How to use le in Chinese - 怎么用“了” - Basic Chinese Grammar - Elementary/Intermediate Chinese

🔥If you think I'm good at explaining complicated grammar, check my own course: Structure Review Plan.
Spend only TWO WEEKS on the Structure Review Plan course, you will find your brain starting to think in Chinese.
💥 Click the link to grab course today:
shuoshuochinese.teachable.com/...
=======
This video is about how to use 了 (le).
There are many videos online teaching how to use 了，but I promise you, this one is the one that can really help you fully understand 了 and you will start your first step in building a Chinese-thinking mind from today!
了 is one of the most complicated Chinese words.
It has three usages:
01:07 了 in set phrase
【Some set phrases include:
太 + adj. + 了 (tài + adj. + le, extremely, so, very)；
adj. + 死了 (adj. + sǐ le, extremmely, so adj. that I could die)；
adj. + 极了 (adj. + jí le, extremely, super)；
可 + adj. + 了(kě + adj + le, very)；
就要/快要/快/要 + v. + 了 (jiù yào/kuài yào/kuài/yào + v. + le, be about to, very soon)，
别 + v. + 了 (bié + v. + le, stop doing)，
已经 + v./adj. + 了 (yǐ jīng + v./adj. + le, already)】
02:33 了 indicates change of state
04:56 了 emphasises completion of an action
The most important idea starts from 06:35. It can help you finally understand how to use 了.
If you have any questions, feel free to leave me a comment!
=====
What are your goals in learning Chinese?
🌟 To start speaking Chinese in a native way (I’m a beginner): bit.ly/3DseWzx
🌟 To establish a firm understanding of Chinese grammar: bit.ly/3sNR5Wo
🌟 To improve speaking skills: bit.ly/3NpNAyJ
🌟 To be able to hold deep conversations in Chinese: bit.ly/3SRgCbF
🌟 To understand native speakers better: bit.ly/3FsRrcu
Take a test to find out which learning product is most helpful for you:
bit.ly/3fhsEO1
===========
💥 Are you looking for a course to start learning Chinese in a native way?
bit.ly/3DseWzx
See more information about this course:
• Express your ideas fre...
Instead of just giving you a fish, I want to teach you HOW TO FISH
Spend only TWO WEEKS on the Structure Review Plan course, you will find your brain starting to think in Chinese.
💥 Click the link to grab the course today:
shuoshuochinese.teachable.com...
========
Learn Chinese with Shuo
💥 Find more fun and useful learning material (pdf transcript of my video, extra graded readers and Wechat community) every week and support my work: ´ / shuoshuochinese
💥 Personalized private lesson
app.acuityscheduling.com/sche...
💥 The BEST group conversational class:
bit.ly/3SRgCbF
Learn Chinese with other great Apps/websites:
I only recommend and collaborate with the Apps/websites that I truly think can help Chinese learners.
❤️ Yoyo Chinese conversational course & Chinese characters course: bit.ly/3xcaaCN [Apply the coupon code to get a 15% discount, coupon code: shuo15]
📚APP for reading Chinese stories ** Du Chinese - www.duchinese.net/lessons [Apply the coupon code: SHUOSHUO10 to get 10% discount ]
❤️ Sign up on italki.com using my link: go.italki.com/shuoshuochinese You will receive $10 USD italki Credits in your Student Wallet within 48 hours after you make your first purchase.
✍️**APP for learning Chinese characters ** Skritter - skritter.com/?ref=shuoxiong&c... [Use this special link of sign up on your browser to get 7 days free trial! ] Coupons can be applied at sign up to save 10% on the first purchase (valid for one-month, six-month, twelve-month, and lifetime purchases).
=====
Check daily vocabulary and sentences on my Instagram: / shuoshuo_chinese
Facebook Page:
/ shuoshuochinese
===========
Hi, welcome to ShuoshuoChinese 说说中文; my name is Shuo, I’m a native Chinese teacher living in Bangkok, Thailand, I’ve been teaching Chinese as a foreign language for more than 10 years and I’m also a language learner.
In this channel, I will upload a weekly video, in which I talk about Chinese vocabulary, Chinese grammar, Chinese culture, Chinese stories with pinyin and the English translation for listening practice.
With my channel, you can easily start to learn and understand complicated Chinese grammar, sentence structure, and differences/nuances between similar Chinese words.
If you are a Chinese beginner, I’m planning to upload videos about what Chinese language is, how it differs from English, Chinese pronunciations, Chinese characters and Chinese stroke sequences and a mini Chinese course, (10 minutes per day), which can help you learn quickly and easily. Don’t miss it!
So, subscribe to my channel and start your Chinese learning journey!

[@gwenheng]

I’m a native Mandarin speaker and I don’t even know most of these rules because they just so instinctive to me! This video is making me appreciate the power of language and how language changes the way we think.

[@erturtemirbaev5207]

你是中国从哪个地方？

[@Bobo-de8zt]

我是中国从广东

[@erturtemirbaev5207]

@@Bobo-de8zt OK。 你是女人吗？

[@selena4955]

我也是！从前我从未意识到中文里“了”“就”之类的字的用法如此复杂，因为它们都是生活中最常用的字词。中文虽然没有复杂的词性和时态，但最基础的字词确实不容易用得地道

[@taa347]

I had the same epiphany about English. Once I started learning other languages, it opened my eyes to how my own worked on a deeper level

[@martinphipps2]

"You need to throw out your brain to understand Chinese" Challenge accepted.

[@ShuoshuoChinese]

😂😂😂

[@karltorento3358]

说老师，真的谢谢! For me, grasping the concept of 了 I’m completed actions only made sense when I learned French. For example, in French, when talking about the past, there’s usually the completed/perfect past and the imperfect past. The French imperfect past (e.g. Je voulais devenir medecin) is clearer than it’s English counterpart. In English, the translation is: I “wanted” to become a doctor. It’s not really obvious in English whether the verb, wanted, was completed back then. You would need to say things like, “I had wanted”. TLDR: It’s easy to learn another language such as Mandarin Chinese when you can draw on other languages for reference points.

[@martinphipps2]

@@karltorento3358 Did you mean 老實說?

[@martinphipps2]

@@karltorento3358 How would you say in French "I had wanted to become a doctor but didn't succeed?"

[@andresilvadias9100]

@@martinphipps2 No, Karl was addressing the video creator by calling her Teacher Shuo; the name goes before the title "Teacher" in Chinese, unlike in English when you put the last name after Mr./M(r)s.

[@bunnyrabi]

You are a very good Chinese teacher, of you are not already working at a really good institution, you should consider applying, because i can assure you most my Chinese teachers i ever had in person or online could never explain 了 as clearly as you did. I know you said the sole credit is not yours, but you took the time to research a way those who dont speak fluent mandarin could understand.

[@paulgrieve7031]

Stay where you are. Be free. Your methods are perfect.

[@mannaporanna2678]

The exact reason why she can use her own method to expain it so well is that she does not work for any institution and does not have to adjust to any one. She is a creator of her own success , not someone else's :)

[@Miishachan]

I got my "aha" moment thanks to you ^^ not sure I can use it well still but it was really helpful !

[@sarakhadjaeva6121]

I’m agree with you 👍

[@ptr6239]

In a word, “了” in Chinese indicates the perfect aspect （完成体）instead of the past tense（过去时）. In Chinese, tenses are indicated by time words.

[@xXJ4FARGAMERXx]

And the _perfect_ aspect indicates that an action is done. So why does 我太困了 mean "I _am_ sleepy"? That state is still going on.

[@Lilreddeer]

Emphasising just how sleepy you are, as in, I am too tired!@@xXJ4FARGAMERXx

[@benbencom]

The idea you're talking about near 6:34 in linguistics uses the names "speech time" (you call "the present", which is usually close enough) and "event time". What you call "the point in time that the context shows us" is called "reference time". In English, reference time shows up when you use future perfect tense: "When you read this, your video will have been published for six months". "When you read this" establishes a reference time after my speech (comment) time. The "will" puts the "event" in my future, while "have been" establishes that the event (your video being published) was completed in the past relative to the reference time.

[@musical_lolu4811]

Keep all that Reichenbachian stuff away from here man. Most people just want to learn how to use a language, not how to be linguists.

[@mmtalii]

I am not a native English speaker myself but for some reason when I am listening to you I dont feel any language barrier. I feel like you are talking so clear and understandable. Maybe it is because you are a great teacher :):P Good work keep it up !

[@agnes_ww]

Me too

[@zikunli2009]

As a native speaker,I think it's very hard to explain"le" to foreigners,but you do it.I think"le"is more than a past tense,but I can't say its other meanings until I watched this video.你太厉害“了”。

[@tad4362]

I'm a Japanese learning Chinese. This was one of the most comprehensible videos of 了！！

[@FDE-fw1hd]

Yo. Same. I'm also japanese learning chinese. People keep telling me that my japanese is helping me learn chinese. Tbh it really doesn't help to know japanese.

[@ganghualei2920]

@@FDE-fw1hd I hope someone can teach me Japanese and I teach him Chinese cos I'm Chinese,hahahaha

[@martinphipps2]

You know, a lot of Chinese teachers tell me that 了 means past tense and they get angry when I tell them it doesn't.

[@donaldj.trumpet4205]

from my point, mandarin don’t actually have a ‘past tense’ like English does😂

[@martinphipps2]

@@donaldj.trumpet4205 Yes but a LOT of Chinese teachers think 了 indicates past tense. It probably means they don't understand the difference between the past tense and the present perfect. 我寫完了 does not mean "I wrote". It means "I have finished writing."

[@donaldj.trumpet4205]

Martin Phipps yeah, exactly! I totally agree with you. I’m a Chinese native speaker and I really appreciate that English has categorized tenses in a relatively specific way compared to mandarin (verbs actually have no tense at all). It sometimes makes the language more accurate and simple in my opinion. While in this case Chinese has to rely on some time indicators in discourse when the tense is not present.

[@mugenmaru]

In linguistics we have an gramtical category called "aspect" which expresses how an action, event, or state, denoted by a verb, extends over time. I've never seen chinese textbooks using this idea of aspect to teach Chinese for foreigners. You can think of 了 (finished action) as an aspect particle maybe like 着 or 在. In English, we have simple past, past perfect, past progressive for example. The tense are all past, but the action is in different progressions.

[@Dragonkller-mg5og]

The simple past is the simple present in the past time. "I went to school" is the same as " i go to school" just in the past time The present perfekt should be rendered as le and past perfekt as le reffering to completed actions in the past.

[@albernerAndreas]

My Chinese is still too basic to understand all of the words you used here, but I think I still totally understood the rules of when to use "le" - thank you for explaining so well!

[@MartelloClaudio]

There is also another structure for 了: it's called the "double 了" sentence. It's used to describe an action which started in the past and is still in progress at this moment. Example: 我学了两年的汉语了 (I started to study Chinese 2 years ago and I am still studying today).

[@sadeemto]

But doesn’t it mean a completion of an action?

[@jameskennedy7093]

This is really interesting! English actually also has this concept of completed or incomplete past as well. It’s referred to as “aspect” rather than tense. It’s not as overt as in some languages, but it does exist. For instance in Spanish you have yo sé (“I know”), yo sabía (“I knew” continuously), and yo supe (“I found out”, completed). In English some phrases that show completion or incompletion are not as easy to track grammatically since the term “found out” really means “knew but in a completed moment” but is described using different words. To some extent “was” is like incomplete past. For instance, “I was eating [set up of the story, background, incomplete task] and then all of a sudden a mouse scurried across the floor [completed task in one moment].” But you could also saying, “The mouse was scurrying [incomplete] but then I came in and started to eat” or “.... ate”. And you can also do things like, “I learned”, “I had learned”, “I will have learned by then” etc., which all have different aspects in addition to their tense. Xie xie!

[@tymanung6382]

Chinese verbs also show conditional + 2 sorts of, subjunctive verb modes.. These use certain auxiliarynverbs or adverbs. See i, Tuo Kobe. English Subjunctive in Spanish(?or reverse 3 parts in English + Chinese? Powrie, Shawn. Chinese. Counterfactual ...subjunctive +,conditional "(if... then...) section. Zhu, ni, hao yunqi!!

[@yialoussa]

The use of 了 is similar to verbal "aspect" as opposed to tense - found in the Greek and Russian languages (perfective (completed) and imperfective (not completed) aspects); 了 being more or less a marker for the perfective aspect. There is a book "Biblical Translation in Chinese and Greek: Verbal Aspect in Theory and Practice " By Toshikazu S. Foley (447 pages) which compares meticulously the use of 了, 过 and other Chinese verb markers with Greek verbal aspect system.

[@penultimania4295]

Those languages are not the only ones that have aspect.

[@Grimebucket]

Doesn't English also have aspect? I'm pretty sure the perfect and progressive/continuous "tenses" of English are not true tenses, but aspects. Actually, the way she describes "le" makes it seem very similar to the English perfect tense/aspect.

[@EGFritz]

English has aspect! "I eat" simple/habitual aspect, present tense "I am eating" continuous aspect, present tense "I have eaten" completed (perfective) aspect, present tense "I ate" simple aspect, past tense "I was eating" continuous aspect, past tense "I had eaten" completed aspect, past tense "I would eat (every day)" habitual aspect, past tense

[@rsainz1296]

Although I was born, raised and was educated in the United States, learning Chinese has made me more aware of the “mechanics” of the English language (and Spanish). Therefore, although I know of the importance of thinking in the language you are learning, now I know that the sooner I understand the mechanics/grammar, the sooner I will grasp the true meaning and feeling of the language. Thank you for your hard work 😊

[@jimmyc645]

I still have my Nintendo Donkey Kong 2 ‘game’n’watch’. I’m so happy to learn that it can also function as a time machine. Loved this lesson. Yes, these aspects of time tense logic have often seemed mysterious and almost incomprehensible. This could be a mini revolution in this aspect of my learning, thank you!

[@odbhutudashin1654]

谢谢老师

[@bagu4388]

The time machine concept- brilliant! Thank you!

[@madi_beee]

Very clear, thank you!

[@sazji]

Really good! The “past tense” confusion is common when people speaking “tense languages” learn an “aspect language.” As an example, Turkish is very much an aspect language and their (very badly named) “past tense” is much more a perfective aspect, just like “le.” You could translate your “wo zhi dao le” almost exactly into the Turkish “past,” and western languages speakers are left scratching their heads. :-) I wish more Turkish teachers would explain it as clearly as you do!

[@Uyhn26]

Thanks for sharing that! The more we learn! :)

[@Reeniepie]

This was extremely helpful. Thank you!

[@kemskorner]

One of the best explanations of "le' I have heard. You really gave me that "aha" moment!

[@leajohnson6817]

You honestly explain things so well!! such a fantastic teacher

[@0MVR_0]

Much of the material here is attempting to detail perfected aspect which may happen in past, present, or future tense context. 了 is a frequent indication of an action perfected, namely, used as a past event for reference. This is called aspect and is very different to tense yet causes confusion when detailing patterns since the terms overlap.

[@michellesands9618]

Yeah I feel like it’s easy to understand bc it’s about perfect aspect. English does have this concept.

[@bittersweetmayfly2497]

Thank you for this thoroughly explained video, this was extremely helpful (and needed). 现在知道了!

[@TRUTHGOSPEL2023]

Yea, although you can say I like this and you will be understood, but what I understood from her video is that we really don't need the ”现在”。。。。 when we say “我知道了” it automatically indicates “现在知道了”，就是说 “我知道了” indicates I didn't know before but now i know; so using 我知道了 makes use of the 了 in the right perspective even without "现在”. 我希望你明白我的意思☺️

[@feebieloo]

Thanks!

[@almostayoutuber-gamesandmo3368]

谢谢！ This video was extremely helpful!

[@cigdemkenar628]

This is by far the best explanation of 了, you enlightened me! 非常感谢，说说！

[@Sypruskung]

Wow! Thank you for breaking down the concept of time embedded in English and Chinese grammar like this! As a non-native English speaker, I now also learned from this video why was it so hard for people from my country to learn the whole time-relative grammar in English (past/present/perfect etc etc etc..). Never thought about it before that the way you think about time and describe action in relation to time are different in each culture and language!

[@martinphipps2]

说说太可爱了!

[@AngelMorales-qn8bf]

Been living in China 7 years and still you gave me several Aha moments with this video! Well done ☺️

[@ch4gga]

Thank you so much!! I am only a beginner in chinese, but to have this aha-moment so soon will really help me in my chinese learning journey (: 谢谢你！

[@madi3794]

你解释得很清楚。谢谢

[@-nhatlactungphongkhoi9596]

Thank you :> The video is very informative. I've been looking for this my whole life ❤

[@ShuoshuoChinese]

I’m glad it helps :)

[@NganNguyen-xw5bl]

This was really useful! Thank you!

[@LearnChineseChannel]

BRILLANT VIDEO! 👍👍🏆 非常感谢你的精彩解释! 🙏🌺

[@ShuoshuoChinese]

谢谢你Patrick，在中国保护好自己呀！

[@p0lead0r]

thanks a lot!😁

[@leongallego6564]

I have been studying Chinese for a few months now, and I found your videos very helpful. Thank you for the great content offered in your channel.

[@edwardliemingwong7683]

This was really helpful. Thanks, Shuo!

[@fearlessradish]

This was so helpful! Thank you!

[@tsetanpeace9677]

谢谢老师。

[@alessandraliekanemitsu4246]

You're so good!! Don't stop of making these videos, you're helping me a lot ❤☺

[@blackbetta]

"'Le' is one of the hardest particles" - 你说得对。

[@adriennewashington4024]

You are an amazing teacher! Thank you so much for your detailed explanation of 了👍

[@remnant888]

Don't worry too much about it.. it will come instinctively... Listen more,that's all it takes

[@alemspahovic4126]

I have spotted something in 15:01 time-stamp that is the English Language equals: dial or dials; deal or deals! Thank you and good-bye from Sarajevo 🇧🇦!

[@alemspahovic4126]

But, in another of her learning videos téibei is actually kirby!

[@martj52]

your channel is super helpful, 谢谢！could you make video about using 一下 and also double verbs?

[@marticao7374]

Awesome! 👍That was a very detailed explanation. I’ve been enlightened！谢谢您

[@ShuoshuoChinese]

Thank you for supporting :)

[@thaihm]

Wow I’m glad you recommended us to retrain our brain when it comes to the grammar tenses. I’m a Vietnamese student and I’m learning times/days and after watching your video it occurred to me that we look at the time line as past/present/future. For example i was learning the words “last month/next month”...you’ll need to look up these words in Vietnamese. The point here is the word last reference to the past which is on the left side of the timeline and the word next is on the right side. In Vietnamese the sequence of these words are on opposite sides but the translation comes out to be understood. This got me thinking the concept of 了is totally different from English tenses. I am very intrigued with the concept 了. Thank you for the lecture!

[@pyq8428]

As a Vietnamese learning Chinese, I find your explaination really easy to absorb. Thanks so much for sharing with us ;)))

[@liamredd]

谢谢老师！

[@pianofan1000]

I respect your teaching style, thank you very much!

[@jdemeulenaer123]

Very good to remind those "simple things" in the Chinese language.. THANK YOU!

[@mihokapro3226]

literally, the best explanation of the notorious ＂ 了 ＂I've seen! 👏👏🙏

[@digthewarmth]

Great video! Thank you so much!! The third way makes more sense now.

[@barryb2708]

非常好

[@doroteoasahicepedaontivero9680]

I'm just starting with my fourth language that is Chinese and I've been watching a lot of KZbin channels and I didn't know that a Chinese teacher, *just for my own ignorance for sure* could have a lot of charism like you have and make me feel confident with myself , Thank you so much for your work!:)

[@jordanscoggin3809]

This was so helpful. I never was taught how to use 了 so I just placed it after a verb when I meant past tense. This has cleared up so much confusion for me. 我知道了

[@AnastasiaKhomenko]

Thank you so much for your work! :D All your videos are so interesting and clear. I watch them all with great pleasure! :)

[@lauranguyen6807]

您的课程非常有益。 谢谢老师。

[@rkts7748]

谢谢你

[@elizabethahyan5703]

谢谢。您的在线课很有意思！

[@ManessDC]

Thank you for this excellent explanation.

[@parisall8750]

That was amazing shuoshuo 😍 谢谢

[@ElGringoSam]

Glad I found this channel! I just posted my 6 month progress video and I have a feeling my 9 month video will be much improved with your help!

[@ShuoshuoChinese]

Hey! I watched your video, this is a great method! I need to ask my students to record their progress from time to time too! haha

[@ElGringoSam]

@@ShuoshuoChinese I wish I did it while I was learning Spanish. I like recording every 3 months because it keeps me accountable and gives me something to work for!

[@milena6402]

谢谢！

[@kieranmcdermott27]

OMG, you explain the meaning and usage of "了" so well! The time machine concept made for a very clear explanation.

[@claudiocaldo2668]

Frienzoned in a chinese class! Achievement unlocked!

[@Mahima837]

So helpful 😱💫❤️ Thanks a lot!

[@bumpty9830]

我知道了，谢谢！ Little English tip: "I _hope_ this video will give you an Aha moment" instead of "I wish..." This is pretty subtle. "Wish" can be used with a noun phrase, like "I wish you a Merry Christmas." This is a positive sentiment, like the one you expressed. Or, "wish" can be used with a verb in a hypothetical, like "I wish it were snowing right now," or "I wish I had studied harder," but in these cases it's generally a sentiment of disappointment. "I wish things were different". "Wish" used with a future verb, as you've used it, sounds quite unnatural to my American ears. You could say "I wish it weren't going to rain tomorrow," which is about the future, but still hypothetical and still with the flavor of disappointment. But for a purely positive wish for the future with a verb, use "hope" instead: "I hope it will be sunny tomorrow." And hope also works with nouns, so "I hope for sun" also works. If you want a rule of thumb, I'd use "wish" when you want to imply the wish goes unfulfilled and "hope" when you want to leave that open-ended.

[@johnbavington9832]

很棒的视频，看了三遍，Ah Ha! 谢谢老师

[@sinfuldavy0]

I’ve been watching you for a while now and I think I’m ready to take your course.

[@XiaoyingChinese]

this is brilliant for learning chinese!

[@obliviousranga]

Ahhhh this makes so much sense!!! Thank you so much this is something that has confused me for aaages!

[@corysanders422]

I totally understand now this is so helpful!!!

[@blackkanalia]

Very useful, thank you

[@DeeDee25ism]

EXCELLENT!!!!!!!!

[@aryanamirhosseini7711]

amazing! thank you!

[@olegli82]

Amazing video! Helped me a lot! Thank you!

[@user-nm7ue1ug1e]

I'm taking an elementary chinese class for now and I have to pass hsk 4 after 1 or 2 years. I've been watching your video and taking notes. Thank you very much! You really help me a lot. You're a good teacher. :3

[@sarahhashish1784]

谢谢你！

[@rahul-gm2rd]

Thank you so much mam i was often getting confuse whenever i come to use le. Thank you from India.

[@WajeehUllah99]

你太好了老师❤

[@brunaazevedo996]

Thus all made soooo much sense! Thanks! I sure had a lot of "aha" moments 😊

[@umargul5644]

Great 👍

[@Ferbook3000]

This is very very helpful. Thank you so much!

[@jspihlman]

Thank you for taking the time to explain this. It makes a lot more sense. My teachers didn't do the best job explaining it, but then got mad at us because we overused it. Lol.

[@attapornrattanaporn3583]

Useful knowledge

[@johnnylingo4686]

Brilliant, very helpful thank you

[@lawrencehamahona2765]

you are brilliant, thanks.

[@anastasiyapolyevyk9510]

Wow.. After learning Chinese for six years, its impressive to know 了 can be used as a result in the future 😁

[@no1uknow32]

What a great explanation!

[@ivanpostnikov5517]

💛💙thanks. very helpful!

[@ummmmmmmmm200]

THANK YOU SO SO MUCH QUEEN

[@jsl8461]

Amazing explanation! I only knew how to use this particle intuitively (and probably incorrectly), I never had a strong sense of what its actual meanings are. I would never be able to explain to someone when and how to use it like you did. I think articles in English (the, a, an) are difficult to explain too and require some intuition and immersion in the language to use naturally. But unlike 了 I have a much better grasp of when to use articles, and reasons for why it is appropriate (or inappropriate) to use in specific situations.

[@sereyvuthpich5339]

这个视频很有用。谢谢你的分享。

[@karenlee7849]

Thank you

[@sarahabduallah7545]

你太好了👌💖

[@nambinhnguyen4191]

I did heard about this explanation from one of my coworkers before. But at that time, I didn't realize how it really works. As been speaking to Chinese people quite often, Im starting to recognize what you say are right. Usually, I learn speaking Chinese with reflection, but I can see what you said is really correct with what I am supposed to speak in every situation. Thanks a lot for explaining.

[@PlanetGreat]

This was very helpful !

[@cemm5448]

太好了！

[@tedxstanleypark9847]

Well done !!!