be", and "Ich möchte" means "I would like" (can be used in polite contexts, like English). I love the extreme level of detail put into this video. It must have been an ordeal to make! I think you would make a great linguistics/foreign language teacher. Also, when you know the mechanics of the German consonant shifts, it makes it easier to read Dutch and to a lesser extent, other Germanic languages.

[@tigerauna]

It's used all the time, not only in the cases you mentioned - we just don't realize it's the subjunctive. z.B.: This is Konjunktiv I: "sie habe Angst": Sie sagte, sie habe Angst. This is Konjunktiv II: "er kaufte das": Wenn er das kaufte, würde er es gehören.

[@rembson]

The amount of information per second...wowee. good stuff. Out of breath just listening...

[@christopherkelly5198]

Thank you for all your hard work! I would have loved it slower, but I know then the video would have been as long as LOTR. You made my day better thank you!

[@przemek-b5s]

What a great video. It's insane how much information there is with it being so long and densely packed! Gonna binge watch your channel after I'm done with this one. One thing I found interesting was that you singled out Dutch and German at 4:30 for their compound words, but is English not the same in that regard? The only difference is in the orthography. But you can string together as many nominative nouns as you want, for example: public transportation system development project manager. I think they're called open compound words but syntactically they're the same as in German!

[@TheSuperappelflap]

The difference is that they are seperated by space and a pause in between. "Public transport" is spoken as 2 words. "Vrachtwagenwieldopjesfabrikant" is 1 word in Dutch, no pauses.

[@przemek-b5s]

@@TheSuperappelflap I'm not talking about phrases like "public transport" - these are adjective + noun, and you can separate them ("the transport is public"). I'm talking about noun+noun sequences, which act as one noun as they are inseparable, like "ticket booth" (you can't say "the booth is ticket"). The space is only there in the spelling but syntactically they are analyzed as a single word

[@voxtur__7]

English has compound words without spaces too. Examples: sunflower, rainbow, folklore, strawberry, etc. It would have had more of these if Latin, French, and Greek hadn't influenced it. Example: we would have used godlore instead of mythology (from Greek).

[@azazelazel]

Great work man, I've really been getting into learning about the Germanic language family recently and this is perfect

[@Lukaswb124]

Just discovered your channel - this video is really interesting! I would be interested in seeing a comparison like this with Romance languages

[@LingoLizard]

Q3-4 2024 or 2025.

[@modmaker7617]

Have you heard of Wymysorys (also known as Vilamovian or Wilamowicean in English and Wymysiöeryś natively)? It's the last Germanic language spoken natively in Poland and only in one tiny village called Wilamowice (in Polish or Wymysoü in Wymysorys) and it is the number one most indangered Germanic language.

[@xiaofan3377]

no, it’s not the last one... there is also Plautdietsch.

[@modmaker7617]

@@xiaofan3377 I googled Plautdietsch and it isn't spoken in Poland.

[@xiaofan3377]

@@modmaker7617 well, it is native to Poland. not sure about whether people still speak it there sorry about not making it clear

[@modmaker7617]

@@xiaofan3377 Google tells me otherwise.

[@cheezycrackers8677]

German is spoken by the remaining native German inhabitants in Upper Silesia that weren't genocided.

[@MausTheGerman]

I live at the Moselle river in Germany and my grandparent’s generation had to learn Standard German at school because at home they only spoke local dialect which is very different. It’s very similar to the Hunsrik German in Brasil.

[@linuxman0]

This is a really good video. You cover ALL of the Germanic languages in one video but I think this can be improved by putting, say the North & West Germanic languages into separate videos. This would've made it possible for you to cover them slower (it was hard to keep up with you while trying to comprehend the material) and with examples of the things you described. Nevertheless, this is the most comprehensive language family video I've ever watched. Good job!!

[@SapphireScroll]

I was hoping you'd at least mention the Wymysorys (Vilamovian) language, a West Germanic language spoken by a couple dozen people in one Polish village. But I still really appreciate this video and learned a lot from it!

[@vinbenzine3333]

4:22 Thanks for including this word. Makes me proud to be a Dutch-speaker.

[@Zapp4rn]

46:39 No, we have W's in our dialect in northern Sweden, f.ex. "kwi-inn" (very weird to spell since we dont have a written form of the dialect and I've never heard any other language use that vowel, swedish kvinna) meaning woman. It's called Bondska (westrobothnian) and mainly old people still speak it... We also have W's in question words such as "Hwors & Hwo" meaning "where & what"

[@damianmeyer1132]

i think german has W also in the form of words with aue and aua

[@insising]

Obviously the most beautiful language family in the world

[@cupcakkeisaslayqueen]

It's not a family, it's a branch of a family

[@insising]

@@cupcakkeisaslayqueen "X is not a language, it's a dialect."

[@MarcHarder]

7:30 Plautdietsch also has them : dit es miene kat vs. dise kat es mient Also, since you didn't cover it, here's some things that make Plautdietsch unique: 1: Palatals. Plautdietsch has turned velars (and also some instances of 'nd') palatal around front vowels, like brig /brɪj/ 'bridge', krek /çrɛc/ 'crutch', singen /zɪɲə/ 'to sing', händ /he̞ɲ/ 'hands' 2: The -ge suffix, which is kind of hard to explain, but basically indicates obvious or redundant information. 3. Our own great vowel shift, resulting in words like green /jrɔɪn/ 'green', wóter /vuta/ 'water', naat /nat/ 'net', rot /rœt/ 'red', shep /ʃɛp/ 'ship', rat /rɔt/ 'rat' 4. Not sure what to call this, but using the construction 'mie (es) -' (me (is) -) for involuntary states of being, ex: mie es meid 'me is tired', mie hungert 'me hungers', mie dät dat wei 'me does it hurt' etc. 5. Loss of coda /t/ after fricatives, leading to naaght /naɦ/ 'night', night /nɪç/ 'not', haaft /haf/ 'has 3sing', haast /has/ 'has 2sing' Also, Low German languages are more closely related to Anglo-Frisian than High German

[@andreas1161]

So informative and comprehensive! Thank you for making this video and sharing it with us.

[@avajensen4324]

Some can actually count as many as 40 vowels in the danish language which makes it the language with the most vowels. Danish babies are also the last in Europe to being talking and have a smaller vocabulary, compared to other kids in Europe.

[@WhoMadeThisBurger69]

Kids just need to get good

[@mikearndt8210]

amazing video! loved to watch it! i just have one teeny tiny nitpick that i would like to point out, which is that elfdalian is actually most likely not descendant from old norse but is more likely descendant from a para-old norse. this is because elfdalian preserves some distinctions that old norse got rid of, such as the distinction between /w/ and /v/, nasals, and the fricative sound written as a "g" in the word "oga".

[@ArxonFiernalys]

Belgian Dutch speakers and speakers from the Dutch provinces North Brabant and Limburg (not sure about Zeeland) can still differentiate between the three grammatical genders. The language developed differently in the south vs the north. Instead of “een stoel” we could say “ne stoel”, which indicates masculine gender, contrasting with “een tafel”, where “*ne tafel” is not possible, thus indicating female gender. “Ne” instead of “een” is lost in the North.

[@ThW5]

Or in a slightly more informative way: In Dutch the articles for the masculine and feminine gender became identical in the nominative case, and the case system was almost completely lost, Northern Dutch did what every school child would have done and kept the form of the nominative case, while Southern Dutch kept the form of the accusative case and thus that gender distinction.

[@TroPy1n]

You sound like a cunning linguist, love that

[@axelbrackeniers5488]

Thats actually a really clever observation. “Ne stoel” is indeed possible, while “ne tafel” wouldn’t work. I love how different Dutch is when compared to Flemish. I can perfectly understand dutch people but i always feel like they cant understand the heavy flemish accents. I come from antwerp (which has the most “neutral” accent).

[@KP-rm8eg]

​@axelbrackeniers5488neutral Antwerp accent???? Surely not😮

[@user-kb8zv5ob2q]

29:56 only in Israel. American, Australian ,British, Canadian, Irish, New Zealand and South African Jews have shifted to English and Jews in the Soviet Union have shifted to Russian 30:15 Chasidish (חסידיש) is pronounced [xasɪdɪʃ]. 30:55 the merger of front rounded vowels and front unrounded vowels happened in all Yiddish dialects and many other German languages in southern Germany, Austria and Switzerland (where Yiddish was originally spoken). 31:03 Hebrew and Aramaic loanwords are written like in their original language while other words are written phonetically. 31:35 the [x] sound existed in Hebrew before Yiddish influence and [ʁ] also existed but not as the rhotic sound.

[@yt-nx1qm]

Jews in South Africa shifted to Afrikaans (a version of Dutch) mostly , not English.

[@artemetra3262]

3:18 slight correction - word order is SVO but the text said "subject-object-verb"

[@stargazer0016]

Awesome video! A real joy to watch as a linguistics student.

[@shadowllght]

Im sad you left out Swiss german from the german dialects part :( Though not always used, people also often say that the Swiss dialects are called the group of highest alemanic languages and went through another shift of sounds (that I cant recall).

[@honkforpeace007]

...so true, the alsacian dialect also is missing...

[@cedrickropp]

Hey ihr Alpenschwaben bleibt mal lieber leise sonst kommt irgendwann jemand das 33er Gold konfiszieren und dann kuckt ihr dumm wenn ihr nichtsmehr habt um eine tolle Rolex zu basteln. Alle Almani ham se net mehr alle.

[@binchamers]

Highest alemannic being swiss german is literally mentioned in the video

[@shadowllght]

@@binchamers Yea great it was mentioned, now can you tell me the specifics about said dialect?

[@Elisadoesstuff]

Oh my, this is a huge video. It's really good

[@nirutivan9811]

Would have been nice to have Swiss/Alemannic German included as well. It is one of the most actively spoken German dialects (as it is the by far most used spoken language in the German part of Switzerland), in Switzerland it can also be used in formal situations and not just in informal situations like most other dialects and is also quite distinct from Standard German if you look at pronunciation, vocabulary or even grammar. And a short addition: The letter ß is not used in Switzerland. In Switzerland words with ß are always written with ss. But still: Absolutely fantastic video!

[@EVPaddy]

@truegemuesenope. Context is king

[@EVPaddy]

@truegemuesemach den ganzen Satz…

[@PeterSlazy]

@@EVPaddy Auf dem Oktoberfest ist das Bier in Maßen/Massen zu konsumieren. Beides ist möglich, inhaltlich aber sehr verschieden.

[@EVPaddy]

@@PeterSlazy trotzdem ein schwaches Argument für einen weiteren Buchstaben. Wenn es nicht aus dem Zusammenhang klar wird, was gemeint ist, kann man sich auch anders ausdrücken. Sauft nicht soviel auf dem Oktoberfest. Ballert euch die Birne weg auf dem Oktoberfest. Kein Grund für ein weiteres Zeichen.

[@PeterSlazy]

@@EVPaddy Ganz ehrlich, Sie haben gar kein Argument.

[@RichardRenes]

So what have we learned? That there is a Dutch word "Paashaasschaamhaarverzamelaars" XD which does not even comes close to "hottentottententententoonstellingskaartenverkoophokje" which is a small booth where they sell tickets to an exhibition on Hottentot tents. What Dutch also can do, and I do not know how unique this is, is add multiple verbs after eachother in one sentence: "Ik zou je wel eens willen hebben zien staan kijken" (I would have loved to see you standing there looking)

[@Lilygirl283]

😂😂😂😂

[@TechTato06]

Fun fact: unlike most Germanic languages (and contrary to popular belief), English's schwa (which I will be referring to as the mid central vowel from hereon out) CAN be stressed in GA, NZE, and SAE. In GA a stressed mid central vowel is usually interpreted in dictionaries as an open-mid back unrounded vowel, but this is not correct and dictionaries such as Merriam-Webster and Oxford English do not abide by this untrue rule. In NZE and SAE, a vowel shift occurred that has caused the near-close front unrounded vowel (i in words like sit) to shift into something that sounds very close to a mid central vowel, causing the sound made to be stressed in some words.

[@jonnhyoliveraravenaorellan1363]

@techtato794 What does it mean for NZE/SAE/GA? Thanks for answering.

[@TechTato06]

@@jonnhyoliveraravenaorellan1363 sorry I forgot to clarify. GA refers to General American English, NZE refers to New Zealand English, and SAE refers to South African English

[@jaimetakoff]

@@TechTato06 Shouldn't then General American English be GAE instead of just GA?

[@TechTato06]

@@jaimetakoff Usually people just say General American rather than General American English

[@jaimetakoff]

@@TechTato06 Oh... thanks for explaining. But that feels incredibly US-centric to me

[@Akaykimuy]

I don't know what it is but I just love ogoneks. Years ago, inspired by Elfdalian, I made a Germanic conlang that maintained nasal vowels using ogoneks

[@artemetra3262]

35:37 slight correction - bli corresponds to "to become" and vara corresponds to "to be"

[@LangSphere]

3:14 why does it say (subject *object verb*) in the brackets?

[@pierreabbat6157]

Using the accusative for motion toward and another case for station, which you mentioned about Icelandic, is a common Indo-European phenomenon, found in Latin, Ancient (but not Modern, where the dative is desuet) Greek, several Slavic languages including Russian, and German.

[@travellingmusician2380]

I believe that in German it is only the article that indicates accusative or dative though, whereas in Icelandic it is the noun as well.

[@tigerauna]

In German, the combination of the declension of determiners and/or adjectives combined with the gender of the noun indicates the case, but some nouns also change their ending in different grammatical cases: »Ich gebe die Basketballbälle den Kindern.« ("den Kindern": dative plural noun form of das Kind, the child) But: »Ich werfe den Ball dem Kind.« (dem Kind: dative neuter singular) and: »Die Kinder gehen für die Pause draußen.« (Die Kinder: nominative plural)

[@bornofthenight3871]

35:55 Minor note here, the finnish (or at least Österbotten) dialects of swedish don't have any pitch accent. (Source: i'm a native speaker of a finnish dialect of swedish)

[@Nikola_M]

For Bavarian, the sound change "al" to "oi" is actually two different sound changes. You explained the "a" to "o", but there is a separate sound change from when a "l" comes after a vowel: If the vowel is an unrounded monophthong, the vowel becomes rounded and the "l" disappears. If the vowel is a rounded monophthong, the l turns into an "i" and forms a diphthong together with the vowel. If the vowel is a diphthong, the "l" disappears and the vowel doesn't change. Note that i observed this in Salzburg and Oberösterreich (upper Austria) and thus might be different depending on the region. (also in the same region, the r is also uvular)

[@chezeus1672]

the upper palatine dialect moves all vowels further back in the throat, towards ou, while lower bavarian shifts them towards 'e'. even though neither side would admit it, the salzburg dialect and upper bavarian are very similar, since upper bavarians see the center of their dialect in the berchtesgaden region, which is basically a suburb of salzburg. you'd think the dialect's capital would be munich, but the (critically endangered) munich dialect is/was always its own thing. if you want to hear it, you can still find speeches by munich's former mayor, christian ude. as a politician, he tried to speak clearly, but he privately has a very strong dialect which is hard for him to hide.

[@MacAnters]

7:37 does it count as a possessive determiner in the Dutch case of "Deze kat is de mijne" for the English "This cat is mine"? The only difference is addings an article

[@FailRaceFan]

4:24 Rindfleischetikettierungsüberwachungsaufgabenübertragungsgesetz or RflEttÜAÜG for short (really nice acronym btw) is the longest name for a law in germany. However, it is theoretically possible, to create infinitely long compound words by coupling multiple word after each other. Another example is: Donaudampfschifffahrtgesellschaftskapitänsmütze

[@raymondwalters2723]

As a native Afrikaans speaker, I never really noticed just how easy Afrikaans grammar is until I started learning Dutch and German. By far the most annoying thing about Afrikaans grammar is the adjective "inflection" you mentioned. It is related do the way Dutch inflects adjectives for gender but, of course, Afrikaans lost gender so all the adjectives kind of chose a side at random and stuck to it. Example: English: I am drinking warm milk. The milk is warm. I am drinking cold milk. The milk is cold. I am drinking warm water. The water is warm. I am drinking cold water. The water is cold. Dutch: Ik drink warme melk. De melk is warm. Ik drink koude melk. De melk is koud. Ik drink warm water. Het water is warm. Ik drink koud water. Het water is koud. Afrikaans: Ek drink warm melk. Die melk is warm. Ek drink koue melk. Die melk is koud. (d conditionally drops between 2 vowels) Ek drink warm water. Die water is warm. Ek drink koue water. Die water is koud. Thus, regard less of gender, "warm" stays "warm" and "koue" stays "koue" with no way of knowing if you need to "inflect" or not. So you kind of need to learn two forms of the same adjective as 2 separate words. Especially considering that it often isnt just as easy as adding "e" to the word as Afrikaans has many conditional sound changes from Dutch. Example the dropping of -Ct you mentioned: English: The glass is broken. The broken glass is mine. Afrikaans: Die glas is gebreek. Die gebreekte glas is myne. The -e suffix means that the -Ct is no longer at the end of the word and the sound isnt dropped. However, this is arguably far easier than remembering arbitrary gender for all nouns in my opinion. Great video and thanks for including Afrikaans!

[@enemixius]

There is one thing that is common in north germanic languages but not the west germanic ones (afaik), the third person reflexive possessive "sin" that replaces the possessive pronoun when the object belongs to the subject. Swedish example: "Kalle ger Johan hans bok" - "Kalle gives Johan his (Johan's) book" "Kalle ger Johan sin bok" - "Kalle gives Johan his (Kalle's) book"

[@all_letters_forwarded]

It exists in West Germanic languages as well. You have German 'sein', Dutch 'zijn' etc.

[@enemixius]

@@all_letters_forwarded From what I can find, German "sein" and Dutch "zijn" just mean "his" and don't have a reflexive form. Or am I missing something?

[@all_letters_forwarded]

@@enemixius My mistake. I read too hastily.

[@QuartixRu]

Me when video posted 13 seconds ago

[@qpdb840]

One hour for me

[@ze_rubenator]

3:10 "from home" is a funny example, because in Norwegian this it would become the compound word "hjemmefra" (home from). This is consistent: "from far away" -> "langveisfra" (long way from) "from outside" -> "utenfra" (outside from) "from inside" -> "innenfra" (inside from)

[@jesperlykkeberg7438]

The Danes have beautyful four-piece variants such as "herovreoppefra".

[@ze_rubenator]

@@jesperlykkeberg7438 hah, that one's pretty fun.

[@klontjespap]

Dutch also has a strong distinction between V and W like english does our V tends to sound pretty harsh and is often interpreted as an F by foreigners though, because we tend to pass quite a bit of air, regardless, an F is still very distinct from a W, and if anything, it only serves to prove the point about distinction between W and V, right? example: in a word like "vervelend" (annoying/boring), it sounds extremely effy, but i think it's down to word stress and quick succession that kind of forces that on dutch speakers, lest it sound slurred, it needs to have this strong attack to set apart the syllables at a certain level of talking speed, therefor it tends to harshess at native level speaking. dutch pronunciation is a lot of tip of the tongue and front teeth raking stuff, and air passes so it has this bright harshness to it, that's why our S sounds hissy and oversaturated too (as well as our C that not resolves to K), we just pass air through our front upper teeth :D i can almost always pick out a dutchman speaking english by the oversaturated S, sometimes it's a dane though, seems like they have that thingie too, so then it's down to the V/W sound :D i can only think of the K, H and the G being in the back of the throat, the rest is all up front the way i speak dutch (randstad/west area, where the guttural hard G/CH is used practically identical to how the scottish do, ou can't really hear the difference between a single vowel or a double one as we don't stretch those, and we speak quite fast and rhythmic, you can hardly hear a comma or a period in speech really )

[@user-kb8zv5ob2q]

The letters V and W are pronounced differently but W is pronounced [ʋ] not [w] like in English

[@klontjespap]

@@user-kb8zv5ob2qi'm not a linguist, sadly i don't really know how to read phonemes that way :') all i know is for a W in Dutch, we position the lip against the front teeth first, then rake the teeth across the lip (ro vice versa really the way your jaw opens), again making it brighter and harsher in sound because of the teeth involved, as is kind of the norm for Dutch :D the English W mostly seems to use only the lips to do that movement from my observations.

[@Kikkerv11]

@@user-kb8zv5ob2q Plenty of Dutch speakers have a bilabial w like in English. It is transcribed as [ β̞ ]. It is like [w], but without velarization.

[@BrandonLeeBrown]

I am American and studied Dutch in Belgium. The Belgium-Dutch W is completely different and the V tends to more English / French V but still has enough F sound to qualify as a Dutch V. In English the Dutch V is described as between English F and English V, but in varying degrees. The Belgian-Dutch W is nearly a full English W, with mouth formed to say an English V, while Dutch W is completely different from an English W and different from a German W. Then there are the Dutch W's that are combined with L or R, that sound like Dutch V's.

[@KP-rm8eg]

​@@user-kb8zv5ob2qDon't generalize Dutch from the Netherlands , for the pronunciation of Flemish😊

[@Zev-number1]

On the yiddish section, unsure if you were updated or found out eventually, but the ch in chassidish is not ch like cheese but ch like in loch

[@Methalec1985]

Well done! Though, I have some comments.... Bokmål and Nynorsk are WRITTEN languages EXCLUSESIVELLY. We do NOT speak Bokmål or Nynorsk. We speak our dialects. Some people, like me, even write in our dialects when chatting or texting as it is how we speak. Certain dialects do not understand eachother in Norwegian, though people tend to be able to speak the "standard" dialect of the region that most people are able to understand. Words and phrases of certain dialects tend to be native and generally unknown for those who live outside of those regions.

[@sorrowful.sparrow]

i would like to point out that low german is a completely separate language from high german and has been ever since it diverged from proto-west-germanic.

[@finite1731]

Really well done keep it up

[@andrepettersson175]

I am very pleased that Gotland/Gutnish was included.

[@Hwelhosold]

Note that word final /ən/ can only shift to [ə] in verbs. /zaꭓen/ in the phrase "Wij zagen twee banken staan" /ʋaɪ̯ zaꭓən tʋe bɑŋkən/ (we saw two benches) can become [zaꭓə], but /bɑŋkən/ cannot become /bɑŋkə/. Also is said as /ꭓ/ in the north, merging and

[@keskonriks710]

I think talking about Swiss German would've been worth it, since it's by far the most commonly spoken dialect of German.

[@prospektarty1513]

English has been heavily influenced by the North Germanic languages particularly old Norse which makes it heavily Scandinavian in grammar, syntax and.vocabulary.

[@keskonriks710]

It is true that Bavaria has a larger population, but it is important to consider that a) not many Bavarians speak their actual dialect and b) those that do mostly don't use it in everyday life that much except in rural areas. They mostly speak standard German, though with a Bavarian accent. In Switzerland on the other hand, Swiss German is omnipresent in the German-speaking part and very much used.

[@keskonriks710]

Also, German (and with that Swiss German) speakers make up sixty percent of the Swiss population, so it's by no means a "tiny fraction".

[@yt-nx1qm]

​@@keskonriks710 * 63% and many more as second language

[@MyLittleMagneton]

35:18 "ni äter" can also be a formal version of "you eat"

[@fearmor3855]

The Yola revival movement is headed by 2 guys, neither of which are Irish or have even been to Ireland. They estimate the strength of the revival by how many people are in their very inactive discord serve. They claim there's organisation in Ireland that have taught the language (the Yola farmstead) but yet if you ask the farmstead if this is true they will deny it (I have personally corresponded with them about this). Both 'founders' have also had many of their edits to the Yola Wikipedia page undone because they keep adding in baseless claims. It really grinds my gears when I see people mentioning the 'movement' because it shows the damage really their little hoax has done. They're not even a movement, they're just two people who know how to game Wikipedia editing rules by adding in unfalsifiable claims because it's hard to prove a negative, that what they say happened did not happen. Don't fall for their disinfo

[@iMacxXuserXx485]

This video is incredible! As an English speaker I take for granted how complex our pronunciation really is. Like the L in "milk" like you said.

[@deadbushinc.5105]

11:28 just a heads up, this is an incorrect analysis. In these cases, a compromise was made between the Frankish and Saxon variants of Dutch when the orthography was being decided. In the (much more common) Frankish dialects, a schwa was pronounced here, whereas in the (slowly dying) Saxon dialects, there's an /n/. Which to write? Well, they didn't know, so they just went with both.

[@Whizzer]

Fascinating. Still rings entirely true today.

[@Wilmer778]

Nice video! :D Tip: get a popfilter for your microphone. ;) Just a minor point of 'critique' ;)

[@dogvom]

3:14 I'm pretty sure *_SVO_* is not "subject-object-verb", but "subject-verb-object". Subject-object-verb would logically be *_SOV._*

[@melsbacksfriend]

English keyboards do support diacritics If you know a bunch of operating system specific keyboard shortcuts. Examples: ctrl+shift+u+(hex value for unicode char) on Linux alt+(alt code) on Windows option+(key for combining diacritic)+(letter) on macOS.

[@Harry-Hartmann]

Ein sehr interessante Video 👍🏻

[@Frahamen]

Note that in many Belgian Dutch regiolects, the -en is generally not reduced to /ə:/, if anything people tend to drop the e and pronounce it more like /n/, /ʔn/ or /ən/. Basically we drop the e, not the n although Dutch teachers does insist we should use the e in any case or else.

[@Kikkerv11]

Still, for nearly everyone in Antwerp, Flemish Brabant and Limburg, -en is pronounced [ə].

[@KP-rm8eg]

​@Kikkerv11 yeah, we should rather say then that the e is dropped in Flemish 😊 Antwerp and Brabant are not Flemish but Brabantian.

[@bri_____]

Thank you for including Scots 💙

[@almazu2770]

Great video, very informative!❤❤❤

[@eb4661]

4:24 I never knew paashaasschaamhaarverzamelaars meant “collectors of Easter Bunny pubic hair” in Dutch, but it makes perfect sense. I will collect this word, in case I need it.

[@PauldeVrieze]

Still prefer hottentottensoldatententententoonstelling (exhibition of Hottentot soldier tents)

[@ypey1]

Ruilen?!

[@rmyikzelf5604]

Fietsbandventieldopjesfabrikantenbijeenkomstdagen. (Days of the gathering of manufacturers of caps for bicycle tyre valves). New words created on the fly.

[@fisk0]

If you ever visit Sweden, it could be useful to know the Swedish equivalent is påskharskönshårssamlare (the first k is hard and the second k is soft)

[@EmilFr]

In icelandic its páskakanínuskapahárasafnarar

[@annominous826]

Norwegian also has remnants of a locative case - fjell, til fjells (mountain, into the mountains); skog, til skogs (forest, into the forest); sjø, til sjøs (sea, to sea).

[@CyclopsNL]

04:21 "Dutch and especially German are notorious for their extensive word compound" paashaasschaamhaarverzamelaars ("collectors of Easter Bunny pubic hair") Yep, that's a word we Dutchies use on a regular basis! 😁

[@urinstein1864]

20:55 As can be seen in your correct phonetic transcriptions, since SHG is non-rhotic, "-a" is also a very common ending vowel, as the pronunciation of the "-er" ending.

[@Icetea-2000]

0:15 Calling Bavarian a different language is so wrong. Yes it has different pronunciation of course but that is because it’s a DIALECT. The most rural North England dialect is still English at the end of the day. Bavarian is in every way German, and if you were to specifically exclude it you would have to exclude hundreds of dialects from German, effectively splitting German up completely, which obviously makes no sense

[@LeeLmao]

*HRE intensifies*

[@CarlDoesMusic]

1:58 no /k/ in "strengths" but I feel you. Still supporting the channel for life 👏👏

[@IchliebeHunde58]

I enjoyed this informative piece on Germanic languages. I do, however, have to disagree that German plurals are unpredictable; there are actually quite a few patterns and ways to tell what the plural of a noun is in German. One example is that most feminine nouns form their plural by adding “en” or just “n” if there’s already an e. Feminine nouns also never have the “umlaut + er” ending (that ending happens a lot with monosyllabic neutral nouns and only around 12 masculine nouns). There are many more predictable features like this, so saying they are unpredictable is simply incorrect.

[@IchliebeHunde58]

@@c.w.8200 I agree that the 3 genders make it more difficult, but I was simply explaining that there is quite a bit of predictability with noun plurals in German.

[@tigerauna]

There is a pattern for every noun plural in German, and it is based on the ending of the noun. It's not unpredictable at all. Definitely complicated, though!

[@smergthedargon8974]

43:23 Is it pure coincidence or PIE insanity that "towards him" in Icelandic is so close to "ad hominem" - "towards the man/person" in Latin?

[@David280GG]

Interesting

[@tageholmquist3926]

Quick correction, the sj-sound is actually closer to [f͡x̞] but can look like [xʷ] or [χ] or [ʃ] or very occasionally [fʷ]. It’s never [x͡ʃ] natively.

[@livedandletdie]

Jag menar väl att sje-ljudet är snarlikt alla dessa läten, men det är ju bara motsatta ljudet till Norrmännens inandnings ja. Det är ju bara en helt vanlig utandning. Skulle jag klassificera det, så hade det varit närmre [l] än [x]. Sedan är det frågan om vilket sje-ljud vi pratar om, är det, det bakre sje-ljudet som är mer snarlikt [ʁ] och [χ] i var ljudet är formerat, eller är det mer snarlikt [ʒ] och [ɹ̠˔] som är Alveola, eller är det snarare som det främre sje-ljudet som är mer snarlikt [fʷ] eller till och med [βʷ]. Det är trots allt det svåraste ljudet i svenska språket för utlandsfödda att lära sig, och varierar delvis på vilket dialektområde samt ordval för vilken variant som brukas.

[@FonVegen]

This is a wonderful resource. I love languages, and I'm definitely sharing this video with my friends, whether they like it or not!

[@veet__377]

So cool that Bavarian has /oɐ/ like my THOUGHT/CLOTH vowel. Makes me feel at home.

[@kelcben]

It's probably been mentioned but at 3:16 it says "SVO" but it's written out as "subject-object-verb"

[@marcelreichlin951]

The moment when bavarian is mentioned and swiss german not. I want to mention that Swiss German is hard to understand for Standard German speakers

[@purple_purpur7379]

42:07 IS _íþrótt_ means 'sport', not 'sprout' (that would be _sproti_ or _angi_ or _spíra_ )

[@F_A_F123]

why you didn't even try to pronounce the /ɕ/ sound? You just always said sʲje instead of ɕ

[@Bos187]

Limburgish dutchman here (Mestreechs to be specific) Thanks for the love! Here's my list of nitpicks 11:05 "Geld" means "money", "Goud" means "gold" (which also uses the g in the way you are illustrating) 11:29 "Zaken" means business. "Dingen" means things They are sometimes interchangeable, but not in as many cases as in English ("Dingen" also has the kinda silent n that you are talking about) 17:38 As you said, no official spelling rules (as far as I'm aware of, we all just kinda wing it) But the English word "leek" translates to "prei" in dutch, and "poor" in Mestreechs And the plural for "appel" is "appelen" (silent n) "Lamp" means the same thing as in dutch and english; The light source For a young sheep, it's "Lammetje" in Dutch, "Lämmeke/Lämke" in Mestreechs. (There's technically the non-diminutive "Lam" for both Dutch and Mestreechs, but in my 35years of life I have *never* heard anyone use it, not even once. The only exception is when it's compounded in other words, like "lamskotelet", which means "lamb's cutlet")

[@provocase]

Brabander hier (Ik koom öt Ôsterwèèk bij Tilburg, wittenie). "Zaken" can both mean business(es) and things (dingen/spullen) in Dutch.

[@petergustafsson1670]

One thing not mentioned in the video: One of the most unique parts of Swedish (at least when compared with all other Germanic languages, and also with most European ones) is the large inventory of relationship words. English has one word for grandmother, and German has Grossmutter - compare Grandmere in French and Babuska in russian. In contrast, Swedish has two different words, farmor and mormor - paternal and maternal grandmother, respectly. Swedish does *not* have a term for both those relationships. For the people who are the children of your siblings, English has two words, niece and nephew. Swedish, in contrast, has 7 different relationship words for those relationships, all of which have differing definitions and none of those 7 are direct translations of the 2 English terms. And so on and so forth for many other relationship terms. Interestingly, Latin has a lot of relationship terms that can be directly translated into Swedish, but have no perfect English translation. For example: Patruus = Farbror and Avunculus = Morbror, both sets of terms meaning Uncle in English. It seems possible that PIE had a large inventory of relationship words that were retained in its daughter language Latin, and that Swedish is very conservative in this regard since it has retained these words to this day.

[@MegaJellyNelly]

The thing is, i don't think the terms in Swedish come from Proto Indo-European, they seem to be just word constructions from modern language, like combining father, mother, great, and brother. In Proto Indo-European, there were innovative words that were not clear combinations of existing words

[@Ekklesia2680]

22:00 Fun fact, at the bottom, the examples for the difference s,ss, and ß make in a word are schiesen and schissen. The brackets underneath say they´re not actual words but then clarify that they technically only mean schiesen isn´t a word. Schissen is an informal way to say "to shit".

[@ObamaBinLaden525]

The effort that went into making this video is just visible. Great video!