Hell yeah! More Fords in the shop. It's awesome you aren't stuck on LS engines.
@powellmachineinc8 ай бұрын
You got that right!
@strokermaverick8 ай бұрын
Daniel, builds LS engines, while in R.E.M. sleep. No doubt, an LS guru! But, knowledgeable about all makes!🤝
@timr319086 ай бұрын
The LS engine was originally a Ford engine design... GM kind of borrowed it
@mineown18618 ай бұрын
Unscrewing someone else's pooch can drive you nuts , I empathise and sympathise.
@powellmachineinc8 ай бұрын
Absolutely 💯
@chrisbrown21748 ай бұрын
Great to see a FE build
@JeffHeil-wu9cn8 ай бұрын
Nice video am a fe guy can’t wait to see the next video
@powellmachineinc8 ай бұрын
Coming
@mikebell91668 ай бұрын
Those bores look like 5 different apprentices took a shot, and the journeyman doing the supervision didn't know his job either!
@powellmachineinc8 ай бұрын
Yup
@molivroman98065 ай бұрын
Mr. Powell would have made a great vocational education teacher. Thankfully, through Y tube he is doing just that. I appreciate the tech data which is what I get here. 2 thumbs up.
@powellmachineinc5 ай бұрын
Wow, thank you!
@JDK4993 ай бұрын
My thoughts exactly. Start a machinist class and you would be able to have all the help you need
@kevin29603 ай бұрын
I'm a Buick 455 guy. He is right about the Pistons being way too down in the hole. To me that's a good reason to use a longer rod
@tracyamcneal95976 ай бұрын
Man you definitely got a mess on your hands. I'm also confident that you will get it all fixed up the right way...$$$ Best of luck on that one. I will be following the channel. High Fives
@powellmachineinc6 ай бұрын
I hope so too!
@PCMenten8 ай бұрын
Watching your videos is always a master class in automotive technology. Thank you, sir. Following this build.
@powellmachineinc8 ай бұрын
I really appreciate that!!
@chrishensley67458 ай бұрын
Thank God for guys like you that are still around.
@robertwest30937 ай бұрын
We used to say that the parts that were that far out of tolerance were probably made on a Friday 😅
@kurtisskoog58748 ай бұрын
Maybe in a future episode, you could discuss which aftermarket heads you recommend people buy.
@jimcondray46328 ай бұрын
I learned a ton in this video! Thank you for doing this!
@powellmachineinc8 ай бұрын
Glad it was helpful!
@brocluno018 ай бұрын
Played with FE as race motors (roundy round on dirt) since back in the 60's. You touched on most of the issues. Well said. Waiting to see what you do with the oiling system ... Hope to see an AMC being built for racing in your shop. Say a 290 in Rambler American for a SEGA Gasser ... 😁
@strokermaverick8 ай бұрын
Personally, love the A.M.C's.
@drunkingsailor23598 ай бұрын
I've had the fe in my arsenal for many years, love em but they need special attention for successful operation. Today if you want a better shot at a build with factory iron I've found if you look for the the mirror image 105 block you'll have aa better iron to work with. Jmho and experience.
@scottkramer74318 ай бұрын
I love all your special tools. I bet you do too.
@powellmachineinc8 ай бұрын
Definitely I'm a equipment crack head
@chrishensley67458 ай бұрын
All do respect on them F.E Engines.....you being a fair/square dude....but Loved outrunning them 390 guys with my 396/360 66 engine in a 68 malibu being a bare bones rebuild back over 30 year ago...in there Mustang,s....whole lot lighter....the exhaust side sucks with no room for hedders.....Sad...the 351 cleveland is a ford mans engine......but poor ol Ford man...If you go up and compare 289/512 casting 427/454 block compared to that 428...God bless...you are showing the truth.My ol block is a 961 casting and want my ol machist told me years ago could go 125 over to a 427 where it is a thick bore block..like the the early 283 blocks...she aint no powerhouse....but i can bust its ass anytime I want in my 68 4-speed/12 chevelle and it likes it and the oil pressure/power is the same....Kudos to them FE DUDES.
@jesseduke6948 ай бұрын
FE's were spacificly made as thin wall blocks. They are about the lightest of all big blocks. Chevy big blocks were not thin wall castings. They can be bored .100 over size in many cases. They 429 & 460 blocks were much thicker & heavier than the FEs. Most 460s can go .080 over & some more than that! But your 427 chevy when bored .100 oversize is still smaller than a stock 429 or 460 piston by .010. And they can go another .080 yet at that point! But they are massive & heavy blocks!
@davidholcomb99618 ай бұрын
Great information because my brother in law is going to be getting a 427 FE that has never been apart so i'll tell him to keep as stock as possible so it will seal. It's going to be sent to a machine shop and gone through but i hope all it will need is a stock style rebuild and probably a piston change to something street friendly for his '33 Coupe. 454 Chevy coming out and going all Ford which will make it a sweet ride. All steel body with full fenders. She is already sweet!
@BigMikesGarage8 ай бұрын
That engine series is also known as "the oil leak special". I've never seen one that didn't leak oil somewhere.
@MattsRageFitGarage8 ай бұрын
Yeah, I had a stock 1964 352 that was .089" in a couple of spots at stock bore and it had bad core shift on top of it. Wound up with another block that was standard bore 390, that block was much thicker all around and if it ever went to .060" overbore it'd still be plenty thick. Gotta check em all, if I bored that 352 .050" and made a standard bore 390 out of it I'm sure it would have popped a cylinder wall. Surprising it ran for 158,000 miles like that.
@countryboysteve8 ай бұрын
I will never forget a 400 mopar that came through the shop. one side was .005 out (normal) the other side was .025 out front to back and .015 taper to the outside. It had run in a cordoba for 75k but always had an intake oil leak that never could be curred
@powellmachineinc8 ай бұрын
Yep, definitely
@billfioretti30138 ай бұрын
Thank you for the additional Ford content, Daniel. F.E.s served many of the car-buying public well in the 1960s. Yes, they had their issues but nonetheless did very well on racetracks especially when built and tuned by savvy racers. (NHRA, NASCAR, Lemans, etc.) Only when stressed beyond their design limitations did they dissapoint. Of course, the same can be said of any engine undergoing forces beyond its original intent. F.E. 427 SOHCs did well on gasoline. On Nitromethane, their 6000rpm blocks topped by 8000rpm cylinder heads caused issues of reliability. B.T.W. Chryslers Big-block architecture of the era was designed much like the F.E.s that came before them. Homage? Admittedly. the Chrysler castings were heavier. Keep up the excellent word and info, Daniel!
@powellmachineinc8 ай бұрын
Yw
@Axeman4288 ай бұрын
The cammer in bounty hunter and the snakes top fuel dragsters were turning 9000+ in the traps. If you knew what you were doing they didn’t leak oil. All engines are different and have different assembly procedures. My 428s never leaked oil but I have fixed a few for others that did.
@michaelthomas5850Ай бұрын
Fe guy here, can’t find next episode. Definitely want to see more on the Fe.
@powellmachineinc28 күн бұрын
More is coming
@StevenDaugherty-uo5cs8 ай бұрын
Its amazing how many blocks and heads you've had people bring to you that have been to other shops and are so bad. Makes me wonder what would have happened if the customer actually put the thing together.
@powellmachineinc8 ай бұрын
Wouldn't have lived very long at all
@KS-dg5zh8 ай бұрын
On the piston clearence.Line to Line coatings have a abradable skirt coating that can be applyed thicker to take up some clearence.but like you say the bore is off and compression to high for street use anyways.
@powellmachineinc8 ай бұрын
Yep
@markokingo8 ай бұрын
I keep watching and learn something every time and enjoy it because it's explained clearly.. Thanks. Motor trend needs to give you a slot and run some of your videos .
@powellmachineinc8 ай бұрын
Thanks for watching!, I doubt we are motortrend matl!
@markokingo8 ай бұрын
@powellmachineinc3179 if you've watched at least one episode of Roadkill , which I do like or a couple I don't really care for, I'd much rather learn about something that's a hell of a lot more relevant to everybody than building 4 wheel drive trucks , for example. You building a flat head, old straight 6, small block and so on , up to the newer stuff would be of interest to a bunch of folks. Motertrend needs new content, and i'm tired of watching re-runs. I'm sending Motor Trend an email. I encourage anyone who reads this to do the same.
@dresdensvo8 ай бұрын
I've had 2 sets of those heads that every intake I put on them was too narrow . needed a gasket at least 3/16 thick . And those intakes fit 4 other core engines with stock heads .
@powellmachineinc8 ай бұрын
No doubt
@JohnLittlepage8 ай бұрын
Can’t wait, good stuff
@powellmachineinc8 ай бұрын
Definitely
@mikelevenson72718 ай бұрын
Good god this is a master class on explaining how to put together a bunch of poorly machined mismatched parts. Would it not be better for the customer to tell you what he wants and you procure the correct parts in the first place?
@powellmachineinc8 ай бұрын
That's how it happens normally but this is a salvage project
@bobbyhackney9888 ай бұрын
I really appreciate your attention to detail and knowledge. If a Pontiac v8 comes through the door please keep us in mind. Thank you and keep up the good work
@powellmachineinc8 ай бұрын
We have a 326 poncho in line
@Mr429608 ай бұрын
I wish we could hear these engines fire up when you are done with them!
@danielweinbaum8 ай бұрын
I was the parts guy for Hawk Marine Power, the supplier of high performance engines to Cigarette Racing Team back in the early 1990's! I will tell you that not a whole lot has changed, let me qualify that remark! The engine management systems is miles ahead, the machining of parts is miles ahead and power production is miles ahead! That being said, all the same rules apply to making horsepower! When I see your shop I see the same old stuff! The potential to make crazy horsepower numbers now would have exploded my head back then. If you told me that there was a 500 inch small block I would have told you to bump your head on a brick! I think it was 1992 when we partnered with Sonny Bryant and made an all aluminum 634 inch motor that made 1000 to 1100 hp naturally aspirated! We mostly used the Chevy tall deck blocks to make 588 inch naturally aspirated motors that made 750 hp and 572 inch blocks with 10-71 Mooneyham Blowers to make 1100-1300 depending on pulleys and fuel. If you had told me that a Honda 4 cylinder with a turbo could easily make over 1000 hp with cheap parts I'd call you crazy. Look, the basics are still the basics and I love hearing them come from your mouth! You have a great channel going and I rarely miss a video! You format is perfect and enjoyable...keep it up! I have a 1973 Ford Mustang convertible with a 351 Cleveland Ram Air and a 4 speed! The engine has been rebuilt with good parts and a Comp Cam (XF262H-10) and a Holley Sniper with the billet distributor and Sniper electronic ignition. 355hp 411tq! I am a 1965 GTO Hardtop coupe with a Muncie M22 Rock Crusher guy! Not a Ford guy!
@dagamore8 ай бұрын
Big fan of the FE power plant, did a 390fe as a drag motor in the late 90's it was a hoot and a half, not the fastest thing out there, but damn was it fun.
@Expedition188 ай бұрын
Your videos are so good. Everything you describe or explain makes so much sense it makes it easier for an amateur (like me) to realize what to look for and when going to professionals (like yourself) pays . Thanks please keep posting all this great content. 👍
@powellmachineinc8 ай бұрын
Glad you like them!
@MrChevelle838 ай бұрын
were fixin pull and fully re seal a good ol 390 ferd! been many years since we had one apart.
@yarrdayarrdayarrda8 ай бұрын
I'll hit an aggressively knurled rear seal surface with a fairly fresh polishing belt to knock down the knurl a touch/round off the sharp edges. Some of those feel pretty sharp running your finger over it, I can't imagine a rubber seal liking that surface.
@robertheymann59068 ай бұрын
A good manual machinist can make a great engine builder
@powellmachineinc8 ай бұрын
I agree
@arturozarate17528 ай бұрын
Daniel, what kind of vehicle is it going in? You're right about the camshaft and bleeding off compression with a late intake closing, as usual. If the car is lightweight, under 3,500lbs, running a 3.90 or lower gear, and a loose converter(3500 stall or higher) 11.6 can run on 93. 20° initial wouldn't be a problem either, but they should consider allowing the Sniper to control the timing. The 482ci will have torque down low. The 482 you cut a cam for is 12:1, static and cold, and will run on 93. That's with a 0.036" head gasket and zero deck. I like to keep the cranking pressure below 200psi to work with pump gas. Personally, I dislike the dished MAHLE alternative. The quench is nearly gone and renders the combustion chamber useless. I've found that makes for a lazy engine when compared to a piston that has a dish that mirrors the combustion chamber, but then you're looking at a custom piston program. Good video! Way to shake things up!
@flinch6228 ай бұрын
That is a handful of little fixes to tend to.
@powellmachineinc8 ай бұрын
Absolutely
@justinkorpela79558 ай бұрын
Awesome entertainment like always 😅
@powellmachineinc8 ай бұрын
Glad you enjoyed
@fmerkl8 ай бұрын
Me being an old FE guy your hitting all the right point ! Been 9.90's with my '67 mustang GTA 427 car
@powellmachineinc8 ай бұрын
Good stuff
@whiplashmachine2 ай бұрын
I use torque plates on every block I hone regardless of performance level. So I have been able to see on every block how much measurable distortion they can create. Some obviously more than others. Out of the engines typical to my shop, the FE blocks move the most by far.
@GrandPitoVic8 ай бұрын
Like I do Andrew when I don't mind!!!! ROFLMFAO!!!!!!! You kill me!!!!! That's funny!!!!. That block is not too far from being ruined. Ray Charles was showing Stevie Wonder how to bore a block ROFLMFAO!!!!!
@powellmachineinc8 ай бұрын
Lol
@Axeman4288 ай бұрын
I have built a few 428CJs for myself but a friend had one that was put together by an automotive machine shop that had extremely low oil pressure and almost none warm. After a good oil system check I found the galley plug behind the distributor was missing. It was just a mistake but a costly one.
@cyrussumner8 ай бұрын
You can do the bore like you wont to but its going to be thin. It was common to bore a cylinder away from the thin parts . Rope seals need that rough finish or they burn up; 11.4i is not to bad if your going to drag the motor.
@arturozarate17528 ай бұрын
Robert Pond makes a good cast iron block. Not too pricey either.
@precisiond22368 ай бұрын
I had a 66 428 pi solid lifter with 11 to 1 compression . The run on was unbelievable. good thing it had a 4-speed.
@MikeFL2TX8 ай бұрын
We just did an FE, but had some issues on the dyno, so now it’s being disassembled and inspected. Tomorrow we will drop the pistons/rods and put the crank and cam out.
@2packs4sure8 ай бұрын
Unless you have a bunch of NOS 428 FE parts your best bet is just a good 390 block and a 445 stroker kit,, put that together with a torque cam and low 9's compression and you'll be at 400 smooth horsepower on pump gas..
@arturozarate17528 ай бұрын
I couldn't live with myself coming out less than one hp per cubic inch, and in the "9's" for compression. 😬
@2packs4sure8 ай бұрын
@@arturozarate1752 Well a 445 FE can do 500hp fairly easily but dude apparently wants a torquey pump gas cruiser...
@jims22868 ай бұрын
The reason I like your channel is I in my opinion, you will only fix or machine a part the correct why or the customer can take it somewhere else because you wouldn't put you name on the job unless it is right. Thank you
@powellmachineinc8 ай бұрын
Absolutely!, ty 💯
@MC-de6tf8 ай бұрын
Wow, looking good, got it going on, thanks for the video.
@powellmachineinc8 ай бұрын
Well.... we try
@chrishensley67458 ай бұрын
Brother....really admire your content being from the south... worked in machine shop early 90,s and was latter on a mechanic but always around Hotrod engines...You are very good and honest and from the south...most think only them Yankees know machine work and right way on engines....but buddy you are very talented and glad you a good ol south carolina boy.
@yarrdayarrdayarrda8 ай бұрын
Since you can get custom pistons logically you could go 4.165" since that's a common ring size.
@powellmachineinc8 ай бұрын
I doubt it will clean up there, but definitely
@jdedad6 ай бұрын
My training 30 years ago said 45 valve 46 seat if I remember right
@Hjfvvdst8 ай бұрын
Wow! That is a wreck.
@RaizingKane8 ай бұрын
Can’t just slap it around like I do Andrew when he don’t mind 😂😂😂😂
@powellmachineinc8 ай бұрын
Lol
@craigbowers40478 ай бұрын
The cheeks on those crank throws look a little thin, good ole Eagle.
@josecarreira89348 ай бұрын
Round two for a redo WOW, few more dollars need to be spent for a correction. I believe the owner would probably be a bit frustrated. Looks like you will always have work that will keep you busy into the future.
@jalbarado18 ай бұрын
Did a 428 last year... fun, fun,fun....lol.
@clintonsmith99318 ай бұрын
They taught us back in the day some used a 1 angle difference on the valves . Might have worked on heads with no inserts Noe fords stock peanut butter heads it wouldn’t make much difference.
@RW-kd4gxwhiteshaddow8 ай бұрын
If you have a BHJ plate you might find more the .010 on the deck. On 429/460 blocks have seen .025 diffrence using BHJ plate on my storm-valcan block master
@powellmachineinc8 ай бұрын
I have the blo-tru
@tommywalton19748 ай бұрын
The amount of info you drop and what I learn each video is insane. And I love ford’s, and had a 428, I hate FE’s. Everything about them is a pain.
@powellmachineinc8 ай бұрын
Definitely
@overbuiltautomotive12998 ай бұрын
i call that the its an old engine bore job the iron ring will whittle them selves in place .but that guy must no have seen that piston because that good piston will use the modern low tension rings lol but any how must have been at the Briggs and scapum machine shop
@Anthony-nw5zv8 ай бұрын
Would the customer consider sleeving the block which would allow you to rebore to get straight bores.
@powellmachineinc8 ай бұрын
Would cost 3 times as much as just getting the correct pistons, plus either way we gotta have pistons so sleeve Would make zero sense
@jw46208 ай бұрын
Makes me wonder how any of the junk I screwed together 40 years ago ever lived.
@MrChevelle838 ай бұрын
sloppy factory tolerances have kept us going forever lol. all my old rebuilds burn a little oil.
@powellmachineinc8 ай бұрын
Working vs living is a different thing, plus stocker parts vs performance parts
@markbulva41888 ай бұрын
Great content. Great channel. Great tech. Ya’ll southerners have no idea how lucky you are to have a shop like this. Yes the FE is a bastard but goddamn its good!!! Thanks for doing what ya do!!! 🇺🇸🇨🇦
@powellmachineinc8 ай бұрын
We really appreciate that
@AmericanThunder8 ай бұрын
Why do people get their hearts set on aftermarket steel cranks, on mild builds anyway? lol The stock crank is plenty strong for most builds. That goes for FE, SBF, all of them.
@powellmachineinc8 ай бұрын
Economics, a cast steel crank is cheap and many times the factory crank is not repairable
@nicksnarski59738 ай бұрын
I may be wrong but I think the rear main seal roughness was for rope seal
@powellmachineinc8 ай бұрын
Definitely, but it's still to coarse
@GeorgeFarahGNR8 ай бұрын
Making me excited on my mod motor!
@strokermaverick8 ай бұрын
25:48 If, you want this junk, to live?😄 I, understand what you're saying, but still!😄
@powellmachineinc8 ай бұрын
Lol
@enginebuilder73938 ай бұрын
Do you think if you threw some boost at it, that would fix it. Lol yes I'm kidding from your other video
@powellmachineinc8 ай бұрын
Lol
@413x3988 ай бұрын
Do you have a video on how to measure deck height and taper?
@powellmachineinc8 ай бұрын
In the surfacer I do
@jrealist15 ай бұрын
Good video. Doing my first fe build . What sonic tester is that? Looks like the deyer i have.
@powellmachineinc5 ай бұрын
@@jrealist1 I don't remember, I've had it prob 15 years
@jrealist15 ай бұрын
@powellmachineinc3179 awesome I'm gonna assume it's good then if you've been using it 15 years. I just got mine will try it out when I get my block from machine shop. Will be looking forward to your other videos for this build
@BrianJones-vr9lc3 ай бұрын
Are there any follow up videos to this.
@Mr429608 ай бұрын
So, not trying to be contrary, but if you bore and hone with a torque plate, and I perfectly understand this is best practice, then why don't you have to check cylinder roundness, taper and diameter with a torque plate installed? Will not the relief in stress from removing the plate exhibit cylinder error?
@powellmachineinc8 ай бұрын
Yes, I never said anything contrary
@Mr429608 ай бұрын
@@powellmachineinc Thank you for responding. I just watched your follow up video on torque plate use, very interesting and informative. I should have viewed it prior to this question.
@strokermaverick8 ай бұрын
.0170 390 c.i.d, cylinder wall thickness. How could, the cylinder not distort? Just, look at .100 on a spark plug gapper. That's, almost nothing. Always, loved the 390. Was not, aware of that. Seen, some really stout running 390's, in my day. Had, a couple.
@powellmachineinc8 ай бұрын
Right on
@terrypepper79135 ай бұрын
Having a valve hang out that far u get spark knock cause the valve is too hot.
@powellmachineinc5 ай бұрын
It's not ideal for sure
@Roush1507 ай бұрын
What’s your thoughts on flotech heads
@roberthirshfield35718 ай бұрын
Would sleeve it help with cyl out around an thickness
@powellmachineinc8 ай бұрын
Yes, but... it creates several more problems
@ryan84568 ай бұрын
Can you sonic test a 4.8/5.3 iron block how thick are the cylinders
@marcushightower92508 ай бұрын
Whats the customer going to use this boat anchor for?
@powellmachineinc8 ай бұрын
Old f100
@jamesbergman49178 ай бұрын
You seem to be a bit frustrated. HAHAHAAHAH What brand of sonic checker would you recommend?
@arturozarate1752Ай бұрын
Did this build stall out? 6 months later no other videos. Just curious.
@powellmachineincАй бұрын
@@arturozarate1752 were just that far behind..... more episodes are coming
@arturozarate1752Ай бұрын
@powellmachineinc man brother that's a good thing though. I'm always tuned in. Take care.
@MrBullfrog923 ай бұрын
What part of the country are you located?
@christopherhorne86658 ай бұрын
The block looks like they bored it bolted to an engine stand with a qwikway.
@sebastianbezuidenhout416 ай бұрын
I wish I could be an automotive engineer
@robertpurchase82628 ай бұрын
I have a brand new set of J&E forged pistons for a 428
@joelpierce394010 күн бұрын
When did Eagle Cranks become unacceptable?
@powellmachineinc10 күн бұрын
20 years ago
@jcnpresser8 ай бұрын
Why in the world would they knurl the crank like that, it’s not 1903 lol. Most seals already has the oil flow pattern molded into it, to direct oil away as it spins. That’s crazy.
@powellmachineinc8 ай бұрын
Yep, idk, why, but most ford's are that way
@Anthony-nw5zv8 ай бұрын
Offer to buy his pistons so you can punch it out to 0.040 over
@powellmachineinc8 ай бұрын
I'm not buying anything, the customer will have to pay for the new pistons if he wants it fixed at my shop
@HnggDvvdbfl21 күн бұрын
❤
@robertwest30937 ай бұрын
It wasn’t too long after Vic Edelbrock passed away that the Edelbrock company doubled prices on nearly every cylinder head and intake manifold. SBF Performer heads went from about $1200 a pair to over $1000 EACH! Their heads are nowhere near as good as AFR which are about the same price and are 100 percent CNC ported. As cast Trick Flow heads can be had for under $1500 if you shop around. That’s why I don’t understand why people keep wasting their money on Edelbrock.
@powellmachineinc7 ай бұрын
The trick flow fe head is really good
@GrandPitoVic8 ай бұрын
What's a good time of day to call you when you aren't running around like a chicken with his head cut off tomorrow?
@powellmachineinc8 ай бұрын
Lol, never, my wife takes all the calls and just conveys the answers, I can't get anything done otherwise.
@GrandPitoVic8 ай бұрын
@powellmachineinc3179 cool. Thanx brother. I figured as much lol.
@garyscavone-o6l8 ай бұрын
You brought up Van Norman. I never liked using that machine. The service was never to my liking. i mean you can just hear that the cutters were never the same height..
@powellmachineinc8 ай бұрын
Mine were, because I actually set up every cutter.
@brianmac5208 ай бұрын
Norbert Wegner
@cico39468 ай бұрын
In the Congo we dont have 428's
@apollorobb8 ай бұрын
Junk. Truest words ever stated in a YT video . Hand loose , Hang Tight Just hang on i building a fire in this thing
@powellmachineinc8 ай бұрын
Lol
@Carcrafter71656 ай бұрын
It’s hard to go behind someone else’s work. I hate it for you.
@powellmachineinc6 ай бұрын
Absolutely
@charleschastain42288 ай бұрын
Very good videos. Learn alot from you. Thanks
@powellmachineinc8 ай бұрын
Glad to hear it!
@MiturBinEsderty7 ай бұрын
This is what happens when people want to go cheap.