Indo European Origins | DNA | Geneticist Razib Khan

In this episode I once again host a channel favorite Mr. Razib Khan on a widely studied subject and that is the Origins of the Indo Europeans and how ancient DNA answers and possibly concludes the question of who were the Indo Europeans and where did they come from?
We start off by discussing what comes to mind when we hear the term "Indo European?"
Such images like vast language family trees, trilateral religious worship and the chariot may instantly spring to mind and then we look at their legacy?
What lingers on today that is an echo of the peoples we have come to describe as Indo Europeans?
We explore traditional viewpoints based on archaeology and historiography as we examine what historians over the past century thought about these groups and where they thought they had derived from originally?
And finally we come to ancient DNA itself and what studies have shown us about the ancient Indo Europeans, their geography and their neighbors in the wake of expansion, migration, violence and assimilation.
The phrase "history is written by the victor" springs to mind when examining this history and this victory was achieved in many ways as the Indo Europeans spread out and eventually settled as ancient peoples and their world, cultures and languages seem to slowly wash away through time leaving us with in some cases more questions than answers.
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[@studyofantiquityandthemidd4449]

What are your thoughts on the origins of the Indo Europeans? Support Mr. Khan and his work above! Celebrate the birthplace of civilization and get our Sumerian Shirt | Hoodie | Coffee Mug today! CLOTHES: teespring.com/Sumerian-Clothing?pid=212&cid=5818 COFFEE MUGS: teespring.com/sumerian-coffee-mug?pid=658&cid=102908 Check out our new store! teespring.com/stores/the-history-shop Get your Sea Peoples | Late Bronze Age Merch below! Mugs: teespring.com/new-sea-peoples-mediterranean?pid=658&cid=102950 Hoodies | Shirts | Tank Tops: teespring.com/get-sea-peoples-mediterranean?pid=212&cid=5819 Get your Hittite Merch below! Mugs: teespring.com/HittiteEmpireMug?pid=658&cid=102950&sid=front Shirts | Tank Tops | Hoodies: teespring.com/hittite-empire-shirt?pid=2&cid=2397 Trojan War Merch Below! Mugs: teespring.com/trojan-war-coffee-mug?pid=658&cid=102950 Tank Tops | Shirts | Hoodies: teespring.com/TrojanWarShirt?pid=2&cid=2397 To support the channel, become a Patron and make history matter! Patreon: www.patreon.com/The_Study_of_Antiquity_and_the_Middle_Ages Donate directly to PayPal: paypal.me/NickBarksdale Enjoy history merchandise? Check out affiliate link to SPQR Emporium! spqr-emporium.com?aff=3 *Disclaimer, the link above is an affiliate link which means we will earn a generous commission from your magnificent purchase, just another way to help out the channel! Join our community! Facebook Page: facebook.com/THESTUDYOFANTIQUITYANDTHEMIDDLEAGES/ Twitter: twitter.com/NickBarksdale Instagram: instagram.com/study_of_antiquity_middle_ages/ Facebook Group: facebook.com/groups/164050034145170/

[@cryptolicious3738]

awesome episode. what else do we know about this rapidly expanding ancient group ?

[@godsaveme]

yfull.com/tree/HIJK/ I derives from H and I haplogroups can be found to have existed as long as 40000 years ago and then you have variations of I1a1 I1a2 I2a2 etc then you have J1 and J2 and K and out of these groups mixing with other groups from the steppes such as Nomad Huns and Scythians or other asian connections that mutated to the R subclade, one western and eastern depending on the migration mixing, but Northern scandinavia has stayed very much the same of homogenetic intermixing probably because of the hard to reach lands. Most subclades of I such as I1 and I2 are still a majority of I y dna, while subclades such as J and R have other tribes and ethnic groups that are at a higher percentage because of the location that people intermingled and married and intergrated. However since I comes from H and are 40000 years old they lived near anatolia, caucasus, southern europe and central asia because of the Ice age glacial maximus until 14500 years ago.

[@mickgrizzly3853]

I actually liked this episode

[@thomaswilliams3426]

Cro magnon.

[@112deeps]

Why is there no evidence of conflict between indus civilization & indo European? Did the Indus civilization dissipate before the Indo European came into contact or vice verse did the Indus civilization population intermingled with Indo-European? What evidence is there of seeding from Indus Saraswati Ganges Civilization into North? It was very stratified society & lore myths of vedic culture is so Indo-European & no lore of people coming from north or invaders coming from north unlike recent stories of Alexander, Islamic intrusion from west neither written oral or in narratives before 1000 bc

[@studyofantiquityandthemidd4449]

Also, I am seeing quite a few comments from various subscribers who show that they have been subscribed to me for over two years... thank you all for sticking with me and the channel. Means the world.

[@rstanyan]

You have a great channel!

[@Boric78]

@@rstanyan Indeed.

[@jackarnon5483]

You are most welcome. I hope you Can bring back the speaker, I’d like to hear him enlarge on his brilliant comment about Yamnai men taking local women for wives who then taught them the language for agricultural products. I have often wondered why words in languages I know were so different when it came to the names of fruits, vegetables, and even sea creatures.

[@TheGrungy1]

I have been a subscriber for almost 2 years. I found you just before I moved in to this house.

[@vespasian266]

I'll never tire of content about the Indo Europeans or the Bronze age collapse for that matter. top notch guest.. gusty, original name for guest in proto indo european.

[@studyofantiquityandthemidd4449]

Thanks for commenting your support! Appreciate it!

[@ogunsiron2]

@@studyofantiquityandthemidd4449 Razib is indeed a top top top notch guy for this topic and many others.

[@kurgansrus1277]

@@ogunsiron2 how are we figuring he is top notch all he does is lie, his sintashta are swarthy post is complete nonesense, the study he used doesn't even have a pigment analysis and the kiltg gene is only present in one percent of the modern Baltic and 12 percent in Hungary, so how does that disprove blonde hair when Harvard genetist David Reich says blonde hair indeed came from steppe people, second he talks about allele frequency as if it's a concentration level, it's not, it's the percent of people in a given population that have the derived gene, not a skin tone level, second the middle east is not even 50 percent derived at slca5a2, India not even 10 percent, yamnya is 65 percent derived and sintashta is 92 percent derived at slca5a2, that higher than modern France, Khan lastest blog, "all yamnya people looked the same" he admitted sintashta was 42 percent blue eyed not 25, the guys name is brown pundits, If I named myself the blonde guy i would be a surpremist

[@kurgansrus1277]

Saag et al. 2020 examined 24 individuals of the Fatyanovo culture. All 14 male samples belonged to subclades of Y-haplogroup R1a-M417. Six of these could be further specified to haplogroup R1a2-Z93.[20][21][22] Haplogroup R1a2-Z93 is today prevalent in Central Asia and South Asia rather than in Europe.[20] The 24 samples of mtDNA extracted belonged to various subclades of maternal haplogroups U5, U4, U2e, H, T, W, J, K, I and N1a.[20][21][22] Both the paternal and maternal lineages of the examined Fatyanovo individuals were characteristic of the Corded Ware culture.[20] They were mostly of steppe ancestry with moderate Early European Farmer (EEF) admixture.[23] They were most closely related to Late Neolithic and Bronze Age populations of Central Europe, Scandinavia and the eastern Baltic, and also grouped together with modern Northern and Eastern Europeans.[20] Around a third of the samples had blue eyes and/or blond hair, while the rest had brown eyes and black or brown hair.[24][25]

[@MrZekinhaluiz]

A very good episode, it had everything, a touching story, DNA and linguistics!

[@studyofantiquityandthemidd4449]

We may be tackling the Canaanites next! Thanks for commenting your support! And thank you for sticking with us!

[@AnthonyEvelyn]

This guy explains it logically and without the whole ethnic emotionalism. Those Neolithic farmers in western Europe didn't give up easily, the stories about the Aesir/Vanir wars from Scandia echoes the struggle between the boat people and the new comers with their horses.

[@studyofantiquityandthemidd4449]

It would be interesting to an EP on "Old Europe," and the original populations.

[@pauljohnson1664]

I think it was germ warfare. The same way it happened in south America. When the Spanish invaded.

[@cobra-zr2vy]

@@pauljohnson1664 only the men died...that is not due to disease

[@wodenravens]

@@studyofantiquityandthemidd4449 Please do an episode on 'Old Europe'. The megaliths of Europe are incredible structures. The Neolithic culture of Europe is fascinating. There's a lot of new archaeology and genetics to discuss too, especially relating to Britain and Ireland. By the way, have you ever tried to interview JP Mallory? He'd be a great guest.

[@marcusfridh8489]

@@pauljohnson1664 jersenia pestis

[@Hevander75]

awesome content again. I've rarely seen a video on east Asian origins. Might be a great idea for another video.

[@studyofantiquityandthemidd4449]

Thanks for watching and for commenting your support! This is a great idea and I will be sure to add this to the list!

[@carlossalazar2690]

Wow, never subbed so fast to a channel, off to devour all your content! No paywall of academic sites to keep new developments in various fields of research from the general public. You're a saint! I wanted to second the interest in East Asian origins (especially that early site at Erlitou) and I was also curious if you've come across any research regarding new theories or developments about the origins bewilderingly diverse cultures of the Pacific, specifically those in Melanesia and Micronesia?

[@sagebias2251]

It is funny how the first group of east Asian migrants ground Australia very easily. But then civilization happened and nobody could find the continent again until a 1800AD

[@tonimontagna4281]

Good Man Razib Khan! Has a good way the tell the story, more shows like this!

[@sagebias2251]

I find it interesting that most of the proposed locations of the origin of the Indo-Europeans is around the black sea. Which flooded 7.5 thousand years ago. Around the same time it is thought the Indo-European migrations started. It is also interesting how all Indo-European religions have a common flood myth.

[@76rjackson]

Exactly. And why would a settled, successful people suddenly begin migrating? Because they were forced to and discovered that they were actually good at it due to their horse technology. They likely first raised horses for food and then made the leap to riding them. When the lush, fertile lowlands around the lake where they lived flooded and the sea took over they were pushed out of the nest and have been migratory ever since.

[@sagebias2251]

@@76rjackson I think horse riding was a much later event. It took centuries of selective breeding to get horses big enough to ride. That is why they used chariots.

[@76rjackson]

@@sagebias2251 it would have started with kids. But I get your point.

[@Musick79]

Yes, they all have flood myths many about saving animals and people were bad, they all had a God/gods, Most of them seemed to think the God/gods must have sacrifices, and burial mounds- in Asia/Americas.. not sure about Africa.

[@dt6822]

NO NO NO NO AND NO!!! NONE OF IT PROVES YOUR RIDICULOUS RELIGION. GOD didn't flood the world, you nim-wits, they're looking at the constellations and and writing the story of the sky anthropomorphised. Noah's Ark is the sky get it because of the animals that they formed from a constellations like cetus the whale and Gemini the twins it's all based on astro-theology. The flood means "rains" after which the ark of the animals (the sky) re-emerged. Because they didn't have that many humans in the Zodiac, "God couldn't find many righteous humans". The Babylonians only had animals in their lore, and then Enkidu etc. Slain by the "bull of the sky."

[@studyofantiquityandthemidd4449]

ALSO, EP IDEA: Would you all like to see a high resolution map video on Indo European Migrations up to the Early Middle Ages?

[@eileenmcgovern9193]

Yes

[@phillipallen3041]

Yes

[@rachel_Cochran]

Yesssss

[@mumbleweed2729]

Absolutely

[@Alex_Plante]

great idea!

[@lunchhooks2253]

Genetics is confirming things we only heretofore have guessed. What a delicious show, SAMA!

[@studyofantiquityandthemidd4449]

Delicious indeed! Thanks for watching and for showing your support!

[@lisaking9543]

Mr. Khan is a delight to listen to, and he's very informative.

[@jonm8513]

Quite right! I'd love to see more presentations by him.

[@kurgansrus1277]

Fox et al. (2004) established that, during the Bronze and Iron Age period, the majority of the population of Kazakhstan (part of the Andronovo culture during Bronze Age) was of West Eurasian origin (with mtDNA haplogroups such as U, H, HV, T, I and W), and that prior to the thirteenth to seventh century BC, all Kazakh samples belonged to European lineages.[50] Keyser et al. (2009) published a study of the ancient Siberian cultures, the Andronovo culture, the Karasuk culture, the Tagar culture and the Tashtyk culture. Ten individuals of the Andronovo horizon in southern Siberia from 1400 BC to 1000 BC were surveyed. Extractions of mtDNA from nine individuals were determined to represent two samples of haplogroup U4 and single samples of Z1, T1, U2e, T4, H, K2b and U5a1. Extractions of Y-DNA from one individual was determined to belong to Y-DNA haplogroup C (but not C3), while the other two extractions were determined to belong to haplogroup R1a1a, which is thought to mark the eastward migration of the early Indo-Europeans. Of the individuals surveyed, only two (or 22%) were determined to be Mongoloid, while seven (or 78%) were determined to be Caucasoid, with the majority being light-skinned with predominantly light eyes and light hair.[31] In a June 2015 study published in Nature, one male and three female individuals of Andronovo culture were surveyed. Extraction of Y-DNA from the male was determined to belong to R1a1a1b. Extractions of mtDNA were determined to represent two samples of U4 and two samples of U2e.[51][52] The people of the Andronovo culture were found to be closely genetically related to the preceding Sintashta culture, which was in turn closely genetically related to the Corded Ware culture, suggesting that the Sintashta culture represented an eastward expansion of Corded Ware peoples. The Corded Ware peoples were in turn found to be closely genetically related to the Beaker culture, the Unetice culture and particularly the peoples of the Nordic Bronze Age. Numerous cultural similarities between the Sintashta/Andronovo culture, the Nordic Bronze Age and the peoples of the Rigveda have been detected.[d] A genetic study published in Nature in May 2018 examined the remains of an Andronovo female buried ca. 1200 BC. She was found to be a carrier of the maternal haplogroup U2e1h.[53] In a genetic study published in Science in September 2019, a large number of remains from the Andronovo horizon was examined. The vast majority of Y-DNA extracted belonged to R1a1a1b or various subclades of it (particularly R1a1a1b2a2a). The majority of mtDNA samples extracted belonged to U, although other haplogroups also occurred. The people of the Andronovo culture were found to be closely genetically related to the people of the Corded Ware culture, the Potapovka culture, the Sintashta culture and Srubnaya culture. These were found to harbor mixed ancestry from the Yamnaya culture and peoples of the Central European Middle Neolithic.[e][f] People in the northwestern areas of Andronovo were found to be "genetically largely homogeneous" and "genetically almost indistinguishable" from Sintashta people. The genetic data suggested that the Andronovo culture and its Sintastha predecessor were ultimately derived of a remigration of Central European peoples with steppe ancestry back into the steppe.[g]

[@kurgansrus1277]

@@jonm8513 maybe you should try reading a actual peer reviewed study instead of a blogger that claims he is a genetist and claims he doesn't care about the skin color and ethnicity of Indo European yet his blog is called "brown pundits" and skin color is the only thing he talks about, the study he used formation of south and central Asia says 42 percent blue eyed and 92 percent derived at slca5a2, not only 25 for blue eyes, which slca5a2 affects hair just as much as skin look it up I dare you, two PCA and autosomal admixture is what matters we have multiple studies some right in 2020 that say outright hirisplex prediction can not be proven realiable cuz we haven't discovered all SNPs yet, only 3 out of 11 SNPs known to affect hair are in hiserplex prediction, and 2020 "prediction of north Eurasians" literally says it predicted modern blue eyed people to have brown eyes many times

[@Mattthemangler]

@@kurgansrus1277 Nice thanks for this.

[@larkturner7136]

The domestication of the horse was the game changer.

[@tacocruiser4238]

I think the domestication of cattle was more important. These are the true beasts of burden for agricultural societies. Not to mention a big source of food.

[@TheVinceLyons]

Horses, wheels, animal domestication etc. Personally I say wine but I'm a drunk

[@prasadbalan1194]

Let horse domestication be the game changer, then AIT/AMT/MMM proponents should come up with Horse genetics

[@rtod4]

When they dressed them in little aprons, and taught them to vacuum, cook and laundry...

[@alexdunphy3716]

@@prasadbalan1194 people have studied horse genetics. All modern domestic horses come from horses domesticated by steppe pastoralists in eastern Europe, most likely predecessors of the yamnaya. Domestic horses, and the knowledge of how to herd, breed and ride them spread with the spread of these people

[@alaskadrifter]

I recommend “The Horse, the Wheel, and Language” by David W. Anthony.

[@sandroschmitt5660]

Amazing, I'm studying this book for my job at graduation !

[@sueisaacs8219]

I have this book, great read🙂

[@daviddantonio5702]

It’s a fantastic book but there are some big gaps stil left to explore that don’t fit the narrative in particular relating to the Mycenaean Greeks.

[@rodolfo_baleki]

This is an amazing book! Reading it for the second time

[@justinkindler7560]

Great book

[@veliborb]

It was a great pleasure to listen to this episode, Mr. Khan has evidently deep knowledge of this topic and he knows how to present it properly.

[@diegofuentes6639]

You guys are awesome. Every episode you upload is a treasure. Keep up the awesome work👌 👏

[@studyofantiquityandthemidd4449]

Thank you so much 😀 your comment means the world to us!

[@trailtrs1]

Fascinating this was simply amazing in both its scope and clarity. Thank you for posting it.

[@Nyctophora]

That was fascinating, very refreshing, and I'm now a new subscriber :) Thank you!

[@ogunsiron2]

I kind of lost touch with razib's work in the recent years but his work and his legendary blog have influenced my worldview and knowledge store tremendously, throughout the years. He's the king of genetics+history! I started wondering about history and linguistics when I took latin at age 13 and began to notice that languages were actually related to each other and had a history! I had not thought about that topic at all before. R1b represent! I'm of mostly west-african genetics but I'm quite fond of my R1b male lineage!

[@kurgansrus1277]

WSH ancestry peaks among Norwegians (ca. 50%), while in South Asia, it peaks among the Kalash people (ca. 50%), according to Lazaridis et al. (2016). Narasimhan et al. (2019), which employed a wider range of references in their ancestry models, found lower levels of steppe-derived ancestry among modern South Asians (e.g. ~30% among the Kalash Western Steppe Herders are believed to have been light-skinned. Early Bronze Age Steppe populations such as the Yamnaya are believed to have had mostly brown eyes and dark hair,[13][28] while the people of the Corded Ware culture had a higher proportion of blue eyes.[29][30] The rs12821256 allele of the KITLG gene that controls melanocyte development and melanin synthesis,[31] which is associated with blond hair and first found in an individual from central Asia dated to around 15,000 BC, is found in three Eastern Hunter-Gatherers from Samara, Motala and Ukraine, and several later individuals with WSH ancestry.[12] Geneticist David Reich concludes that the massive migration of Western Steppe Herders probably brought this mutation to Europe, explaining why there are hundreds of millions of copies of this SNP in modern Europeans.[32] In 2020, a study suggested that ancestry from Western Steppe Pastoralists was responsible for lightening the skin and hair color of modern Europeans, Androvono cluster with modern northern Europeans not India and androvono is 92 percent derived at slca5a2 not swarthy, the key word is blog it's not a peer reviewed study, funny how the supplement tables said 42 percent blue eyed but he claimed only 25 percent for sintashta, he's a liar, read a real study not a blog, and r1b v88 came from neolithic farmers not steppe people

[@thicclegendfeep4050]

I'm mostly Northern European genetically, and we share the same paternal Haplogroup, we both descend from these ancient warriors of the steppe, like long lost brothers

[@tewekdenahom485]

I enjoyed the guests with archeological academic backgrounds

[@cryptolicious3738]

wow, fantastic episode! the dna info is really cool. clan structure and intergroup warfare, wow...

[@growingforbroke1072]

Very good talk on this. I really enjoyed this guest !!

[@studyofantiquityandthemidd4449]

KZbin has flagged this video and apparently won’t allow it to be monetized, that’s my rant of the day.

[@nomanor7987]

What word does KZbin not like?

[@theknave4415]

NAZIs were mentioned in the video. Well, more than mentioned. Khan spent several minutes on them. Which is really nothing to do with the topic at hand.

[@someguy8732]

Wow, I wonder why

[@BaltimoresBerzerker]

Hate us cuz they ain't us

[@TarebossT]

>nazitube

[@seanmccann8368]

Excellent guest and excellent contribution, thank you Nick.

[@garnix5612]

I just can't say often enough how much I like this channel. It has really great topics and I really like the presentation!

[@oskarskalski2982]

Yes, that would be great. There is not much content regarding this topic. Even if there is it is glossed over.

[@thegroovee]

So cool when he talks about how indo european looked like

[@72Yonatan]

Razib Khan: We have the similar Y-DNA, but that doesn't surprise me. Interesting and thank you for sharing your information and knowledge with us.

[@dt6822]

You definitely are not Semites. No comment on your issues in Israel. But Ashkenazi people are not Semitic. You're totally Aryan. The Aibishte gave the armies to Cyrus. He made you the light of the world. Don't stop writing.

[@fukemnukem1525]

Excellent job on this video. Thank You for the education.

[@THEEck5000]

Absolutely loved this presentation.

[@antidweller6373]

Nice Episode. Scythians would be great !!!

[@jonrettich4579]

Twins also appear in Mayan and some New Guinea founding myths as well as ancient Malta featuring a twins motif. Thank you, very informative.

[@dt6822]

Because they're based on the Gemini constellation. Romulus and Remus, Ledo and Leda, Ashwins, Castor and Pollux, Etc

[@jonrettich4579]

When you see the fragmentary bits that we choose to see as constellation imagery I believe it truly in the eye of the beholder. So the frequency of twins I think more mysterious and deeper in our psyche. I do not know how the Mayans and New Guineans viewed the sky. Thanks for info, more twins

[@ZEYSamon]

wow! that was awesome! thank you! ...more please!

[@studyofantiquityandthemidd4449]

More to come! Thanks for your support! And thank you for sticking with us!

[@plainboxer1]

Absolutely love listening to Mr Razib Khan!

[@2bingtim]

Never underestimate the mobility across the Eurasian Steppe zones in antiquity. Maybe the chariot/war carts were part of their edge.

[@Stormcloakvictory]

Haven't watched it yet. (Definitely looking forward to it!) But I'm guessing, Yamnaya/steppe people?

[@studyofantiquityandthemidd4449]

I shall not give spoilers! BUT, do let us know what you think when you are able to watch it and thanks for commenting!

[@Stormcloakvictory]

@@studyofantiquityandthemidd4449 definitely interesting conversations and information! As I said, steppe peoples, but learned plenty more details (I like details hehe)

[@itchywoolpants]

Love this stuff so much

[@dragonstonefirechief]

I like this tag team. Thank you

[@studyofantiquityandthemidd4449]

Most welcome and thank you for showing your support!

[@imRenzae]

great video, loved hearing his input on certain topics. i'm so grateful to live in this day and age, where history can be solidified through DNA testing. i'm from a northern albanian tribe, and two ancient samples of my Y-DNA have been found in croatia and northern serbia, dating to 1500bc and 1800bc, confirming my ancestors as proto-illyrians. a bit later it was found in rome and southern germany, which really sealed the deal. having seen people from neighboring countries spread hate and propaganda towards my people, and to know they are 100% wrong about the claims of our origins, is a 10/10 feeling. long live albanians, the last illyrians!

[@milearsic6303]

We are then the relatives , you and I . I am Serbian

[@LAM_AUT_ECU]

15:00 I have always thought and even read some evidence in the sense that local adaptation to low UV light has favored light skin and blue eyes. Though these might be mutations (blue eyes definitely are so), useless or disadvantageous mutations will tend to die out. In Scandinavia, light skin helps eliminate vitamin D deficiency whereas in Spain or Italy for instance, it would increase the risk of skin cancer. This would ever so slightly increase the survivableability of lighter skinned people in northern Europe and "darker" skinned ones in the south. Over several generations, these advantages would provoke visible differences amongst their populations even though they could have split only a few thousand years ago. There is a slight gradient in skin color: Scandinavians, central Europeans, southern Europeans, Berber, etc. These are not disjoint sets, rather probabilistic tendencies, nevertheless evident.

[@loquat44-40]

Yes Vit D is the standard hypothesis put out for light skin vs the tropics where darker skin protects from cancer and perhaps too much Vit D. Genes for blue eyes were believed to be present in original hunter gatherer populations of europe prior to farming coming in from the middle east. The hunter gatherers were said to have darker skin and no explanation for the blue eyes. Perhaps the diet of hunter gathers has more Vit D than that of farmers. There is also the question of Neanderthal genes in europeans. Dannemann says they found multiple Neanderthal genes that affected hair and skin tone, some lighter and some darker. He says this suggests that Neanderthals themselves may have had variation in those traits too, meaning, maybe they too had a range of skin and hair tones. www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/10/05/555592707/neanderthal-genes-help-shape-how-many-modern-humans-look

[@diamonddash5772]

You know... Winter and cold climates are not something that's only existed for 8000 years......cold climates have existed continuously for 100's of thousands of years, millions of years....light skin, light hair and eyes also has as well..these are not things that just appeared recently...and people dont magically mutate. Like, "oh it would be beneficial for a population to have horns on their heads, so the begin to gradually grow horns on there heads" lol. That's not how genetic inheritence works or how evolutionary mechanisms work. An organism is fixed. If people had dark phenotypes..and lived in the arctic they would never develop light phenotypes. If they cant adapt they die off. The only way they could develop light phenotypes would be if individuals with light phenotypes interbred with them or they had genetic variation for those traits in the form of rare recessive Gene's that gradually increased in their population through heterozygotes from genetic drift causing the darker dominant phenotypes to become deleterious alleles.. in conclusion. After many generations. The rare recessive alleles thru genetic drift become fixed in the population causing the dominant Gene's to get deleted. Only if the population was small, and by random chance that genetics would play itself out this way. But, if they had a rare recessive gene in the population for light phenotypes, that would been due to there ancient ancestors hybridizing with ancestors that had light phenotypes. So, in a population of dark traits, individuals with light traits would have to insert themselves into that gene pool, then through random drift and or selection, would have to somehow cause the light traits to become fixed and delete the dark traits.

[@loquat44-40]

@@diamonddash5772 This assumption is not necessarily correct: "So, in a population of dark traits, individuals with light traits would have to insert themselves into that gene pool, then through random drift and or selection, " Few human populations, even in africa are 100% homozygous genetically. Skin color is not determined by just a single discrete locus is my understanding. Except for forms of albinism, the genes coding for light skin color are not recessive. For the people migrating to europe from late stone age and afterwards into the time of the roman empire, many were already of light phenotypes and so a large percentage genes needed for selection were already present in these populations . There are darker skinned people in artic regions and they have managed to survive. Obviously they are either through diet or other mechanisms had enough Vit D. So evolution to lighter skin in low sunlight areas is not absolute. There is of course limits to what evolution can do. Humans are most unlikely over time to develop say the anatomy for gliding flight as we see in flying squirrels and some snakes (genus Chrysopelea) for example. Modification of melanin production via genetic selection is a much simpler process. H. Sapiens also intermixed with archaic Human species and receive alleles from those sources. Homo sapiens is only believed to successfully left africa about 70,000 years ago. I doubt that these peoples were light skinned. Oh there is so much more to learn about the genus Homo.

[@topg2820]

Geography (and Sun exposure) is a very important criteria for skin colour, the best example is India which is very long horizontally surpassing many latitudes and hence you find people with varying skin tones in the same country

[@jured.7976]

Great episode. Mr.Urkel is very interesting guest.

[@Sam-cz2bz]

Thankyou for interviewing this chap. He is very interesting.

[@MrJoebrooklyn1969]

Also, in Hindi, tu mean you, which is the same in Italain and Spanish.

[@bigfairy321]

ty in polish

[@MrJoebrooklyn1969]

@@bigfairy321 how do you pronounce that?

[@bigfairy321]

@@MrJoebrooklyn1969 try google polish to english, as i cannot find anything similar in english whith which i could give you an example. sorry

[@MrJoebrooklyn1969]

@@bigfairy321 ok, I did it. Its pronounced like te.

[@ogunsiron2]

It used to be THOU in english. DU/TU is pretty much an indo-european universal. It's found in all (most?) branches.

[@donnysandley6977]

I gotta get one of those Sea people shirts 👍 pretty darn cool 😉

[@studyofantiquityandthemidd4449]

You should! I love mine, but I am kinda biased about it. Hahaha. Thanks for commenting and for showing support!

[@perceivedvelocity9914]

This is the second video of yours that I have watched. I have really enjoyed your content. I've been looking for history channels that do not stay into conspiracy theory.

[@studyofantiquityandthemidd4449]

Thank you! And you’ve come to the right place!

[@michaels4255]

Julius Caesar was just a random crime victim?

[@stevenkobb156]

I am truly gratified by Razib's approach to his inquiries. Facts is facts, and there is no rational purpose to getting emotional and trying to force the narratives to match what you want to believe. Getting angry won't change the truth. Fascinating stuff.

[@rahulpaturkar1425]

Indo European is much much more than just a linguistic family, offcorse it is linguistic! It's cultural, religious, Dharmic cluster of very very ancient traditions which includes the Vedic, Germanic, Greeco-bactrian, Roman, Celtic paganism! We are the proud descendants of that great narrative! Peace and harmony!

[@bigfairy321]

you forgot us Slavs.

[@ashookrajgobin741]

The Indo people are a real ancient race

[@topg2820]

Nothing much to be proud of, we Indians who have the biggest slice of IE religion, culture, languages, tradition, sciences, rituals, etc. are considered the most inferior in the grand scheme of (IE) things

[@kevinhathaway7240]

Razib, where and when did R1a and R1b split?

[@desaad1725]

inside Europe probably near Germany France. maybe thats why they had so many wars with each other

[@sakka9432]

Good job Nick - initiating a dialogue on Indo European connections. I found it interesting though in your other schooled videos, there are biblical mythological historical correlations with archaeology linguistics DNA etc. So a recommended potential area of research is the inquiry: What would be the mythological Bible equivalent of the Indo-europeans? The early Veda sutras and the suttas of the person who said he was the fulfillment of the Vedas, the anti-idolatrous Gotoma Buddha - sound like anybody from the Bible? Of course these inquiries are laddled with political and religious landmines. One potential inquiry that could be less heated could be: The Mythology of the Vedas and European Paganism Keep up the good work Nick and thanks a bunch!

[@77linkman]

love listening to Rezib, what a great guy!

[@sagirahmed9309]

It's amazing how the Indo-Aryan word for grass (Sanskrit ghāsa, Hindi ghās, Bengali ghāś, Sylheti gāś) sound so similar to the English word. I found that they are unrelated words! Interesting coincidence

[@topg2820]

Might be from Sanskrit only

[@arkapravamukherjee5363]

Bengali , Hindi all came from Sanskrit ( indirectly ) . English is also related to latin . Latin and Sanskrit are all variants of ancient Aryan Language .

[@dt6822]

On the left, Sanskrit, on the right, Proto Slavic. 1. One एकम् (ekam) / edam 2. Two द्वे (dve) / dva 3.Three त्रीणि (treeni) / tri 4. Four चत्वारि (chatvaari) / chetvari 5. Five पञ्च (pancha) / pant 6. Six षट् (shat) / shast 7. Seven सप्त (sapta) / sapdm 8. Eight अष्ट (ashta) / asm 9. Nine नव (nava) / navat 10. Ten दश (dasha) / dast They were Slavs. Srbenda who rebelled from Rama. Means "the greatest Serb." What is a Serb? It's a horseman, ie the horsemen of the steppe. From PIE *SER like English ser-pent, Latin Sero to plant in orderly lines, like military, means "to flow" "to move swiftly along the ground" like the horsemen, we get the English "Ser Lancelot" for knight, becomes corrupted to "Sir".

[@seaxofbeleg8082]

Maybe videos on European Hunter Gatherers and European Neolithic Farmers in the future?

[@theMOCmaster]

Very interesting scientist!

[@rockinbobokkin7831]

Great episode

[@kaarlimakela3413]

This was tremendous ... Goes into the Rotation! 🙂

[@studyofantiquityandthemidd4449]

Thank you! Appreciate your support and thanks for sticking with us for over two years!

[@stephenmichalski2643]

OH damn......this is excellent...fascinated by India.....past and present......thanks for sharing all the links. Also what gets you better deal as a content creator.....pay pal or patreon?

[@studyofantiquityandthemidd4449]

Glad you enjoyed it! And thanks for showing your support! Realistically PayPal doesn't have the fees that Patron does but I am happy to just have support to be honest. Your comments and support truly mean the world to me.

[@stephenmichalski2643]

@@studyofantiquityandthemidd4449 Still want to support the channel so you pick which........channel has taught/inspired me tons.....though I'm on the poor side.....money and life is fleeting and I feel the need to support the people and channels that keep me turned on while I can.....history and people/channels that cover and expose me to both new and old discoveries/studies are everything to me.....so your stuck with me one way or the other.....besides....I want some of that merch!!!!

[@studyofantiquityandthemidd4449]

@@stephenmichalski2643 I truly appreciate your kind words of support. They mean the world to me and comments like this are the foundation of this channel and what we strive to do here. I’d say a preference would be PayPal, but if you want the merchandise, I’d say go for that! I’d rather that you get something physical in return as well but that’s just me to be honest. Regardless, thank you for your comments above. They have made my Saturday before going to the “real job” fantastic!

[@hermanmorris3420]

This is interesting!

[@bappsbdu]

Razib Kahn knows how to explain stuff - genetics lineage and history in a simple layman's way and he knows his subject did his research well, Never condescending , nor does he pretend that he knows everything on the subject matter - Thanks for brining him again as a guest, and hope you will continue to bring him in future again

[@fgtrhwu2]

Thx for making this. I am not concerned with the politics, just want the truth or at the very least a theory based on evidence.

[@studyofantiquityandthemidd4449]

Thanks for commenting! And I couldn't agree more!

[@willmosse3684]

@@studyofantiquityandthemidd4449 Yeah. You have to be careful with this stuff. Some content out there seems great and then you see the white supremacy stuff creeping in… Or Hindutva nationalism from Indians…

[@willmosse3684]

@Amal Paniker I wasn’t actually referring to Crawley. I was referring to some KZbin channels out there. Not going to name names because I don’t want to get into controversy, but they are out there

[@willmosse3684]

@Amal Paniker Does Mr Khan claim any supremacy of any people based on the interpretation of population genetics he espouses?

[@willmosse3684]

@Amal Paniker Interesting. Making claims that non-steppe people are smarter than steppe people is the opposite of what you would hear from European scientific racists. I guess whatever side you get into this from it is problematic. I have to say though, based on the little I have seen/read of Khan, he certainly does not seem like a Marxist. He seems more to me to be associated with the “intellectual dark web” libertarian crowd, which in a Western context would tend to be placed somewhat to the right of centre, but does not fit terribly well into the left/right paradigm really. Buuuut, I don’t know. I find him interesting so will read more, and at least he does not seem to be a white supremacist (it would be odd if he was, I know), which is nice.

[@Boric78]

When I see Nick-s office I get major book envy.

[@scintillam_dei]

I got a lot of great books from pdf drive dot commerce, including language-learning books from Aramaic to Zulu. I got one about how Darwin influenced Hitler, and several atlases with many maps which I love.

[@sagebias2251]

Video idea. Make a video overlaying the Indo-European migrations with the various civilizations that existed during those times. I understand that the migrations overlapped with actual written history. I remember that Mohenjo-daro was killed by them. Also if you call them "the white walkers" and put a Game of Thrones pic in the thumbnail you will get a lot of views. It would introduce this fun bit of history to a different audience.

[@sagebias2251]

I NEED MOAR!!!

[@sagebias2251]

Where did they go! When? Are they the sea peoples? Did they cause the sea peoples to flee to the middle east? What were the white walkers running from? Moar data please!

[@tewekdenahom485]

If this guy writes for quilette I can already guess his political beliefs but he seemed balanced in his research

[@htx92]

I'm not familiar with quilette. What is their stance?

[@extratropicalcyclone8567]

Woah, that bit about the afanasievo culture men being 3rd cousins from men of pontic steppe thousands of km away suggest a very fast migrating as said by razib, i wonder why they were migrating soo fast in the middle of nowhere just to settle in a very cold and mountainous area like the altai. Great video btw keep it up

[@studyofantiquityandthemidd4449]

Very interesting indeed! Thanks for commenting and for watching!

[@JohnSmith-ys4nl]

Very good question. What's interesting is they didn't last in the Altai all that long. 800 years or so. The next culture that took over the area was shown not to be genetically related. Perhaps they moved eastward into Mongolia and mixed with the people there until they virtually disappeared. There have been numerous graves found in bronze age Mongolia with the R1b haplogroup suggesting the Afanasievo moved in there at some point.

[@theknave4415]

Not very surprising, really. Give them horses, even the size of Przewalski's horse, and they become very mobile. Add wagons to haul their stuff, and they can move several thousand miles within a few months. ;) Later, they used 'wagon yurts' = a yurt on a wagon, hauled by oxen/cattle. see: Khibitkha.

[@ogunsiron2]

pasture land

[@extratropicalcyclone8567]

@@JohnSmith-ys4nl oh, interesting, i believe some linguist also think that they moved south towards the tarim basin and became the ancestors of people who spoke tocharian.

[@deltabravo9903]

Thank you

[@ahsanrubel2869]

Proud of you Razib khan !

[@bec5250]

I love these episodes, but I HATE those pictures of people wearing shaggy, ill-fitting animal skins. That's not how it was, and I always feel it's misleading...and unfair...to our ancient forebears. Besides, do you have any idea how impractical those loosely fitted, draped skins would be? It's not like they'd keep you warm hanging off you like that.

[@demarquezcrockett6384]

How was it than

[@ahmeteminerdogan9266]

@@demarquezcrockett6384 Original British people were black.

[@berserk9085]

@@ahmeteminerdogan9266 I've heard turks were black.

[@eileenmcgovern9193]

This reminds me of the Star Trek Borg that assimilates all....resistance is futile

[@freefall9832]

Haha culture as virus

[@alchemistsanonymous6558]

At 11:51 does anyone know the *cave painting* shown?

[@tuberobotto]

His terminologies are a mouthful and he doesn't even make an effort to explain them to novices (or ignoramuses) like myself. I'm slow I admit that, and there aren't even captions at all for the benefit of all to see their proper spellings. I'm not going to flatter either host or guest, but it does seem that the discussion might be on to something significant, if only they'd let the viewers in onto the multitude of details the guest is throwing about here and there.

[@dannyboybogdan2356]

Which terms are confusing?

[@lisaking9543]

I read an article recently that said the original builders of Stonehenge came from the Mediterranean and that the Beaker peoples came from Holland, or what we now call The Netherlands. It is being postulated that those people who began Stonehenge were wiped out by bubonic plague that the Beaker people brought with them.

[@jamesdelk8926]

And also called Austria

[@TheGreatResist]

Yamnaya Power!

[@studyofantiquityandthemidd4449]

I need to do an EP, on just their culture!

[@someguy8732]

Not quite. More recent dna studies show it was probably not the yamnaya themselves but a closely related people called the "Stredny-Stog" culture I think

[@seanabbins5481]

Good guest. I almost think it might be worthwhile to break his talk into segments. It seems like he briefly touched on stuff he could have spent more time on. The agricultural vocabulary, for example, is interesting and not often talked about.

[@GSteel-rh9iu]

Peggy Mohan's book Kings, Merchants and Wanderers is a great follow up to this excellent talk by Razib Khan especially if you are interested in Indian languages and their development.

[@vincentrusso4332]

Red hair and blue eyes, where's the video on us 1%ers?

[@TheHighSpaceWizard]

Heyo!

[@ashog1426]

Gingerific

[@caroletomlinson5480]

Horses and carts (solid wood wheels) allow you to travel fast and far. You need an ax wherever the hell you go 5000 years ago. In England, no trace of warfare replacement of Neolithic farmers by Bronze Age Indoeuropeans, tho the new men did replace the farmer men, and females may have preferred the more successful men with horses and carts. Indo-European languages, it has been suggested, spread as the lingua franca of successful economies. How? That’s the interesting question. I look askance at invoking either religion or warfare of these very large societal changes so long ago, when just to get a meat and bread meal took constant and continuous work. Yes, they may have had plenty of animals on the hoof, but could you or I get a meal in a single day? It took much planning and cooperation over a lifetime to keep a continuous supply of livestock alive-and slaughter is a big job, that an axe might substantially aid. Cooperating, related males certainly did not have to be warring to spread-they only had to produce more surviving children.👍

[@studyofantiquityandthemidd4449]

Was there not warfare replacement in Ireland? I believe certain DNA studies have pointed towards this theory, though not in England, I think this could mean that replacement warfare did occur in certain parts of the British Isles, just my opinion of course, and I am definitely not an expert.

[@studyofantiquityandthemidd4449]

Have you written a paper related to your above comments? If so, I'd really like to read it. Would make an interesting EP!

[@caroletomlinson5480]

Thank you for having confidence in my opinion, but human migrations are my lifelong avocation, having ancestors from different parts of the world. My credentials are in evolutionary biology-of animals, plants and environments, but not directly in the human realm. I enjoy your work, and I’m glad you share it with us.

[@wolfsbaneandnightshade2166]

As a latvian i am not surprised that there are uralic links in I-E.

[@akariito4579]

Are there any artifacts, literature or other foound of the indoeuropeans?

[@apextroll]

Great discussion. The sad fact is that to be a successful civilization, was and is, the ability to make war...which drives innovation and success.

[@_SkyEye]

25% blue eyes is a very high percentage.

[@johndanielharold3633]

Estonia is numero uno with 89% Followed by Finland, Sweden, Iceland, Netherlands, Denmark, Ireland, Norway, with Poland and Scotland completing the top ten.

[@woodpeckerfromspacewoodpec45]

That 25% come from the Western Hunter Gatherer admixture (the real native europeans).

[@thomaswilliams3426]

The O Neg bloodline is fascinating

[@ogunsiron2]

@@woodpeckerfromspacewoodpec45 more likely came from the northern hunter gatherers . I think pre-indoeuropeans would have been in contact with them but not with the west hunters (who were in western Europe and not in Russia, i think). Northern hunter gatherers were also very blue eyed.

[@woodpeckerfromspacewoodpec45]

@@ogunsiron2 The northern hunter gatherers (Scandinavian Hunter Gatherers) were an mix of Western and Eastern hunter gatherers (the Western Hunter Gatherers admixture was the higher part).

[@ginarelic6635]

You are my new guru.

[@scene2much]

sounds like there is now a space to fill in: an archaelogical and anthropological identification of the peoples ("The Winners") who rolled in from Europe through and into Iran (and beyond ?) exciting

[@thebrocialist8300]

‘Dark-eyed, brunette white folks.’ 🧔🏻 *Northwestern Europeans:* Angry *Indians:* Angry *Iberians, Southern French, Balkanics, Italians:* ‘Another W in the Bank.’ 💅

[@ArcanumArcanorum17]

Basically everything between india and scandinavia

[@nerdlarge4691]

Synopsis: War mongering horse lords from the Eurasian Steppe conquered most of Eurasian 4000 years ago. Only to have war mongering horse lords from Northern Eurasian do the same thing to them 1000 years ago. Got it.

[@someguy8732]

*4500 years ago. But then have been re-conquering the same territory back and forth ever since

[@ashog1426]

@@someguy8732 we will reconquer it yet indeed

[@someguy8732]

@@ashog1426 swap out the chariot with a pickup and you're ready for Real Aryan Hours 2: Electric Boogaloo

[@CA-jz9bm]

R1a Slavs have reconquered it so it fine

[@zuzudernegger9721]

What's so strange about it? French colonized North Africa, now North Africa colonizes the French.

[@rachel_Cochran]

I wish Razib could look at my dna data and tell me some stuff about my ancient ancestors Also, I think it's awesome to find out what these people used to look like, but anyone who gets bent out of shape about them not looking the way you want them to is not valuing what's important here.

[@hypatiastanhope8273]

🤔 great vid

[@gruboniell4189]

What was the Doggerland people’s DNA? We haven’t got it but wonder what it would have been

[@Boric78]

I don't think we have any real DNA evidence from that population. After all the bodies are at least 10 m under one of stormiest seas in the world. I could be wrong though and its a great question.

[@someguy8732]

Would've been Western Hunter Gatherers.

[@gruboniell4189]

Same as the basque? Or maritime archaic?

[@ogunsiron2]

@@gruboniell4189 basque are not as exotic as usually thought. they're not that different from other western Europeans. their language is very very very different though. my hunch is that it's the only neolithic farmer language left

[@gruboniell4189]

@@ogunsiron2 they not corded ware nor beaker ppl. Of course they not different, we all humans. It was blood type that was different. RH- type have major problems breeding with rh+. As if they were originally different species

[@anxofernandez3344]

It's amazing how some clans and tribes who were at one point semi-nomad hunter gatherers and herders from the steps of Ukraine and Russia conquered half of Eurasia in a few centuries, replacing the local populations and within a few more centuries they were founding great civilizations and Empires. I suppose it's kinda like what other peoples from Eastern Europe and Central Asia like the Huns, the Avars, the Magyars, the Mongols or the Turks did in the Middle Ages.

[@studyofantiquityandthemidd4449]

QUESTION IS...... if you were to be conquered by one of the above, who would you prefer it to not be?

[@anxofernandez3344]

@@studyofantiquityandthemidd4449 I don't know, the Mongols have a reputation, but so do the Tatars, the Huns, the Magyars...if I had time I would run away before they came and go as far from them as possible and hide somewhere in the mountains.

[@studyofantiquityandthemidd4449]

@@anxofernandez3344 can I be a skilled and needed craftsman who gets conquered by the Romans or Persians? I feel that it’s the best outcome for me. Hahaha.

[@anxofernandez3344]

@@studyofantiquityandthemidd4449 definitely. Romans or Persians I'd be OK with, Indians too, perhaps the Germanic peoples (Goths, Saxons and so on) but I'd rather stay away from Vikings, Huns and anyone from the steps on either side of the Urals.

[@studyofantiquityandthemidd4449]

@@anxofernandez3344 agreed!

[@alexboor7716]

Climate change between 9000-7000 BCE likely pushed Eurasian steppe nomads around Eurasia, for a few thousand years. Whilst moving around, their language group diversified as it both influenced and drew influence from other tribes/peoples. In a sense, it started with it a dominant and very successful nomadic group that originally spoke a Proto-Indo-European language, they then spread it around as they moved, taking elements from other languages as well as giving elements to other languages, acting wet sponge wherever they went: disseminating their own language as well as elements from non-Indo-European languages but also still taking in new elements from the new languages they encountered. By around 5000-3000 BCE as the climate shifted and the earth grew warmer, they became increasingly sedentary and trade networks started to emerge (allowing them to stay in a general area without moving around for food) and their language as a whole ceased to mutate, becoming a consolidated and single language. Eventually, the cultures that spoke this single language (very closely related to the original Indo-European language) eventually were drowned out by other cultures, leaving the legacy of their language only in the languages of others that they influenced.

[@geoffreybslater1146]

Finally an honest person!

[@GediminasStrum]

indoeuropean power ! TWO in my language is du ;)

[@henryviii2091]

In Romanian it's doi. I believe that every European language, or most of them, have similar words for ''two'' and many other words actually, like ''night'' for instance.

[@eldrishpuza8512]

Dy in albanian

[@GediminasStrum]

@@eldrishpuza8512 Ilyrian Queen Teuta - in my language " Tauta " means nation :) similar as celtic

[@WoodsLesnik]

Very curious about the Indo-European connection to Altaic peoples.

[@samitheman9783]

Fascinating guest! Interesting question popped into my head (or series of related questions). Did the Yamnaya migrate *as large bands of single, young men* to conquer lands and women therein to establish a future and a legacy for themselves? If so, what was driving the scarcity, or the "scarcity", of women in their culture? Did the nobles/chieftains hog a large number of their women and control the largest herds and best grasslands, giving younger, less well-born men the choice between the twin dishonor of poverty and childlessness, or forming these war bands to seek their own fortunes and, in doing so, expanding their culture's historic boundaries? Technology-wise, I think taming the horse, and developing the associated technologies was a game changer, plus I know that they probably invented the spoked wheel. But did they invent wheeled carts and wagons, and the axle, also? Or does that go back farther?

[@samitheman9783]

I wonder also, did they, maybe, bring their own wives, from their own culture, but, as they conquered territory in Europe, and wiped out the local males, took EEF women as second wives?

[@ogunsiron2]

@@samitheman9783 i sort of would expect that the Indo-europeans who stayed closer to home, like the Balto-Slaves, maybe moved around more with their wives? Very interesting set of questions. You do wonder where they left their wives.

[@anyakosta364]

I have read in the old days there was a custom of having a 1st night right for a virgin would belong to the leader of the village......and there was another custom of swapping wives.........and that's from a Russian..region customs......ages ago......so if you are a conqueror You just impregnate all and move on Kind of thing? What we vision now as a wife should be.....maybe was very different...back then....also how kids were raised....is very very different back then...... The bible version son of a father Ext and you take care of your own family came on later........maybe Kids would spend time with their mothers till a point then with a father's and learn to become warriors and also would spend time with their grandparents and cousins families.....the socialism started long long ago...... Also females had a right to marry who they wanted and divorce....

[@mandanga1010]

Thank you for adding the tree of indo-european languages at 9.10. Science above all, just for some to know . Истината ще ни освободи.

[@tantraman93]

In studying my family history and genetics I've found one absolute certainty...My ancestors 'mingled' with everyone everywhere everywhen regardless of colors, cultures and pottery types.

[@tantraman93]

I’m happy to be part part of the ‘Mongrel Horde’...

[@daviddantonio5702]

@@tantraman93 some of our ancestors were lovers and more were probably fighters...but they definitely all loved to mingle

[@FrogsOfTheSea]

That genetic analysis actually makes the PIE people sound *much* whiter than I had always assumed

[@someguy8732]

That's cuz they basically were white lol

[@salandahareza4459]

5:15 The word "tea" and all its variant words in different languages around the world sound similar not because of any Indo-european link, but because of tea's common origin in China, where it was called either Te or Che depending upon local dialect. Hence every word for Tea in every language either sounds like Te or sounds like Che

[@hisenberg1212]

HE IS TALKING ABOUT TEETH NOT TEA.

[@gf4670]

The main thrust was always the horse. To some extent the wheel, but mainly the horse. Linguistically, archaeologically, culturally, etc, it was always the horse. The massive advance in aDNA the past decade has remarkably confirmed many of the broad assertions of classical archaeology, and it has been a joy to be a part of that. The fascinating thing to someone like me who has worked in the field for two decades now is the rapidity and scale of the migration and interaction that the steppe pastoralists took part in as evidenced by the DNA. I always considered the Yamnaya/steppe/kurgan hypothesis to be the most probable -- by far -- but still believed generally that it was a slower process of enculturation and mixing over centuries if not millennia in some cases, and not this kinetic mass movement and effective takeover of let's just say the sexual marketplace that it appears to be from the DNA. Archaeologically we just don't see a ton of evidence for violence, at least certainly not on that scale, though it of course exists. And it forces us to again ask what the situation was for these Late Neolithic and early Bronze Age cultures -- we know there were some problems going on, and many of the major sites in places like the lower Danube show signs of stress and decline, but others do not. Then again, the horse was a massive economic and military advantage and those early riders must have seemed like Nazgul riding fell beasts or something when first encountered. It seems Corded Ware happened at the speed and scale it did for a reason. Now the big question left to answer: where in the bloody hell did the Anatolian branch come from? Fortunately we might be on the cusp of some answers.

[@everforward8651]

You guys are the best, and I've learned a lot from you two. Razib, you're brain is like a human computer. For that reason, you speak quickly, and I was wondering if you could slow your speaking rate somewhat.

[@kaarlimakela3413]

Uralic? Finnish? An early connection??? Activating antennas lol ...

[@erkkinho]

In Finnish we have several very old Indo-iranian loanwords like "sata" = 100. Satem in Proto-Eastern-Indo-European.

[@kaarlimakela3413]

100th thumb up! 🙂

[@studyofantiquityandthemidd4449]

YOU ARE AWESOME!

[@schlafer8785]

What's the word he's using at 19:53? "What we in genetics call starf******"?

[@adamclark1972uk]

star philogeny I think

[@schlafer8785]

@@adamclark1972uk Thank you!