WHEN did the first ever stars form in the Universe?

[@eishwarpawar4171]

This was what my masters thesis was on, great to see you cover it again

[@johnbennett1465]

I have heard many times about the original stars being giant. But this is the first explanation of why that I have heard. And importantly it explains why nobody is looking for red dwarfs from that time. This had always puzzled me.

[@andersjjensen]

It is not impossible that smaller regions in the web collapsed to read dwarfs in the later part of this period. But hoping to ever get a glimpse of them, when ultraviolet giga-stars, some billion times brighter than the sun, are in the vicinity is probably a big ask.

[@johnbennett1465]

@andersjjensen per the description in the video, it would not be possible for them to collapse. More to the point, red dwarfs live for trillions of years. If population three red dwarfs existed, we would be able to find them in our own stellar neighborhood. I.e. in easy view of our current telescopes.

[@tylerodette8347]

Your channel is the only reason I’ve turned on notifications. I have my BA in Economics, but I’m taking my first ever class in astronomy. Your channel is going to be so helpful as I transition careers. Thank you!

[@elephantsarenuts5161]

Old guy here with an Econ B.A. IMHO, switch to astronomy or astrophysics for your major (or any other science or engineering). Take a minor in Econ.

[@captain_context9991]

Thats a rare switch.

[@RiteMoEquations]

The spectral analysis she covered will make an appearance in your stellar astronomy undergrad course.

[@TheInselaffen]

Is Dr. Bowman's collaborator called Hal?

[@mikehipperson]

🎶"Daisy, daisy, give me your answer do. I'm half craz y a ll for the love of y o u !" 🎶

[@Fluxdeluxe1]

It’s important to note that the ‘metals’ that astrophysicists refer to is everything that is not hydrogen and helium, that includes carbon which is obviously not a metal. It’s referred to as metallicity. The first population 3 stars would actually have had small amounts of lithium as lithium was formed in small amounts in the big bang process. So to say they are metal free is inaccurate.

[@plantpotpeople]

What big bang?

[@tf454]

Becky uploads are highlight of the week 😊

[@sci1905]

I plan on buying Dr. Becky's book "A Brief History of Black Holes." I do not know exactly when, but I know I will buy it. I know some information about black hole history, but I know Dr. Becky will go into incredibly deep details into the history of one of the most enigmatic and stunning objects in the universe. I am curious if Dr. Becky will write more books on astrophysics. She is one of the best science communicators in astrophysics out there. I LOVE ASTROPHYSICS SO MUCH!🌠🌍🌕⚫🌞

[@VirginHolyFire]

God designed black holes so beautifully🙏

[@DaveTaylor-j7s]

go ahead and get it i got the audio version with Dr Becky narrating it herself .

[@Nishijama]

I got both and I definitely recommend! The audiobook is perfectly narrated by Dr Becky! And the book does a great job introducing each concept necessary to understand black holes in very gradual and gentle way! I got the printed version to re-read the parts where I got distracted while listening and I find it's a great way to reinforce my understanding!

[@Galahad54]

I recommend that you also get Brian Cox's book on black holes. Becky covers the science up to the event horizon. Brian adds a bunch of potentially speculative science that in the end bridges one aspect of the gap between quantum mechanics and relativistic gravity. I borrowed both of them from the library system, and it was like reading parts 1 and 2 of an unfinished trilogy by George R. R. Martin. Will all the open questions be resolved during my lifetime? Or even in the lifetime of humanity? We run into many of what appear to be hard limits to knowledge, yet we are also clever enough to think through event horizons, maybe. Time, gravity, matter, and entropy connect in a completely unobvious way.

[@sci1905]

@Galahad54 Thanks for the recommendation. Live long and prosper.🖖

[@tinlizziedl001]

What's this astrophysisist doing in my cat video?!?!? Granted, Dr. Becky was the first star here, but the quadrupedal & fuzzy with it generation deserves time to shine too :)

[@eishwarpawar4171]

This was what my masters thesis was on, so great you're covering it :)

[@chestercurtis7548]

Can we convincingly conclude that the permeabiulity and permittivity of the vacuum was the same at the time of first stars, or for that matter when the CMBV signal was generated?

[@thekaxmax]

There's no present physics that indicates otherwise, or that it can change.

[@waltertanner7982]

⁠@@thekaxmaxaccelerated expansion of the spacetime?

[@brittoncooper1251]

Every element heavier than Helium is metal. Except for Lithium, which is really more grunge.

[@wilgarcia1]

Happy Thanksgiving =)

[@outlawbillionairez9780]

If there was a single first event, it would have to contain the movement/energy of every neutron, light ray, proton,molecule,electron and atom today.

[@thekaxmax]

Nope, because quantum indeterminacy. What you say requires 100% determinacy, which has been shown not to be possible.

[@martynspooner5822]

To be honest I hadn't a clue about any of this and find it incredibly fascinating. How they work out all this stuff is hard to get my head around they definitely have my. respect. Thanks for sharing your knowledge.

[@robertadams6606]

On a completely off topic observation of your sleeves. When I wear a sweatshirt I pull the cuffs up until they reach my elbow. I cannot stand cuffs over my forearms. I simply put the cuffs around my elbow keeping cuffs above it. And thank you for a very interesting discussion about the 1st stars. from someone with very little Scientific knowledge. Keeping it understandable is important for us "lay" people.

[@mw-th9ov]

Very clear and interesting exposition. Thanks!

[@constpegasus]

I can’t thank you enough for this keeping us updated. Your explanations are wonderful.

[@spidalack]

Dr Becky, when you need brain beauty that overshadows everything else. Love your explanations. They are always clear and interesting.

[@edd.]

Looks great!

[@J-MQ_1956]

You are such an excellent tutor of a fascinating discipline. Grateful there are people like you to enlighten us. I am of the generation that was awed by Carl Sagan. Happy that a younger generation (you) has taken the baton. One thing for sure is that you are humbling, as I realise how little I know.

[@jonwesick2844]

Very clear explanation! Well done!

[@robert100xx]

Nourishing Vid...... Bloopers show humanity.

[@MCsCreations]

I knew those big telescopes were compensating to something! 😬 Thanks for all the info, dr. Becky! 😊 Stay safe there with your family! 🖖😊

[@amaureaLua]

11:16 Wait, the non-ionized universe in the dark ages was *less* transpartent? Isn't that backwards? Neutral hydrogen doesn't have any visible-light spectral lines, while free electrons interact readily with light. I'm pretty sure I've learnt that the reionization that happend later made the universe less transparent than it was in the dark ages (until cosmic expansion diluted everything away).

[@thekaxmax]

Not a lot of gas concentrated in stars yet, so huge rich gas clouds absorbing light and warning up. And the light waves have been stretched since, so different bands are now visible

[@charlesschapers1624]

why don't they have a LOVE button just that stupid like but you always get one

[@RiteMoEquations]

Looking at her sweater of Smokey Bear makes me nostalgic. I never knew the anti-forest fire mascot with the US Forest Service made an appearance in the UK.

[@luudest]

My guess is that the first star formed around 100 years before the Big Bang.

[@beenaplumber8379]

And it was so big, containing all the matter in the universe, that it burned out in 100 years, collapsing in on itself, creating what we see now - the universe as a giant supernova? A meganova? A collapse so sudden and from such vast distances that it collapsed into hundreds of billions of separate nuclei, the supermassive black holes?

[@ricardochong6834]

Dr. Becky's main study is about galaxies. I wonder if you have seen APOD's picture of the Sombrero galaxy on Nov 24th. Has this galaxy been fooling us all along and is really a Hoag Object. If it was turned face on to us, it would look like the perfect Ring galaxy.

[@mechtheist]

This may be a silly question but if the mass of stars is mostly in a plasma state, couldn't you be just as accurate if you said they aren't mostly hydrogen but actually mostly protons?

[@ozzy6162]

If the very first stars are as expected (ish) in form, size & age (red shift) then I guess that would be a pretty strong argument that the big bang theory is correct. However it would be more exciting if the first stars (according to red shift) aren't as expected. For example if they're a lot smaller & possibly with some metals then it could mean.... (1) The big bang hypothesis is wrong &/or (2) We are wrong about the age of the universe &/or (3) Our models of the early universe are wrong.

[@NeonVisual]

So how can we see a small younger universe in the distance of our larger universe? That breaks my brain.

[@beenaplumber8379]

It's even more fun - when you look at the very early universe, it was much smaller than it is now. That means smaller objects take up more of the sky when they are really far away than when they are closer to us. The most distant galaxies appear larger than they would if they were closer to us.

[@TraitorVek]

8:57 - The Basic Building Blocks Of Life

[@lasarith2]

8:29 doesn’t anything heavier then 1000- 5000 masses collapse straight down to a black hole , which leads to my original idea that probably nearly all population 3 stars became the cores of all the galaxy’s ~ black holes , which is why we can’t/see find any today

[@mikehipperson]

Was that a Borg cube or a vague representation of the known universe which should actually be a sphere?

[@magilviamax8346]

No it shouldn't. We do not know if the universe even has a boundary, let alone it's shape.

[@beenaplumber8379]

It's an attempt to show space and time (4 dimensions) in a 2D diagram. No one's been able to do that very well yet.

[@UnionYes1021]

Wow! Great teaching! Thank you so much. I have no idea how you can take the time to make and upload these videos but I am very grateful. I did buy your book. Seems the least I could do.

[@noelstarchild]

Stunning info Dr. Becky Smethurst, thanks a bunch. Oh and by the way, population 3 stars, don't forget the negligable amounts of Li, so 75%H, 24.7%He and 0.3% Li. I admit it, I'm a nerd.

[@TraitorVek]

Redshift is both Heat and Distance and Movement

[@Georgeolddrones]

Thanks Dr B another great video 😂💥🔭 the old man in Stoke

[@shaundubai8941]

You can’t change the laws of physics captain

[@jensphiliphohmann1876]

11:10 f I always thought that the universe wasn't dark because neutral hydrogen is opaque (which would have prevented the first light from travelling freely) but because the CMB cooled down to less than, say, 700K and thus would have become invisible to the human eye while still no light sources existed.

[@Ardalambdion]

I thought that (visible) light was turned on after 400 000 years... Becky tells advanced science so a greater audience understands much...

[@mikeblake9761]

"Got hair in my eye, got hair in my eye Ahhhhhh!" Completely wiped all the science I just scienced

[@capnkwick4286]

I have to wonder if a truly gigantic telescope would be able to get enough resolution. When I say "gigantic", I'm thinking of individual units about the size of JWST multiplied across hundreds of kilometers with 5 kilometers between individual units. Obviously this would need to be located in the outer solar system to get away from the pesky emissions coming from anything closer in than Jupiter. So I'm talking about the EHT multiplied by hundreds of units. Ah, well, a person can dream, right? (:

[@James_cooper_89]

10:27 do we know where those electrons and protons came from though? ive always wondered if that had been answered, absolute day zero, how did those initial building blocks come to exist?

[@jensphiliphohmann1876]

What an irony that Hydrogen of all elements can become a metal in the chemical sense, of course only 🎶 under pressure 🎶.

[@thekingsblend]

So if we can look back in time, can we tell which direction The Big bang happened in?

[@plantpotpeople]

Spoiler, it didn't. This is a cult of delusion.

[@davidioanhedges]

FYI Now That's What I Call Music! 50

[@tricky2917]

Why is anything heavier than hydrogen considered a metal?

[@tonywells6990]

Most atoms in the universe are hydrogen or helium (about 98% by mass), so it is just a convenience, or shorthand, to consider all the other elements created in stars as 'metals'.

[@skysurfer5cva]

To an astronomer, the periodic chart is just hydrogen, helium, "metals". 🙂 "Metals", in this case, is simply a shorthand way to lump together all elements that are not hydrogen and helium, which together were almost 100% of the primordial mix created in the Big Bang (although I prefer the term "Big Boom" with Inspector Clouseau doing the narration 🙂). Except for trace amounts of lithium and perhaps beryllium, all natural elements except for hydrogen and helium were created in stars via nuclear fusion, hence the desire to have a shorthand way to lump them together.

[@BradyHansen81]

Fun fact, we are all made of dead stars. Every single life form on the planet is made of dead stars. That’s real reincarnation for ya. 😉

[@VirginHolyFire]

False …Fun Fact, we are all created by God, and God instantly made the light from every star ⭐️ to instantly shine upon the earth 🌎, only several thousand years ago.🙂

[@sileightynz5274]

​@@VirginHolyFirefalse. Fun fact, the great God Ra.......

[@williammcguinness6664]

If the universe was expanding slower than the speed of light wouldn't the light from it have passed us long ago

[@peterblasek7356]

It does all the time. But with a infinite or at least big enough universe their is always a point far enough away so the light from this point arrives us today.

[@Doodelz02]

So I have a tough time with the notion of seeing stars back in time to "when they first formed". 1) I get a constant speed of light. 2) I also get the farther you look, the further "back in time" the thing is that you're looking at (8 min for the sun, 2.5million yrs for Andromeda, etc). But going back 13+ billion years makes my brain explode. I can obviously extrapolate #2. Simple. But if I instead "reverse that clock". Start instead from the light emanating from the first star ... that would be LONG past. That light will have passed where we are in the universe countless eons ago. Concrete "stuff" has happened since then that has transpired over the eons since that light began it's journey. "Stuff" like generations of stars to create heavy elements. "Stuff" like the creation and evolution of our solar system. All stuff that happened WAY slower than the speed of that original star's first light photons. Could someone help me? Perhaps recommend a clear source. This has bothered me for years. It's why, for example, I can easily see why some think the universe is twice as old as the 13.8-ish B age cited most often. Thanks!

[@MijinLaw]

The critical thing is that the universe is expanding. The observable universe is 93 billion ly in diameter even though it is only 13.8 billion years old. As photons travel to us, the remaining distance is getting stretched. So, while the light from some of the earliest stars has passed us already (the stars which were comparatively close to us), other photons are only just now arriving (the ones which were further away). And, assuming that the universe's expansion doesn't reverse at some future time, there are many stars' light which will never reach us.

[@tonywells6990]

OK. Imagine we find a galaxy with a redshift of 20, and identified starlight produced from the first stars. We can calculate how old and how large the universe was back then, and how distant that star was from our location, using the lambda CDM model of an expanding universe dominated by dark matter and dark energy. That model may need some tweaking, but lets go with the current understanding. That star formed 180 million years after the big bang but was only about 2 billion light years away from us when it formed. The universe was of course much smaller than it is today! Due to the expansion of space, the light from that star has taken about 13.54 billion years to reach us (the universe in this model is 13.72 billion years old), even though it was only 2 billion light years away from us when the light left the star. The galaxy that star existed in would now be about 35.85 billion light years away, but of course we cannot see any light it emits now. But we can (hopefully one day!) see the light it emitted all those 13.54 billions of years ago. We of course also still see light from the CMB which was emitted about 380 thousand years after the big bang, from a position about 45 million light years away (in every direction), but that location would now be about 46 billion light years away. I hope that answers your question.

[@lasarith2]

Real basic - you are in a car traveling to a shop that’s say a 1KM away , during that time the road is expanding ( and say it’s supposed to take 5 minutes to get there ) but it ends up taking 15 minutes because the road has expanded by that much in what should have taken 5 minutes ( so the road expanded to 3x ) So while the universe is 13.8 Billion years if you look in one direction > anything was here is now 46.5 Billion lightyears away ( ) but that’s only from our point of view of reference ( visible universe) light also has to travel but the road ( space) has expanded so the light has to travel that now extra distance just to get to us , by the time we see it - its billions of years old , even if like above it was only a few million lightyears from us, but during time the light took say ( random numbers ) 50 million years and the star itself is now something like 200 million lightyears away , time didn’t change the distance did , so bigger distances the longer the light took to get here the further back we see in time ~ it’s a delay in light getting here because the distance grew larger ,but time remained the same .

[@TheDanEdwards]

"All stuff that happened WAY slower than the speed of that original star's first light photons."

[@lasarith2]

PS: anything past 13-15 Billion lightyears away we will probably never get to see because space is expands faster than light ( or each mega parsec 3.25156 million lightyears, if you add each Mega parsec expanding by 68-72KM/s (by those previous distances ) then it’s like a parcel that never going to arrive because the road the Amazon guys driving down is getting longer every second .

[@TraitorVek]

Calculate Where The Centre of the Universe ' began '

[@collinihood9430]

I feel like this video needed a spoiler warning for me, since I recently picked up and have been reading Genesis by Guido Tonelli. Granted, the universe has been out for 13.8 billion years, so that's on me for not catching it sooner.

[@Mickey435]

Dr. Becky, I watch your videos every week, and what I may ask might seem strange. But, how possible would it be to put a radio telescope in space? Your video this week made me think about that

[@michaelsommers2356]

Why bother? The atmosphere is mostly transparent at the important frequencies, and Earth-based telescopes are cheaper, can be bigger, and can easily be serviced.

[@Andrewdrs2WilliamsonYT]

Love early star videos. Check out the morning star "Arendale"

[@christopherlperezcruz1507]

Why hasn't T Coronae nova'd yet? The community got it wrong? Why? What did they assume but get wrong? Was it measurements or theory? What can we learn?

[@aresaurelian]

Always keep the red "A" for every factor derived from an assumption.

[@TraitorVek]

Light Circuit

[@trenchmarian]

Pretty sure it was 1st of January 1970 at 00:00

[@rextable2000]

Who is 'more metal:' Dr Becky or Cool Worlds? ;-)

[@ederm.r.8060]

How to put these yellow backgrounds in articles?

[@russellneitzke4972]

Can the element that a star uses to fuse energy and the length of time it lasts be correlated to the gravity of that element's mass and how much it bends space-time? Hydrogen bend less space-time than helium. Stars take longer to use up the hydrogen than they do to use up the helium. And don't get me started on iron. So does the heavier iron take less time to defeat fusion than hydrogen because it bends space-time more?

[@marknovak6498]

teasing singles out of so much noise, That the task seems impossible.

[@peterblasek7356]

Isn't it molecular hydrogen or was their neutral hydrogen atoms? Was their ionised Helium? Never thought about it in detail.

[@nutsandy7183]

Is the 42110 defender yours?

[@nexusdog]

OK, so was the big bang spherical? If so, is there a point zero we can identify where it originated?

[@michaelsommers2356]

It happened everywhere. Back then, of course, everywhere was very small.

[@esmannr]

What if the light from the first stars already passed us?

[@michaelsommers2356]

We won't see the light that has passed us, just as we won't see the light that left the Sun yesterday.

What would be the criteria for "population zero" stars, and what additional/different behaviors would they be expected to have?

[@garychisholm2174]

By the way stars are described there would be no Pop 0 stars. The very first possible star formation is Pop 3. If the universe ever aged old enough for a meaningfully new class of stars to appear, I imagine those future astrophysicists would have to laboriously rewrite Pop III as Pop IV, a horrible bother, though likely gainful work for interns.

[@osmosisjones4912]

What about speed of light when we're looking at Stars we're already moving towards us

[@mikehipperson]

Blue shifted

[@osmosisjones4912]

I was talking about it's speed

[@michaelsommers2356]

One of the postulates of relativity is that the speed of light is the same in all inertial reference frames.

[@captain_context9991]

I think we should just turn the telescopes the other way and see far into the future instead. I mean its worth a try, right.

[@plantpotpeople]

Good idea.

[@dieterwtm8941]

you are getting it complety wrong. A photon has no time. Its origin and and end is in an instant.

[@BritishBeachcomber]

Fun fact... There are 93 metals on the periodic table out of 118 elements. Almost everything in the universe is made of metal.

[@karniumsden7883]

while 93 may be chemically metal, 116 are astronomically metal. and yet most of the universe is (still) made of hydrogen. 90 percent of atoms. 75% of mass.

[@garychisholm2174]

No Pippin 😭

[@SideWalkAstronomyNetherlands]

Lofar, that picture is in the Netherlands...:)

[@Khyranleander]

Population III, metal free? Shouldn't there be traces of the (proper) metal lithium?

[@plantpotpeople]

Big bang bollocks.

[@oortcloud8078]

I really like your curves Dr Becky. You certainly know how to make a graphical presentation interesting and fascinating. A thumbnail with a wobbly exponential and a professor looking quizzical. Gets me every time. Thank you for making my day. 😊

[@mana_z]

Of course SKA must go where's no metal 😆

[@Kuswasinnam]

Is dark matter just deionised hydrogen then? I'm not a scientist obvs.

[@michaelsommers2356]

No, it is not any kind of baryonic matter.

[@JungleJargon]

Since energy can’t make or direct itself and there’s no such thing as an infinite regress of greater and greater sources of energy and since you can’t charge your phone with an equal or lesser amount of charge, there has to be an infinitely capable Creator. You probably don’t understand any of that.

[@michaelsommers2356]

No one understands it because it's gibberish.

[@JungleJargon]

@ See, you don’t understand general relativity.

[@tommiller1315]

So, THE first star must have been at a single star sized point in the universe. Radio astronomy results for this must point to the single set of star sized co-ordinates 13 billion light-years (ish) from earth. Could this be where intelligent life evolved, created inferior beings to serve them, and here we are, 13 billion light-years (ish) later, finding the beginning of life in the universe, CATS, and that we are just here to serve them? (Well, not a lot else makes any sense 🤣).

[@CHIEF_420]

@DoctoraBecky 773k babuinos escuchan a ciencias de la universidad 🌌

[@metamusic4715]

Why 21 cm? 🤔

[@michaelsommers2356]

That's the wavelength needed to flip the spin of the electron.

[@JungleJargon]

When are silly scientists going to figure out that the changes in the measures of time and distance due to less gravity in the vicinity change the speed of light relative to another place with more gravity, deeper inside of a galaxy? Scientists can’t seem to figure out that where gravity changes clocks and measuring sticks, it changes the speed of light by changing the rate of causation! There’s no need for invisible matter when you take into account the variable rate of causation. Space is not flat in the measures of time and distance on larger scales just like the Earth is not flat on larger scales. Light MUST indeed *always* travel 186,000 miles per second at the speed of light C. When distance is stretched from having less gravity, light *must still* complete traveling that stretched distance in the time determined by C. That means the light is traveling faster as perceived by us in a more contracted frame of reference where there is more gravity. *Add to that* the fact that a second passes by *faster* farther away from the center of mass which increases the speed light MUST travel *even more.* It’s really not complicated. It’s so simple. It’s the very reason things appear to be moving faster than the speed of light moving away from the center of the galaxy because they are moving faster away from the center of the galaxy yet without exceeding the speed of light. I don’t know why that is so hard to understand. Don’t even try to put an age on the universe when time itself is a creation that is dependent on the location and the amount of matter and mass in the vicinity. There are three rates to consider. *1. The diminishing effect or draw of gravity away from the center of mass. *2. The increasing rate of time away from the center of mass. *3. The increasing measure of distance away from the center of mass. Speed is measured by time and distance which both change and that changes the speed of light and causation. Things happen faster. Distance gets longer without gravity and time goes by faster, both of which combine to speed up causation. The light has to arrive at a farther distance faster when distance is stretched *and* time also goes by faster. *Then* there is the first thing to consider and that is the diminishing draw of gravity the farther away it is from the center of the galaxy which means things eventually slow down the farther away they are from the center mass of a galaxy. (It's not complicated. No dark matter is needed.) 😎 Redshift happens when light leaves a galaxy. Blueshift happens as light enters a galaxy. All things being equal, the light will be redshifted as it leaves a galaxy and then blueshifted back again as it enters our galaxy. Except we already know galaxies are different sizes. The distant galaxies that we can see are very large and the distances and the amount of matter between here and there is excessive causing more redshift than our small galaxy can blueshift back to its original spectrum. The more distant a galaxy is the more accumulated gravity there is from nearby masses causing more redshift. So the universe is not expanding into oblivion for no reason.

[@maurizioalbera]

Yup. Luckily there are geniuses like you, who can teach science without knowing anything about it.

[@TheDanEdwards]

Perhaps you can find a new hobby, such as fly fishing.

[@Valdagast]

Will the universe form Population 0 stars at some point in the future.

[@michaelsommers2356]

No.

[@cafaque]

❤❤

[@willemvandebeek]

The astronomy "metal" needs to be renamed to: 'multi-shelled element', since hydrogen & helium are single-shelled elements. And 'metallicity' needs to be renamed to 'multi-shellicity'! 😤

[@tonywells6990]

Those are some big mouthfuls.

[@michaelsommers2356]

Calling them metals is not only simpler, but it drives chemists nuts.

[@SolaceEasy]

👍

[@plantpotpeople]

Scientific language, possibly,we think. Please evolve.

[@ThomasistheTwin]

We are inside of an infinite and eternal self aware, self created being colloquially known as God. Mother; Virgin Mary (make the two into one), the one true God, the One that made all spirits. The Father is first living being that created all of the living beings for the spirit to inhabit. The Son is these two aspects come to tell things how it is and to lead by example. Space and time are man made concepts mortal being use to measure the infinite and the eternal. So when did the first stars shine? About always. What we see is how things have always been dodo. Everything was made at he same thing and all we have is extinction and created kinds continuing to speciate. 18. The disciples said to Jesus, "Tell us, how will our end come?" Jesus said, "Have you found the beginning, then, that you are looking for the end? You see, the end will be where the beginning is. Congratulations to the one who stands at the beginning: that one will know the end and will not taste death." 19. Jesus said, "Congratulations to the one who came into being before coming into being. If you become my disciples and pay attention to my sayings, these stones will serve you. For there are five trees in Paradise for you; they do not change, summer or winter, and their leaves do not fall. Whoever knows them will not taste death." The mother wrote the code, the father runs the simulation and the son is the being with the perfect high score 🙌

[@leesoto4395]

number 12!!

[@esecallum]

ionization implies charged particles and ELECTRIC fields which are forbidden in the ad hoc Astronomy by the Gate keepers

[@davidhoward4715]

Another "electric universe" troll. You people are just getting tiresome.

[@esecallum]

@@davidhoward4715 no. YOU people are tiresome with your lies and evasions and banning the word plasma and calling plasma filaments STRUCTURES and your crap patch work theory gets nuked with every new observation by JWST...Your desperate.

[@primoroy]

😥😢😭

[@Hippeus26]

two *antennae - plural of antenna = antennae; cf. OCD “antenna | anˈtɛnə | noun (plural antennae | anˈtɛniː |)”

[@michaelsommers2356]

'Antenna' is an English word, and English forms plurals by adding -s or -es to the end of the word. English is not Latin.

[@keiraferrari7764]

So disappointed! No cat today.

[@1d10talert]

don't get a hair in your telescope

[@FreakAngel666]

🫶🏻✨💫

[@fractalnomics]

How is it that the CMB (which apparently is the decayed/cooled signature of the hot big bang) is right by stars that can be observed in the visible (of the EMS)? How can we have 'snapshots in time' observations of stars, but the CMB is not a snapshot; it has, by all accounts, cooled to the microwave, some 2 Kelvin, from an 'infinite' temperature at the same/similar location as the observed stars. I think your CMB is a red herring. Interesting, but a distraction. We should be seeing a snapshot of an infinitely hot Big Bang, just like we do the early stars.. and we are not. The stars and their galaxies have redshifted, yes, but nothing like the close CMB is claimed to have. Something is wrong with our picture, our understanding.

[@tonywells6990]

The CMB was at a temperature of about 3000K, not infinite. Something is wrong with your understanding...

[@DuncanHolland]

Eepoch. Not Ehpoch. You're English darling. 😉

[@edd.]

Would you ever consider doing an episode/part on why space is black when we look at it?

[@roanbrand7358]

Because you can't see light that does not point to your eye, even across the universe

[@VirginHolyFire]

God instantly created all light to shine upon the earth from every star. The light is there, but God created our human eyes to only see a small percentage of light.🙂

[@DrBecky]

I have a chapter on this in my first book 👍

[@wavydaveyparker]

Look into *Olbers Paradox - Why does it get dark at night?* Sometimes it's a good idea to turn a question on it's head. _"The Universe had a beginning, that's why it gets dark at night."_ ~ Jim Al-Khalili. He also writes some really fascinating books on Cosmology and Science.