Which Neurotoxin is the Worst? (Neurotoxin Lore)

Go to strms.net/hellofresh_that_che... and use code POGCHEMISTMAR60 for my special HelloFresh discount and to support my channel! #ad
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In this video, we explore several nerve-racking chemicals and discuss the biomechanics of nerves. I used to be a mouthpipetter like you, until I took a poisoned arrow in the knee.
Intro 0:00
Sponsor 3:42
Ethanol 4:36
Tetrodotoxin 6:34
Botulinum toxin 7:34
Tetraethylammonium 8:36
Methylmercury 9:21
Toxiferine 11:05
n-Hexane 12:02
MPP+ 13:47
Anatoxin-A 14:56
Caramboxin 15:52
Turbocurarine chloride 17:09
Domoic acid 17:38
Strychnine 18:32
Annonacin 19:44
Tetraethyllead 20:38
Chlorpyrifos 21:50
TBPO 23:14
Neosaxitoxin 24:17
Carbon disulfide 25:33
TETS 26:29
Aldicarb 26:59
Batrachotoxin 28:06
Resiniferatoxin 28:49
5,7-dihydroxytryptamine 29:50
Oxidopamine 30:21
Para-chloroamphetamine 30:46
Penitrem A 31:23
Writer/Producer: That Chemist
Editor/Animator: Reform Labs
Researcher/Production Assistant: Aldous
I also want to thank Ballerene from the Discord for early research.
Support the Channel on Patreon - / thatchemist
Join the Community Discord! - / discord
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References:
Nerve Agent Tierlist - • Which Nerve Agent is t...
neuron count in different species - doi.org/10.1073/PNAS.1201895109/
Nerves send signals - doi.org/10.1038/nn.4157.
Neurotransmitters - mind.ilstu.edu/curriculum/neu...
Synaptic Transmission - psych.athabascau.ca/html/Psyc...
Neurotransmitter reuptake - doi.org/10.1101/CSHPERSPECT.A....
Hormones, Peptides, and Neurotransmitters and Their Role in Obesity - doi.org/10.1177/1559827617716376.
Melatonin - doi.org/10.3390/BRAINSCI9100285.
The Role of Brain Gaseous Neurotransmitters in Anxiety - doi.org/10.1007/S43440-021-00....
Reactive Oxygen Species - doi.org/10.3389/FCELL.2021.62....
Alcohol, Oxidative Stress, and Free Radical Damage - doi.org/10.1079/pns2006496.
Toxicity of organomercury compounds - www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
Tetrodotoxin - www.cdc.gov/niosh/ershdb/emer...
BOTULINUM TOXIN - doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.60343.
Tetraethylammonium - doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801....
Toxiferine - www.sciencedirect.com/topics/...
N-Hexane - doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.50.3.269.
MPP+ - www.sciencedirect.com/topics/...
Epa, U.; of Water, O. Health Effects Support Document for the Cyanobacterial Toxin Anatoxin-A Office of Water Mail Code 4304T United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2015.
Elucidating the Neurotoxicity of the Star Fruit - doi.org/10.1002/ANIE.201305382.
Tubocurarine Chloride - www.sciencedirect.com/topics/...
The Phycotoxin Domoic Acid as a Potential Factor for Oxidative Alterations Enhanced by Climate - doi.org/10.3389/FPLS.2020.576....
Strychnine - www.sciencedirect.com/topics/...
Tetraethyllead - dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.16.3.191
link.springer.com/article/10....
doi.org/10.2131/jts.15.Supple...
Chlorpyrifos - www.epa.gov/ingredients-used-...
Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine -doi.org/10.1073/PNAS.14073791....
Structure-Toxicity Relationships of 1-Substituted-4-Alkyl-2,6,7-Trioxabicyclo[2.2.2.]Octanes - doi.org/10.1016/0041-008X(79)....
Neosaxitoxin - www.sciencedirect.com/topics/...
Carbon Disulfide - pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23331...
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27900...
doi.org/10.1515/dmdi.1988.6.3...
Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine - doi.org/10.3390/TOXICS6030051.
Aldicarb - www.sciencedirect.com/topics/...
Batrachotoxin - www.sciencedirect.com/topics/...
Resiniferatoxin - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics www.sciencedirect.com/topics/...
5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine - doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.20...
Chloramphetamine - doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(86)...
Oxidopamine - www.sciencedirect.com/topics/...
Penitrem A - www.sciencedirect.com/topics/...

[@That_Chemist]

Thanks to HelloFresh for sponsoring today's video. Go to strms.net/ThatChemistHelloFreshMarchYT and use code POGCHEMISTMAR60 for 60% off plus free shipping!

[@morgan0]

would be nice if they offered dedicated keto meal options

[@wumi2419]

Surprised it's not sponsored by GLaDOS

[@kiwiprouddavids724]

Hay dude I know it's probably stupid,but I want to make soap without buying anything and using the fat from the animals I farm . I've been watching videos on KZbin of how to do it by soaking water through ash and rendering the water down until a egg can float and then adding in the fat .....but I'm wondering is there any chance of me making the lye water too strong and burning myself? And off the top of your head what do you think the ratio will be of lye water I've got to a point a egg will float , and renderd down fat ? I'm sorry I just figured you would be the guy to ask , people give you all these spread sheets and websites to go to but I'm a bit dyslexic and I can't figure it out. I just work better being told how to do something by someone who knows and something I can ask questions from . please I apologize for being a hassle but please could you tell me what you think I should look out for and key things that will tell me I'm going alright, sorry 😥

[@michaelcoletta4547]

Solid list but you really should have included maitotoxin (the most potent non protein neurotoxin that exists) and/or ciguatoxin. Molecule size could pose a problem I guess lol!!

[@redmist6630]

I guess I should stop eating random plants

[@kinexkid]

One of my dad's friends takes botox shots every 6 months in his eyebrow area. He has a really bad twitch from nerve damage, so killing of the nerves every so often helps him to not twitch

[@CED99]

Blocking the nerves

[@zorintoto1167]

Botox doesn't kill the nerves

[@ickywitdasticky]

I get them every 3 months for chronic migraines. Hurt like a bitch but a little now vs a lot of pain maybe every day is a good tradeoff.

[@zorintoto1167]

@@ickywitdasticky I don't know if you tried it but lidocaine nasal spray for migraine are pretty good and cheap

[@mookinbabysealfurmittens]

​@@zorintoto1167 Nasal spray? Does that really work? (For acute migraine, mind; Botox is preventative & reduces frequency & intensity.) I've had SPG blocks fail.

[@Horesmi]

When you said "spicy molecule" I didn't expect you to mean "literally producing a sensation of burning"

[@soroushmirghasemi623]

Last place I expected to see you fellow Vaushite.

[@narmale]

😂😂😂

[@arya6085]

You're literally teaching me the A level biology that I would be revising if I wasn't procrastinating by watching videos from the superior science. This is a betrayal haha

[@mad0131]

GL from A-Level Physics land

[@arya6085]

@@mad0131 I'm doing that too😭

[@SportyMabamba]

If I could get an A2 in Biology, you can too! Go for it 😄

[@stellap-m4345]

ME TOO HAHAHAHA

[@0xE]

SAME!

[@elizathegamer413]

Aperture Science thanks you for contributing to the continuation of science, in particular our development of neurotoxin.

[@Jamieden]

Underrated comment

[@anrandomthing7110]

I DIDNT EXPECTED THAT COMMENT LMAO

[@FarmerSlayerFromTheEdoPeriod]

Came here looking for how long it would take to find something related to Portal, didnt take long thankfully

[@anrandomthing7110]

@@FarmerSlayerFromTheEdoPeriod I was just literally curious, and this comment said to me nostalgia and a funny little joke.

[@digikaa]

Funny joke but I legit think I got this video recommended because I’ve watched several multi hour long portal videos today

[@Ne1vaan]

Great lecture. I love the explanation of how alcohol is neurotoxic. 15 months free and it's impressive how much you get back.

[@That_Chemist]

Keep up the good work :)

[@peggedyourdad9560]

Good for you! I’m sure it’s also left you with more money as well.

[@itzaclownworldnow696]

Good job dude! I'm 4 days in, can't wait to be at 15 months

[@nelzelpher7158]

Is it worth trying? don’t worry I can stop.

[@Hippiekinkster]

It's about 13 years for me. Never crosses my mind. Same with smoking; it was 25 years on January 23rd. It was much easier to stop than I had anticipated, and again, no cravings/urges. I feel that THIS CHEMIST understates the toxicity of EtOH. Here's a very good deep dive into ethanol from Dr. Andrew Huberman, Ph.D., Professor of Neurobiology and Opthalmology at Stanford... kzbin.info/www/bejne/epy2YqOhgNV8grs

[@jhonbus]

You may scoff at amnesic shellfish poisoning, but the joke's on you because you've had it a dozen times and you just can't remember.

[@thedoggo6618]

Everywhere at the end of shellfish poisoning

[@mikuenjoyerXD]

​@@thedoggo6618 lol nice meme

[@lovelydeath04]

Huh, do that's why I can't remember sh*t.

[@narmale]

😂😂

[@KRYTEK-141]

Glad I hate fish and all water related creatures meant for consumption 😂

[@WooShell]

I tried to imagine the video in GlaDOS' voice.. worked surprisingly well

[@PatThePerson]

To you this is entertainment, to me this is shopping. -glados

[@artemsgameschannel727]

@@PatThePerson I unironically read this sentence with Ellen McLain's mechanical voice!

[@atomiste4312]

there is an AI to actually transform his voice into glados'

[@binimbap]

My grandma actually had a huge starfruit tree in her backyard, and we used to eat loooooads of it as kids. One time I took my cousin from the other side of the family there, it was new to her and she loved it so she ate like a bucket over the span of one day. She was in gastrointestinal distress for a while... But seriously, eating 15 starfruits is not that insane, especially if you're in parts of the world where it is a common fruit.

[@sawyerbergstedt1844]

I LOVE STARFRUIT it is literally my favorite fruit, as I lived in Hawaii for the first 7 years of my life and I am still sad it is so hard to get where I live now

[@heypauly2002]

I looked up my family tree and found three dogs using it.

[@Valery0p5]

So what you're saying is that Star Fruit *lowers glasses* _sends you to heaven_ *ba dum tss*

[@jreelite7149]

Oh god yes. My neurons love the neuron discussion. However, it’s already 9pm and I must intentionally damage them.

[@jreelite7149]

That was a beautiful tier list. I loved all the concise explanation! Definitely the best one yet. Excited for more of these ❤

[@mikuenjoyerXD]

🍷🥂?

[@meghanachauhan9380]

​@@mikuenjoyerXDhe gonna spank bro

[@michaelmares6066]

Awesome vid. As a neurotox PhD student I really appreciate the explanation of neurochemical communication and interaction of these compounds. 30 min well spent in the lab office lol. 🤙

[@That_Chemist]

I'm glad to hear it - please share it with your colleagues!

[@AdamL_18]

This could explain Benign fasciculation syndrome. I dont get why there isnt much more research on this. After watching that im pretty sure problem like BFS, or disease like ALS is caused by some sort of neurotoxicity

[@mantizshrimp]

When I Google : 'The Biochemistry and Broad Utility of Pfizer’s New COVID-19 Drug: Paxlovid' or in general: Rna chemical structure it looks a bit similar to some of the structures.. Should I worry?

[@garfield850]

​@@mantizshrimpNo.

[@polygorg]

very fancy at the beginning there

[@mindbound]

I'm a neuroscientist and this video, ironically, gives me life

[@That_Chemist]

Awesome :)

[@laurastabell2489]

A mind is a terrible thing to loose! Toxicology is a medicine of absence of medicine. Its a medicine of prevention. Did you see the new info about scrapie also?

[@shaunpaulcroft]

​@@laurastabell2489 I'd love to know if you wouldn't mind a quick breakdown? I studied neuroscience and wanted to go into the proteomics behind neurodegenerative diseases. Prions were among my favourite proteins (sad, I know). I couldn't get a job in the end, so went into metallurgy in 2015, so I'm out of the loop with new discoveries, but still find them fascinating.

[@germainedenon311]

Psychiatric drugs are the worst neurotoxins

[@trustmeimabiochemist3929]

Earlier this year, a teacher had us go to his lab, to make a demonstration of the convective mechanism of mass transfer, meaning he poured maybe 100 mL of hexane into a couple of flasks and left it front of a fan, leaving the other just on top of a bench and measuring how much of the hexane was gone after an hour. Not the brightest idea, given what I learned from this video.

[@That_Chemist]

its honestly probably fine at that level - most organic chemists will tell you horror stories of hexane/ethyl acetate covering them from head to toe

[@user-ko7lz3kr1d]

My biggest concern would be if the fan is ignition source-free otherwise the hexanes could be ignited...

[@zodiakofficial4093]

​@@That_Chemist exactly! When you first mentioned hexane this also really cought my attention, because as you said: Probably every organic chemist was already covered in it from head to toe😂

[@virtualtools_3021]

@@user-ko7lz3kr1d the majority of fans are ignition source free. induction motors = no sparky. the switch could be a problem tho

[@maynase]

this tier list is Aperture Science approved 🥇

[@the_real_Kurt_Yarish]

What I learned today: an alarming amount of seemingly innocuous fruit contain neurotoxins. Also alarmed that you didn't mention how much of a concentration of annonacin can be found in the fruits that contain it. Guess I'll just stick with apples and their cyanide-containg seeds... wait...

[@LunarShadow313]

With paw paw the toxin is in the seeds bark and leaves, not the fruit flesh itself.

[@narmale]

Pfft... i like my apple seeds with a dusting of non-dried almonds

[@vincentkingsdale8334]

Apples contain quercetin which is a good antioxidant

[@warai8580]

I loved drinking guanabana (soursop in English, or Annona muricata) nectar as a child. I'd get some whenever I had the opportunity. Years later I learned that the whole family of plants is neurotoxic, and if I had managed to have a can a day I would definitely have ingested enough annonacin to show symptoms of brain damage. 😮

[@laurastabell2489]

I just ordered paw paw trees! Sigh! Mango is out for me due to urishol reaction! Is annoncin heat sensitive? Also fascinating about star fruit. If you trace the enzyme pathway involved you may find a genetic disease or deletion that also hits that enzyme pathway. Some people can thus be super sensitive. The top food for oxilate is beets too. Its in many fruits and grains and is a root cause of kidney stones. The needle shaped crystals puncture and inflame the nephrons in the kidneys. Not a lot of info out there on oxilate. We produce it in our bodies, so its very ubiquitous ! Good here, bad there ( kidneys)

[@feuerling]

Time to breed some lines that don't contain it at all.

[@everettduncan7543]

​​​@@laurastabell2489Good thing then that pawpaws are highly seasonal. I would be far more worried about eating any other part of the plant, especially the bark and seeds. But the exocarp of the pawpaw is poisonous enough that you'll need to scoop out the edible mesocarp

[@yuu34567]

BUT SOURSOP JUICE IS SO NICE.... NOOOOO

[@JohnDarksoul69]

​@@yuu34567you should be fine having some soursop juice occasionally... just don't drink it every day. the neurotoxic damage has been (so far) only observed in long-term consumption

[@CRClem]

I’m a highschool student really considering going into premed. Your videos are incredibly entertaining! I really like listening to these tier lists, and the beginning introduction you made for this video I really appreciated. Keeping doing what you’re doing 👍

[@motoalex3760]

Same sameeee

[@guidomista8448]

I'm currently in college and he actually made me change my major to chemistry.

[@ryanhernandez8324]

​​@@guidomista8448 what was it before (also in high school here)

[@freyathewolf4909]

I'm majoring in gamedev but I still absolutely love these videos haha. My dad's a chemical engineer though, so I think I might have gotten it from him.

[@ImpmanPDX]

I majored in Micro-molecular biology. The second term of organic chemistry almost broke me, but otherwise I'm very glad with the college track I took.

[@Theclarkproject]

A note on botulinum toxin, it is a common foodborne ailment. It can be avoided by disposing of improperly sealed foods after 10 days, refrigerating leftovers, disposing of damaged cans, and disposing of cans with a white foam at the top after opening. This is also why we wrap potatoes in foil before baking. The term for botulinum toxicity by oral consumption is botulism.

[@awetistic5295]

My great aunt got botulism, most likely from a damaged can. It was life threatening and she hasn't fully recovered yet, especially the muscle weakness in the legs is still pretty bad. I hope she will make a full recovery, chances apparently go down after the first three months.

[@eljanrimsa5843]

You got that potato in foil part backwards. Potatoes baked in foil are a botulinum hazard and should not be kept at room temperature or in a warm but not hot oven for longer than two hours. The foil prevents oxygen from reaching the potato, and that creates optimal germination conditions for the botulinum-producing bacterium Clostridium botulinum whose spores can survive the baking while everything is killed.

[@Theclarkproject]

@eljanrimsa5843 Good point, I was just parroting what my culinary professor always said, but a bit of looking arround proved me wrong.

[@kenhaze5230]

It's not surprising, but I appreciate as a neuro PhD your precision to the extent you talk about brain. Brain is interesting to us all, but a lot of folks play it fast and loose with gems like "serotonin makes you happy." Even folks in adjacent fields to neuro, none of which will I directly call out.

[@That_Chemist]

We are also working on a neurotransmitter tierlist!

[@kenhaze5230]

@@That_Chemist I was actually thinking of doing that, but now I'm in law school... Definitely give due regard to histamine, given the new narcolepsy therapies that are H3 receptor antagonists. There are too many, but give the trace amines a shoutout too. TAAR is huge in ADHD, which is very popular these days. On that note, the lesser known derivatives of more prominent hormones, like T1AM, probably do more than they're given credit for. Endogenous NTs that are schedule I, like DMT, deserve a fair treatment too. The nonapeptides many think are the next big thing in autism. Long recognized, but no great therapies yet. Balance is the key factor since no NT only does good or bad things. Cortisol gets a bad rap, but it's what makes you get up in the morning. Acetylcholine is magical and the best for being a genius till age 1,000, but makes you sweat and poop (still S-tier though). CO and CN may not be S-tier but deserve points for their no-clipping properties. We all drink coffee to block adenosine, but it is anticonvulsant and release may be associated with stopping seizures. They did CART dirty on account of its name, but there's a REASON rats love the white stuff more than food. Xe probably doesn't even qualify, but it's neuroactive and ubiquitous (though rarefied). Finally and most importantly, just make sure glycine is S-tier.

[@kenhaze5230]

@@That_Chemist P.S.-neuroscience researchers seem to often prefer to name things wrong, which creates subtlety relevant to a nuanced tier list. Glycine, for example, is a co-ligand of NMDA glutamate receptors, at the eponymous glycine site on the receptor. But D-serine is a STRONGER agonist at the glycine site than glycine is, and both are endogenous. Speaking of NMDAR, and I skipped GABA and glutamate so as not to waste your time, but unless you run out of space I would include Mg &c. that can can act on receptors, Mg being a pore blocker of NMDARs that must first be removed to activate the receptor. Also, receptors like H3, alpha-2, D2sh, actually reduce the release of their ligand when activated, because homeostasis is cool apparently (although it makes treating psychological disorders with drugs hard). So again with the balance thing, every NT pretty much does a thing, and the opposite of that thing, at the very least. I mean it's the same as dynamic equilibria, right? Except the arrows in each direction change long-term in response to perturbation because the nervous system doesn't want us to have any fun. I'm sure you'll nail it and avoid the trap of "man I though this channel was great until they talked about something I had at least minimal knowledge about."

[@That_Chemist]

I will forward your comments to the team - we are working within constraints, but hopefully we can cover the main ones

[@nenben8759]

I'm an innocent civilian, and I appreciate this tier list! It'll really come in handy next time.

[@fingmoron]

It's so useful to know where they originate and how stable they are to uhhh avoid them?

[@leothecrafter4808]

At 1:03 it's not actually estradiol, it's diethylstilbestrol, a synthetic, non bioidentical estrogen that was once used in medicine but no longer is due to side effects that don't come with bioidentical estrogens. I guess you could say it's an estrogen, but it's not what most people think of, usually they think of estradiol.

[@morgan0]

is 17beta a bioidentical one or is it different from “home grown”?

[@leothecrafter4808]

@@morgan0 17 beta Estradiol (E2) is one of a few estrogens that the body produces.

[@profpuffofficial2]

Estradiol is still used in South Africa as part of birth control

[@leothecrafter4808]

@@profpuffofficial2 that's actually better than the conjugated estrogens and diethylstilbestrol in terms of side effects.

[@profpuffofficial2]

@Leo TheCrafter i was wrong its not exactly estradiol , its ethinylestradiol

[@rileybarker963]

You should really be a intro to bio professor, you did a way better job than my college prof introducing neurons

[@That_Chemist]

I will let the team know ;)

[@brianbethea3069]

Fun fact: strychnine, toxiferine, and tubocuranine can all be found in Strychnos toxifera plants. So probably stay away from that plant.

[@gaberobison680]

I should use it to defend my liquor cabinet

[@phizc]

11:00 "It likes to do whatever it wants, all the time" : it's mercurial.

[@sacriptex5870]

15:50 funny that here in Brazil were common knowledge that starfruit are bad for kidneys...since i was child i heard this but finally they discovered that molecule: caramboxin sounds funny because the name of starfuit in portuguese is: Carambola!

[@Astropheminist]

Ngl as someone who only had to take a pretty basic Chem class in college I was a little hesitant to watch this, but you do a really good job of explaining each toxin in a variety of ways for different education levels, great job and I really enjoyed 😊

[@That_Chemist]

Thank you :)

[@ButterBallTheOpossum]

The neurotoxin coniine that is found in poison hemlock would have been a good addition.

[@Dzyntara]

I've always been into toxicology, even when I was a little girl - so I'm really excited about this one! Love your content as always ^-^ It's super awesome of you to provide it for free.

[@mop2420]

Got a book I can recommend in that case! The Poisoner’s Handbook by Deborah Blum combines forensic toxicology and history in recounting NYC’s 1st chief medical examiner office during the Prohibition Era and a little after. Each chapter is titled after a common toxin during the time (it covers chloroform, wood alcohol, cyanide(s), arsenic, mercury, carbon monoxide (which had to be split into 2 chapters), methanol, radium, ethanol, and thallium), explains how each one affects the body, and goes on to describe a couple cases from the time period. It’s less than 300 pages and includes a notes section citing every single source used. I actually had to buy another copy for myself, I loaned it to a friend of mine and she never gave it back.

[@Dzyntara]

@@mop2420 Thank you so much for this! I'll definitely get my hands on that - it sounds right up my alley!

[@Dzyntara]

​@@mop2420Guess who got her hands on that book! Thanks for the recommendation ^-^

[@chemistryofquestionablequa6252]

Women favor poisons as weapons after all..

[@ratmix8238]

I like this new type of video format, keep up the good work TC

[@That_Chemist]

It was only possible thanks to ReformLabs and ToAldous!

[@lexinwonderland5741]

Joey, your content has been absolutely fantastic lately, and i think you found just the right balance for memes and information to where it's entertaining but not taking away from the science education. As much as I miss the super-frequent uploads, it's worth the wait for amount of work you put into these and how enjoyable they are!! Keep it up m8!

[@flaplaya]

Amazing description of how neurons work! Eloquently worded. My scariest list: Synthetic - Dimethylmercury and or methyl mercury, TETS, TBPO, IPTBO and Tetraethyl lead (all covered beautifully) So bad! Annoacin omg 100 times worse than Methylphenylpyridium+ / MPTP? Eyes wide open scary, good find never heard of it. Quarternary neurotoxins really scare me. "The case of the frozen addicts" made such a strong impression as a boy learning on my own. No joke, chemistry. Edit: Also your description of Tetraethyl Lead is unlike anything I've heard. My father is exposed from Aviation Fuel (1 PPM) but it accumulates on aircraft engine components as does IPTBO. I will share this with him and hopefully he abates any further exposure. Should be a wakeup call. The story of the first factory to synthesize TEL back in the 1920 in New Jersey is horrific. 4 Chloroethane + 4 NaPb --> Pb(CH33CH2)4 + 4 NaCl = 3 Pb metal. Reactor vessel building, everyone went "Fruity" or completely permanently insane. Half-Life was previously unknown too, nice finding that. Super long super lipophilc.. Found in nature - Botulinum Toxin - Grand Master Awesome vids keep it up thanks!

[@staringgasmask]

Dimethylmercury is incredibly lethal and hard to block. Really damn scary

[@laurastabell2489]

Dimethyl mercury outgasses from contaminated wetlands mostly in warm weather due to biological activity. Inversion days in late summer can be the worst! If anyone has portable sniffing equiptment, thats when you would be out. Night time might be better (or worse) also to get readings.

[@laurastabell2489]

Tetra ethyl lead should have thousands of studies since according to ATSDR, 10 percent of the US population was lead poisoned in the 1980's from tetraethyl lead in gasoline . That was at the old poisoning level! It has now been lowered by half and half of that new level said to have neurological effects. Most studies were on elemental lead also, so not showing the true effects of TE lead which is much more potent. Elemental lead stays in the blood around 30 days. It migrates into the long bones and gets compartmentalized if your young, incorporated if your older. If a girl has been exposed during childhood, when pregnant, progesterone frees lead and calcium from the bones brain damaging her child in utero. Im not sure if tetra ethyl lead gets stored in bone. I never heard it dosen't. Soils along roadsides of busy roads are filled with TE lead To make matters worse, in cold areas, road salt applications have created excessive chlorides in the ground water which leaches metals like lead from plumbing and fixtures poisoning families.

[@petevenuti7355]

​@@staringgasmask any idea if it binds stronger or weeker to selenium or tellurium?

[@staringgasmask]

@@petevenuti7355 not at all, I'm not a chemist, just kinda interested in the topic

[@ltv9002]

Amazing. I'll put this information to a great use.

[@mountreign]

Wow that's really scary! Hahaha... 😭

[@lotztlacaliuhqui]

Now do a neurotoxin taste tier list

[@aalhard]

I would be interested in a tier of Soviet psych meds. Like IT290 and others.

[@2Cerealbox]

I love that HelloFresh is advertising on a video about the world's worst neurotoxins.

[@That_Chemist]

they truly are the best type of HF

[@randykitchleburger2780]

13:49 MPPP reminds me of a story of a chem student who prepared himself for a thought was an opiate, but it had impurities which led to his death. Maybe it was MPPP? Edit: It was MPPP (from Wikipedia) The neurotoxicity of MPTP was hinted at in 1976 after Barry Kidston, a 23-year-old chemistry graduate student in Maryland, US, synthesized MPPP with MPTP as a major impurity and self-injected the result. Within three days he began exhibiting symptoms of Parkinson's disease

[@SportyMabamba]

Kidston seems to have exhibited addictive behaviours.. numerous traces of other abuse-potential chemicals were found in his lab and he would subsequently die from a cocaine overdose. That tendency combined with being a Chemistry grad is like giving him the key to the candy shop. Very sad

[@myothernameistaken]

@@SportyMabamba The worst part is that he shared it with friends, giving them Parkinsonism too. Don't take drugs that haven't been confirmed by spectroscopy, kids.

[@bromisovalum8417]

If I remember correctly, he made some pethidine analog (MPPP), where the last step was essentially esterifying a tertiary alcohol, but it was done in a sloppy fashion, where the elimination side-reaction actually became the main product, this was MTPT (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine). MTPT converts to MPP+ in the body, the pyridinium ion, which is a selective neurotoxin attacking the dopamine-producing neurons irreversibly in the substantia nigra. When 80% of neurons are lost you develop Parkinson's disease. Fun fact: MPP+ itself was actually marketed as a herbicide during the 1970s, called cyperquat, it's banned now, but the closely related paraquat, basically a sort of dimer of MPP+, is still used as herbicide (DEA used to spray it on marijuana crops during the 80s). And no surprise, paraquat has been linked to Parkinson's disease.

[@randykitchleburger2780]

@@bromisovalum8417 Super interesting, thanks for the details 👍

[@HenriFaust]

@@SportyMabamba Food for thought: Cocaine treats the symptoms of Parkinsonism due to it's mechanism of action, as cocaine is a dopamine reuptake inhibitor. Amphetamine- and cocaine-like compounds are used off-label as adjunct therapies in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, so you may be viewing his subsequent behavior in the wrong light.

[@horacefields736]

So glad I found your channel. That is by far the best diagram I've seen of the Electron Transport Chain. It doesn't show all the detail, but it gives a clear overview of what's the inside and what's the outside. Everyone else will show you the parts, but not show how they fit together.

[@That_Chemist]

Thank you! Hopefully the vitamin tierlist should show a bit more of the electron transport chain - David is an incredible illustrator, Nicholas is an amazing biochemist, and the members of the TC discord have been really helpful for making everything look great with their input

[@GhostHawk272]

This video went really beyond my expectations only like 5 mins into the videoooo I love your channel! The animations were excellent too (just a few minor spelling mistakes but this is a Chemistry channel so it can slide) :))) Edit: Your explanations throughout this video were fantastic as well!

[@Elphyme]

Mitochondria, the US stock exchange of the cell 😂

[@NoobHuman]

"Mitochondria is the Powerhouse of the cell"

[@jasonjavelin]

Lets gooooo very hype for this video. I’m not into chemistry that heavy but find the topic very interesting, especially the stories. The neurotoxin tier list is the first vid I watched and after that I’ve been watching a ton of your stuff. Keep it up!

[@Vithor.G16]

This new video format is looking great! Thank you for the awesome content! ^~^

[@orionbukantis6470]

I love fruit. I think it's interesting that starfruit, soursop, and custard apple have small amounts of neurotoxins. Those are all fruits I like the taste of, but that also have always had a faint off taste that prevents me from wanting to eat large quantities of them. Now I guess I know why! Biology is bananas.

[@to4stywo4sty54]

this is so much more helpful and fun than literally any class i’ve been to thank you so much for this!! the mini background facts/comparative notes between the toxins is really helpful, being able to remember one helps me to remember which ones are similar to that

[@That_Chemist]

I will share your kind words with the team :)

[@SG-xy5jd]

I don't remember when you mentioned it, but you said something about doing a biology video. Not my own story, but one of my neighbors got arrested for having all the required equipment for producing anthrax. (Which isn't that much, surprisingly.)

[@That_Chemist]

I talked to my CBRN friend and oh dear, is that scary easy

[@chemistryofquestionablequa6252]

​​@@That_ChemistI've talked to some CBRN guys and it's amazing what they aren't aware of. The easy availability of radium online and GABA agonists come to mind first.

[@Whiterussian736]

I'm really proud that I knew a lot of these before the explanation. I really appreciate you making these and re igniting my interest in sciences.

[@That_Chemist]

You're very welcome!

[@frtzkng]

Some notes on how neurons and neurotransmitters work: 1) When the sodium channels open and let in even more positive sodium ions, the increased potential will trigger voltage-dependent calcium channels, causing an influx of calcium ions into the neuron. This calcium influx is what triggers neurotransmitter vesicules to move to the synaptic cleft, *not the efflux of potassium out of the neuron.* Potassium channels do open while this happens, to decrease the potential again and stop neurons from firing continuously. 2) The thing which makes neurons and other cells sensitive to certain hormones is a receptor protein. Receptors usually trigger a cascade of biochemical reactions which results in an action potential, e.g. the opening of sodium and calcium channels in neurons.

[@normalhuman9878]

Might show this to my EMT instructor because we just finished talking about toxic chemicals

[@marc-andreservant201]

The aviation industry moves very slowly. Lots of general aviation aircraft were built in the last century (and might well last another century with proper maintenance). Those engines are carbureted and run on leaded gasoline. Living near a small airport is associated with higher blood lead levels.

[@laurastabell2489]

Octane levels are really the level of the slowing of the explosion. Lead is in gunpiwder for the same reason. You dont want to explode the gun. FBI studies found agents shooting guns created enough lead dust contaminating their clothers in one session to lead poison their children. Answers alot of questions peopke have about gun people. Its not guns, its the lead in the gunpowder giving people brain damage, leading to violence. Maybe some chemists here can come up with a lead free version.

[@Dr.MikeGranato]

I found this video terribly entertaining and interesting. I was unaware of several of these S tier neurotoxins, and now I’ll have more less than fun party facts. Great video

[@grimVisionery]

i REALLY love the way you add the memes in as you talk, adds a really good layer of humor to such an already good topic

[@That_Chemist]

Thank you :)

[@Azaeal]

Somehow i stumbled on this while watching some other vids to fall asleep, woke up to a language I cannot comprehend. You sure sound like you a master in the field, so good work! Hope you can educate and help others in the field. Back to my usual videos though lmao.

[@OverNine9ousend]

I literally took a look at the monitor when you said now i have your attention hahaahah

[@tehhhhhd]

I really love the editing with the name of the molecule being talked about up there and the pictures. I usually dislike heavy meme usage, but yours isn't cringy at all. Actually very funny! Nice one

[@That_Chemist]

I will share your kind words with the editor :)

[@Kaichubites]

I was a Bio student in college but I could not do the chemistry, so I swapped to Psychology. This is all crazy but really interesting, I wish I had the intelligence to comprehend it. Wonderful video!

[@worththesqueeze1386]

NaV channel guy here. TTX doesn't cross the blood brain barrier, it kills by paralyzing skeletal muscle, particularly the diaphragm. Delighted that I've worked with 8 of the molecules on your list, not including EtOH , CS2, or the alkanes

[@Doesitfeellikeatrial]

Great video, really appreciated you explaining the way neurons work! Keep it up!

[@ignazachenbach5406]

I like your analogy of mitochondria as the NYSE of the cell, it makes more sense from a biological perspective

[@auli5786]

I don't know if you got an editor or if you edit your videos yourself, but to the person that edited this one, this video feels much more clean and nicely edited, I really like it!

[@That_Chemist]

I got an editor for this one - I will let him know :)

[@auli5786]

@@That_Chemist the video is much more fun to watch, and not just listen to on the side!

[@ShockedCaucasian]

The production quality on this video is fantastic! So visually stimulating :)

[@vladimirlenin843]

Thanks for the tutorial Really gonna be helpful

[@samuellima6193]

Lets go! New video and also learnt a lot of new things in the neuron explanation section. I am glad that my submission (neosaxitoxin) is in the list. Overall, really great video!

[@Jade93972]

I feel like taking a Fundamentals of Biochem class should be a pre-requisite for watching this video

[@melody3741]

This gives me a great idea for a general-purpose Testing Lab that I happen to run

[@PigeonPriest]

You should probably include some quiet background music behind these explanations. Might bump up viewer retention.

[@kinexkid]

Oh man, I've been waiting to see this ever since you mentioned it on the podcast with hamilton!!!!

[@That_Chemist]

this isn't the one that I discussed with Hamilton - that one is here: kzbin.info/www/bejne/a3qppJR4d8apbZo

[@kinexkid]

@@That_Chemist you should make a tierlist of your tierlists

[@vickimclendon6515]

I was on Botox for my migraines and it was life changing! I could function and live rather than survive. I found out the hard way that you can develop antibodies to it. So my last round had no effect :/

[@RXtop5]

my brian is hearting when I think about the words that are being told in the video and when I don't I can't undrestand anything

[@Quicken-li3xo]

*happy GLaDOS noises*

[@allaion2897]

Have you ever thought about streaming these while you're making them? I feel like it would be really neat to see you react to viewer feedback on your choices in real time

[@That_Chemist]

I have, but it’s a way better viewing experience to only see the final edited thing - in general it’s a lot more work to make streamed content higher quality, and I really want to make the final content as good as we possibly can

[@shigiwigi4995]

Great vid! The Hello Fresh bit actually sounded like a commercial they’d make 👌🏻👍🏻

[@ukeedge2761]

the puns are a perfect touch added to your vides i cant get enough love it!

[@SergeantTeabag]

Wake up, babe, there's a new That Chemist title card!

[@nagoshi01]

I love these pharmacology videos! Please do more!!

[@That_Chemist]

the next one is a vitamin tierlist ;)

[@andrewmullen5770]

@@That_Chemist Awesome, I agree with Sean these are very interesting videos!

[@nagoshi01]

​@@That_Chemist Sweet! How about one for hepatotoxic compounds? Something like Acetaminophen could be in F tier lol

[@laurastabell2489]

Like that idea! A side by side with nephrotoxic chemicals too. Most would fall on both.

[@laurastabell2489]

Another show on hormone disruptors would be great. NSAIDS are new to me in that area but linked to Autism as well as effects on androgen levels. The estrogenoides seem to get all the press! Maybe compare all PFOA'S for disrupting effects . PFOA could also stand alone with info on testing methods for varients or possible new decontamination methods and any treatments if they are out there.

[@wacojones8062]

Thanks! Another good production.

[@That_Chemist]

Thank you for your support :)

[@dyatlov3466]

Good viideo man. Funny and very informative. But maybe next time will be great to use a DL50 criterion to classify these agents.

[@ashton4537]

Mannn I'm so mad it took me this long to find your channel. I'm currently studying chem in hs and this would've helped with stopping me from falling behind. I love neuroscience and pharmacology and all of these terms you're using, are the same chemistry terms we're learning about right now. These videos are gonna help revive my passion for learning about chemistry so much now. P.S It would've been really cool if you included nicotine.

[@That_Chemist]

I discussed nicotine in the carcinogen tierlist btw

[@ashton4537]

@@That_Chemist Only just saw this now but awesome I'll check it out. I ended up doubling my chem score so I'm finally passing now and doing well. Learning Enthalpy and Gibbs free law lmao

[@AxelXionSora]

It’s also interesting to think about Botox being high on the tier list because it can also help people who suffer from migraines. It helps so many people who suffer chronic migraines that keep them from living their life on a constant basis

[@kitsunerose9545]

It's amazing what we can do once we've figured out how something works. The toxin in puffer fish and cone snails are being looks at for a possible use as a powerful painkiller

[@ayumikuro3768]

I think A tier wasn't high enough for botulinum. It's just incredibly toxic, like LD50 of nanogram/kg toxic. Botox treatments are incredibly dilute and can still inactivate neurons for months.

[@jaxongerace9664]

Im a delivery driver I deliver 5-10 hello fresh boxes a day. I have 2 things i have to say about them: firstly, the box says something like “congratulations, this box brought you to carbon offset.” Which I think is wrong, because they’re using dry ice to keep the food fresh. Secondly, I’d say 2 or 3 times a week I end up with a hello fresh box on my truck that smells like a restaurant dumpster, literal rotting meat and veggie smell, and I’m delivering it because I can’t tell which one it is until its off the truck, and even if I could I don’t want it in my truck all shift. Im sure they reimburse you or send you a new box, but all I see is wasted food.

[@ethanboyd7843]

Every anesthesiology cart in every OR still contains tubocurarine and it's used daily, and nearly every small airport in north america that has a classic cessna (the most common small plane in use) has a tank of tetraethyl leaded gasoline. The older engines just run better with it. But at least we're talking about thousands of these running every day and not millions like cars.

[@laurastabell2489]

What is it used for? Read about Nitrous oxide damage to DNA strands. Are you an anesthesiologist? Is that still being used? It seems like a money making scheme. Use that in your hospital and weeks to months later the immune system is taken down leading to infection.😈$$$

[@jamesprince571]

20:20 I extracted annonicin, it is waxy substance! Surprisingly response to dragandroff test.. I accidentally got small amount in my eyes.. and got blurred vision for a week..

[@francovlla]

This channel would’ve made me go into chemistry if I hadn’t seen exhurb1a’s video on Misery Was which made me ultimately study biology hahaha

[@apersimmon]

That was actually really fascinating and has inspired me to learn some more chemistry, how may of those interact to cause differe results while still damaging the neurons.

[@oliviabragg2558]

I just found your channel and im so excited to binge watch all your videos me and my autism is beaming rn

[@georgerogers2120]

As a spider enthusiast, I am outraged that alpha-latrotoxin, delta-atrotoxin, and PhTx3 didn't make the list! (lol) but they are pretty interesting compounds.

[@artOVtrolling]

Is that red widow venom?

[@georgerogers2120]

@@artOVtrolling alpha-latrotoxin is from widow spiders, delta-atrotoxin is from Australia's funnel web spiders, and PhTx3 is from Brazilian wandering spiders. Those are common names, though, so it would be more accurate to call them Latrodectids, Atracids, and members of the genus, Phoneutria, respectively.

[@CED99]

500 day half life means that it'll persist in your brain for about 7 years (five half lives is 6.85 yrs)

[@FirstLast-oe2jm]

loved that graphic at the start of the video!

[@Name_23]

Thanks for the tip!

[@jb1169]

I’m really interested in chemistry and pharmaceutical science. You’re videos farther my admiration for chemistry and biology. Thank you

[@crabsaresilly8317]

Beginning of january end of december

[@Sk0p3r420]

I miss my chemistry course from school. I had a few memorable moments. Once I almost set my seat neighbour on fire with some nice burning ethanol. And another time I accidentally showered my hands in diluted H2SO4 by pulling out the entire stopper instead of the cable on the stopper and releasing all that goodness onto my hands. Luckily it was quite diluted and my teacher only was worried about my clothes. Last memorable moment I remember fondly is when we worked with some conc. HCl under a fumehood when a spider found its way in there while I was working and stirring. Then I had the glorious idea of taking a bit of HCl and dropping a little bit of it on the spider. After a few seconds there was no spider left, just a small drop of blackened HCl

[@SupersuMC]

That poor spider... 😅

[@cvspvr]

@@SupersuMC nilered once cooked a spider in boiling mercury

[@laurastabell2489]

Dont be suprised if you die and come back as a spider!

[@yutubzalupa]

А потом ноют, что Россия убивает невинных дитачек 😂😂😂 Слава России!

[@nathanchapin8445]

Born to late to explore earth. Born to early to explore space, born just the right time to watch some dude rate deadly neurotoxin

[@That_Chemist]

Born too late to explore earth. Born too early to explore space, born just the right time to rate deadly neurotoxins

[@ppsmaller1273]

Thanks man really needed this

[@Peter_Lustik]

Pretty sure thats not estrogen at 1:04. :D Sick video tho, enjoy the new editing!

[@DerDrako]

About the tryptamine and the phenethylamine... Did Shulgin knew this when he tried random products of his research?

[@nikolabegonja5490]

Shulgin knew the risks involved in what he was doing, that's why he always first experimented on himself and made sure his compounds were safe (at least in the short term) before he gave them to anybody else.

[@DerDrako]

@@nikolabegonja5490 I never believed that he was inresponsible. But he could have killed himself so easily... I can just raise my hat for him in honor.

[@Hippiekinkster]

@@nikolabegonja5490 - and why he also started with a very low dose and titrated up.

[@MoliminousTheater]

As a person working in both bio med and ai tech. This is very relevant to my research

[@That_Chemist]

awesome :)

[@MoliminousTheater]

@@That_Chemist going to make glad0s a reality

[@hydra6261]

Tysm, My mind just got uploaded in a computer yesterday and I need some neurotoxin for my colleagues daughters. This helped alot.

[@nunaalsoknownasohare6388]

This is great information, my AI has recently been asking about deadly neurotoxins and if we can get it some deadly neurotoxins. I wonder what experiments it will conduct with it

[@Deoxys369]

Did the AI ask for any cats, by chance?

[@aWildNelby]

What I learned is to supplement with thiamine after a heavy drinking night 😁

[@Hippiekinkster]

kzbin.info/www/bejne/epy2YqOhgNV8grs

[@laurastabell2489]

B12, FOLATE and B12 work together.

[@RaySpartan315]

I just sat through 30 minutes of neurotoxin reviewing, if you managed to do that then I think you deserve a sub. Pretty neat tierlist btw

[@That_Chemist]

thank you! I appreciate your kind words :)

[@if860]

TETS is scary. Apart from what you said, it is also tasteless, and what's most scary: it is extremely easy to produce. Even the paper in which toxic properties of the compound were studied and the structure was determined, is called simply "About a very toxic product of condensation of sulphamide with formaldehyde". The paper is very interesting, describing the process of finding the unknown thing causing fatal poisoning while handling some batches of rayon waterproofed with sulphamide resin, isolation, structure determination and synthesis. It's in German tho. Title: Über ein hochtoxisches Kondensationsprodukt von Sulfamid und Formaldehyd. Hecht, Henecka.

[@crabsaresilly8317]

donny light shaking back and forth