The Origins of Insulin

[@chemistryofquestionablequa6252]

Banting also weaponized anthrax but that's probably not the reason my highschool was named after him. Lol

[@Sakuyushi]

Volkswagen: no history before 1945!

[@chemistryofquestionablequa6252]

​@@Sakuyushilol, same for Bayer, BASF and a bunch of other companies strangely enough.

[@PatKellyTeaches]

That's a real thing. I read about that for a Patreon exclusive vid a while ago. Here's a good overview: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26386727/

[@ddeedje4093]

​@@chemistryofquestionablequa6252 although they were completely normal companies before the Nazis, they didn't start as a product of Nazism like VW did.

[@nicholasneyhart396]

Banting stuck well to the Canadian moto of "It's never a war crime the first time"

[@davidk7324]

Well done, thank you. A medical professor of mine who had done volunteer work in SE Asia in the late 70s told us about a patient who presented with the chief complaint of "ants drinking my urine." The patient knew from local folk medicine that it meant he had diabetes.

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Yes! I came across a similar story while reading for this video! The Ayurvedic text referred to diabetes as "madhumeha" which I'm told translates to "honey urine"

[@SuryanIsaac]

​@@PatKellyTeaches yep! "madhu" is still hindi for honey, and "meha" is Sanskrit for urine. It's super interesting how the same sign got picked up around the world, like a convergent evolution of sorts

[@michealoflaherty1265]

After 47 years of type 1 diabetes I can confirm that insulin (along with pumps and continuous glucose monitors) works. The vast majority of my medical complaints are now down to middle age 😂. Great video. Well done.

[@DrakiniteOfficial]

I've had T1D since I was seventeen. My sister had it since she was twelve, and my father had it since his early twenties. Every so often, I think about how just 200 years ago, diabetes was essentially a death sentence. But now, with (aside from the price) accessible insulin, and modern technology, I can live a completely normal life as long as I make sure to use my pump correctly. My eternal gratitude goes to the scientists you mentioned responsible for this discovery. Truly, my life is indebted to them.

[@dewilew2137]

Most diseases were a death sentence 200 years ago, including simple infections. Penicillin isn’t even 100 year old yet. Jimmy Carter is older than antibiotics.

[@DavidJamesHenry]

Patrick you have swiftly become one of my favorite video essayists

[@PatKellyTeaches]

@@DavidJamesHenry I sincerely appreciate that. Thank you! 🙏

[@dillonbuford]

My A1C was 17 when I was diagnosed. I wish people understood how bad t1d is. Thank you for the video.

[@courtneybermack]

Type II runs in my family. I've seen how it kills. I'm so grateful to have any treatments at all. Insulin really is a miracle drug. I am looking forward to the ozempic video!

[@EricAnimeFreak]

Have you tried a ketogenic diet that excludes carbs and sugar? A lot of people have anecdotally reported reversal of t2d including a Harvard study. "About 60% of those using insulin stopped needing it entirely. Medication use went down a lot in the keto group, unlike the control group where it stayed the same or went up. Overall, 47% of people on the keto diet achieved remission or reversal after one year and 38% after two years."

[@PatKellyTeaches]

@@courtneybermack thank you! I’m trying hard to get the GLP1 video out before the new year, but TBD.

[@courtneybermack]

@EricAnimeFreak did I ask for medical or diet advice? I'm sure you mean well but I'm here for "hooray insulin" day not "tell Courtney what to eat" day.

[@EricAnimeFreak]

@@courtneybermack Well I wish you the best regardless.

[@zachazlett]

@@EricAnimeFreakketo normally only works in the short term and gives people false hope. Their symptoms will go away and they’ll slowly go back to their old diet. Then they’ll start losing weight because of high blood sugar. But that weight loss is a sign of the damage the high blood sugar is doing not the half keto diet.

[@Windikite]

I recently went to New Orleans and stopped at the pharmacy museum there, I believe after hearing about it from one of your videos. It was awesome, and I attribute my relatively recent interest in medicine to your videos too! Keep it up!

[@PatKellyTeaches]

That means a ton to me, thank you! I'm glad to hear you enjoyed the museum too!

[@finallyforfeited]

Shocked your channel isn't bigger for how well produced these videos are! Your storytelling really made this one fly by, great work!

[@Tuberuser187]

Brown-Séquard self medicating like that was nuts!

[@PatKellyTeaches]

*Buh dum chh*

[@rendarecorrentecomopcoes2336]

Dude must have been the moat jacked old man of the 19th century

[@jeremy7934]

> One of the people watching the talk was the research director for the pharmaceutical company Eli Lilly. And after the talk, he called Macleod and said "if you ever need help scaling up production, let us know". HAAANK HANK DONT DO IT HAAANK!!!!

[@PatKellyTeaches]

@@jeremy7934 you’re either gonna love or hate the next video

[@lotfibouhedjeur]

You tell so good a story I don't even blink for fear of missing something. Mad respect. 🙏

[@YarPirates-vy7iv]

Please blink. It's important.

[@PatKellyTeaches]

@@lotfibouhedjeur I appreciate that, thank you! Shoutout to the Canadian historians for making the primary sources so accessible

[@starbuck1776]

Interestingly, a gentleman named William Banting published a self published pamphlet called "Letter on Corpulence", in 1863. In which he described a low carbohydrate diet he used to treat his own diabetes and gout. In fact he was one of the first people to popularize a low carb diet! Was he a doctor? No, ironically he was an undertaker!

[@yidavv]

And apparently he is a distant relative of Frederick Banting, the one mentioned in this video

[@joaovitormatos8147]

Fun fact: Banting died in a plane crash. I'm not saying a dog had something to do with it, but it seems suspiciously timed

[@dewilew2137]

This is the best comment 😅

[@minecrafthacker9582]

Love your channel, extremely underrated for the high quality content.

[@PatKellyTeaches]

I appreciate that. I'm still stoked on making videos regardless of how many people are watching

[@minecrafthacker9582]

@@PatKellyTeaches I was genuinely surprised your channel had under 1M subs

[@daffyduck1486]

Thanks Dr. Kelly. It's wonderful that videos like this exist on the Internet. I strongly suspect that this video will lead to others that tell additional details about diabetes.

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Thanks for the kind words, I appreciate it! Although, quick clarification, I am not a doctor.

[@tanyadrochner2105]

Fantastic video! Always so well researched, explained, and with great visuals. I always look forward to the next one. :)

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Thank you! I worked extra hard to get the permission to use these visuals. U of T was super kind

[@eerole]

This is one of the best telling of the development of insulin for use in diabetic people. Good work!

[@thomaswilder7403]

I was diagnosed type 1 just a few weeks ago. Really happy to see this video and love your content!

[@KattoDoggo]

Great video as always! Late to the party but gotta comment for engagement. Love your videos.

[@PatKellyTeaches]

I appreciate the engagement whenever it happens! Thanks for watching

[@dewilew2137]

Not as late as I was! Better late than never lol 🤗

[@Cs13762]

I've tried watching this like 4 times now and I just can't stomach it, that sucks for me because i absolutely love Patrick Kelly videos

[@PatKellyTeaches]

I appreciate the effort. I know the dog experiments can be hard to get through. The next video in the series is much easier to digest

[@BrianZinchuk]

So some dogs died. I’ve lived for 37 years as a result. Otherwise I would have been dead by 88.

[@CoconutChunkz]

This video couldn't have been made at a more perfect time. I'm currently researching the history and rise of pharmaceutical drug companies. I'd love to see your take on how insulin production was monopolized by these few companies and their continued impact on the the world today.

[@PatKellyTeaches]

You're in luck! My next video is about insulin's production and market development

[@erzsebetkovacs2527]

Great video. Let me just add the obvious, that is, ancient and medieval physicians weren't checking the colour, consistency, smell and taste of the patient's urine to look for signs of diabetes, but rather to be able to give a prognosis on how the disease will evolve over the course of time, and say whether the patient will live or die. Also, they seem to have connected urine to sufficient or insufficient digestion, and that to disease, too.

[@Piocoto123]

Great video!! As a soon to be medicinal chemist, I find so interesting how a lot of those chemists or doctors experimented with themselves and now its barely done eventhough today we can easily know wether something is too risky to try

[@RatKindler]

I did my Masters in physiology and Ph.D. in pharmacology at the University of Toronto - the department where Banting, Best and Macleod worked. We were taught a lot about them. Very interesting video.

[@mytube785]

Hi Patrick: I’m totally off topic here… just wonder if you’d do a video or a series on vegetable oils? There is a much interest in the social media, and it looks like some reforms will take place in the food industry in the near future with the new US administration.

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Probably not vegetable oils, but Fluoride is in the works!

[@orchidrose1410]

Wow! So cool! I really wish my father in law was still alive, he’d love this so much! Big “advances in medicine” nerd, he was!❤

[@datadoctor10]

I was expecting a longer video but nevertheless will wait for the second one. I wish you finish the video with Flame of Hope as a fitting tribute to the selflessness of Banting. Amazing narration indeed.

[@NickHammer99]

Babe wake up new Patrick Kelly video 🎉😮

[@Hi_Im_Akward]

Another great video, your channel needs a lot more attention. Consider reaching out to scishow and/or Hank Green. I bet they would love you as a guest.

[@PatKellyTeaches]

@@Hi_Im_Akward I got my start in science writing by writing videos for SciShow! I’m still a big fan of Hank and Complexly

[@Hi_Im_Akward]

@@PatKellyTeaches OMG that's amazing!

[@wailingalen]

1:15 Ooh ooh ooh ✋✋✋! FUN FACT!! Diabetes, in Vietnamese is bệnh tiểu đường, which literally means sugar urine sickness!!!!!!

[@dogcarman]

And the Danish name is sugar sickness, “sukkersyge”.

[@nikevisor54]

So glad to see you back in the sub box. Set up with a coffee and ready to learn

[@alastairwilliams9550]

My grandad worked as a PhD student with Fred sanger on the structure of insulin. I’ll be very upset if he isn’t mentioned in the next video.

[@Raina-q1r]

Hey people another Patrick Kelly video dropped.

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Come one, come all!

[@theodorekorehonen]

I've been missing seeing more videos from you but I'd assume they are a lot of work!

[@PatKellyTeaches]

@@theodorekorehonen They are, indeed. This one in particular required a lot of fact-checking. The good news is that I've got 2 more videos written and ready to go!

[@tomik2618]

Wooohoooo new vid🎉

[@paulmarais7809]

I am always waiting for Patrick to drop a new video

[@RagdyAndy]

good video mate

[@BeeMcDee]

4:28 I think this is my favourite side note of any video, ever. 😂 As a Type 1, thank you so much for this video. It’s one thing to understand all the stuff to live with it; a completely different thing to understand how we got here.

[@Apagadorable]

Great video, as always!

[@MisterSizzles]

nicely made video

[@nicholasneyhart396]

Diabetes runs strongly in my family. My mom who was obese most of her life strangely is type one but her brother who was 120lbs(I say was because he died of cancer a few years ago) had type two.

[@MrElliotc02]

You're always so good...thanks.

[@agargamer6759]

I wonder how many illnesses today will turn out to have such miraculous cures a century from now

[@thatwitch-ep4rd]

Type 1 Diabetic here and the question of "if you could live in any other time when would it be" never. I'm fine right here. We've only had insulin for 100 years and even as far back as like 50 years ago we didn't have at home blood sugar testing methods. This disease is already hard to control and deal with in modern times. No thank you lol

[@MKdross]

I love your channel🙏 Always extremely interesting and very well researched; a fascinating subject presented by quite a knowledgeable fellow! Thank you for all the wonderful content!!

[@altimmons]

17:24 Michael bliss is an amazing author. It’s probably the source for this entire video and the sequel. It’s a short book

[@KevinHorton-e4u]

🤓love it all "champing" at the bit

[@theplaintalkaccountant5053]

3:02 So somebody drank dog pee for science? True scholar. 🏆

[@alanpeachey4085]

Thank you for being you. Regards Al from down under. This island is not what you think it is.

[@Iowa599]

Duck litigation? How did they get ducks to pass BAR?

[@BBigg-kh7pz]

So 100 years from signs of a viable treatment to signs of a viable cure. I call that signs of exponential progress.

[@andreinagy8800]

Fun fact, Nicolae Paulescu discovered insulin, and not Frederick G. Banting and John Macleod, Nicolae Paulescu's work was not recognized at first, adn the 2 canadians received the Noble Prisze. His job was published 6 month earlier than the 2 canadians

[@xwolpertinger]

"and eventually got the blood sugar down to zero." Oh no, I hope not! That would be pretty bad.

[@PatKellyTeaches]

@@xwolpertinger it’s a tangent that I couldn’t quite tie in smoothly, but the procedures for measuring blood glucose evolved a ton during those early days of insulin research. So you’re totally right. The blood sugar probably wasn’t 0mg/dL but that’s what they measured

[@SnailShoes]

Patrick, what's your favourite Neurotransmitter? One of those nerdy questions I know lol. I'm quite a fan of acetylcholine tbh.

[@PatKellyTeaches]

@@SnailShoes I have a serotonin molecule tattoo on my foot. I think I have to say that one!

[@sadmermaid]

1:54 this is why we're hereeeee!

[@dewilew2137]

Those poor dogs. 😔

[@samebranchmedia4523]

As a type 1 diabetic insulin is a miracle every day. It's hard to believe that we are all out here living like this, lol.

[@Jade93972]

Patient: "Dr, I feel bad after I eat" Dr: "Have you tried not eating?" Dr: "...That'll be $1000"

[@anneherrington3403]

I am looking forward to your follow on video

[@benjamintryon813]

at 15:41 you state that by using the fetal pancreas extracts, they were able to drop blood sugar to 0. wouldn't that just kill the dog? maybe they had a different way of measuring? or were they measuring urine sugar, and not blood sugar? that would make more sense if the urine sugar dropped to 0.

[@mellie4174]

No, he stated they were able to drop the glucose in the URINE to zero! Glucose in urine is NOT the same thing as glucose in blood!!

[@Imaboss8ball]

This is weird. So all the had to do was use ethanol to extract insulin from mammalian pancreas? How has no one tried that before them? Isnt alcohol an extremely common solvent in medicine?

[@hackedbyBLAGH]

Awesome

[@WhichDoctor1]

“It’s weird, sometimes when we give this extract to rabbits they get convulsions and then go into a coma. Also, WE SHOULD START HUMAN TRIALS IMMEDIATELY!”

[@PatKellyTeaches]

That definitely sounds bad ha haha. It’s worth pointing out that Collip was the one doing the rabbit experiments, while Banting and Best decided to go a little rogue and do the human trial on Gilcrest. One of the authors I read speculated that they rushed into a human trial so that they could claim they were first. But again, that’s speculation

[@matthiasknutzen6061]

Kind of crazy no one had tried to mix the pancreas juice with ethanol till then, surely it was a known solvent

[@PatKellyTeaches]

From what I read, the concentration of ethanol was the game changer. Like 95%+

[@diegohepp7634]

What's the next video about insulin?

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Coming out soon. Broadly speaking, it's about how insulin production was consolidated to 3 major global companies

[@diegohepp1301]

@@PatKellyTeaches thank you!

[@altimmons]

15:46 doubt they dropped blood sugar down to zero. That would be a dead dog. I think they mean sugar in the urine.

[@NatasaM]

Let's take a moment of silence in memory of all these dogs that suffered in these experiments 😔❤️

[@diggernick6946]

Needed for medicine

[@DarkSnideoftheRainbow]

Don't mind me just commenting for the algorithm

[@martinperales3531]

Such a cliffhanger

[@Richard.Atkinson]

Critically important in the treatment of Type I DM, in which islet cells are non-functional. Absolutely preposterously misused in the "treatment" of Type II DM, in which giving insulin makes patients even more insulin resistant over time, when dietary modification completely cures the disease in all but the most advanced cases.

[@clipblocks]

main issue with type II diabietes is that diets are hard, thats why things like ozempic exist, its basically willpower in a needle.

[@chatsnoirblamo]

You got em

[@PatKellyTeaches]

I'll get into other drugs like metformin, insulin sensitizers, and GLP1s in the follow up videos. I felt like original insulin still deserved its own video though!

[@sir_no_name1478]

This comment with the last name is so funny. Maybe its a troll but sometimes the life writes the best stories

[@mellie4174]

​@@PatKellyTeachesyes yes yes!

[@EricAnimeFreak]

There are no essential carbs or sugar. Glucose that is chronically elevated is inflammatory in the body, takes as little as 20 to 100 grams of carbs or sugar. Glucose uses the same cell pathways in the body as the body uses to adsorb micro nutrients, thus when glucose is elevated, micro nutrients uptake is reduced, "commonly know as bio availability". Micro nutrients can be depleted when body oxidizes cells during inflammation and potentially cause kidney stones. Carbs and sugar release dopamine in the brain similar to some schedule 1 drugs based on mri scanning based studies. Elevated glucose causes hormonal dysfunction when consumed in amounts the body cannot handle. Your body is capable of creating it's own glucose without dietary intake.

[@mellie4174]

Definitely. That's why all our ancestors go include the great apes evolved to eat fruit.... Because it filled them en masse .... 🙄🙄🙄🙄

[@nuodso]

Banting's name lives in Swedish as the verb "banta" (starve oneself, be on a diet).

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Woah, what a coincidence

[@nuodso]

@@PatKellyTeaches The verb comes from his name actually!

[@nikevisor54]

you're tellin' me some doctor thought he was on the cutting edge of science by shooting up with gonad juice? thanks for once again reminding me that this period of history maybe isn't all that bad

[@vidoexperience8112]

❤️❤️❤️

[@journi2508]

"Meats, fat, and pork." What inspires such redundancy?

[@TagiukGold]

Probably how language has changed over the last 150 years. I wonder if "meats" only included red meats and poultry was also a different category back then.

[@taliaf.3221]

Hell yeah

[@PatKellyTeaches]

hell yeah brother

[@dogcarman]

Acappelascience has a great song about Bantings work: kzbin.info/www/bejne/fpaaiWigfNlrorssi=0lnl_XB3JEHdIxev

[@point8250]

Urine fasting is said to be healthy.

[@decebalbotez3364]

Romanias Discoverd Insulin!!!!!!

[@PatKellyTeaches]

I talk about Paulescu, the Romanian credited with groundbreaking work on pancreatic extract, starting at 7:08

[@Horticarter41]

I've been waiting a MONTH for this video and it is only 23 minutes long?! Alright...I'll take it but you're on thin ice young man! But really in all seriousness I am PSYCHED!

[@martian8987]

orginal recipe

[@PatKellyTeaches]

That's right. The next video is about all the improvements to the recipe

[@willaim_dittmann]

the glare in your eyes is brainwashing me to donate to your patreon

[@Hairfire]

Bro mentions nothing about Nicolae Paunescu. This video is not so well documented :/

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Check again starting at 7:08

[@russireland3662]

I'm just 🤔 did they taste the dogs urine?

[@Nmethyltransferase]

"If you take beta, you'll be beta." -Shawn Baker, M.D., probably

[@PatKellyTeaches]

probably

[@billyholiday4947]

Did you actually read those ancient texts! Or are you just repeating nonsense each!

[@PatKellyTeaches]

Yes. The Eber's Papyrus, the Egyptian reference, mentions treatments for polyuria, which historians have interpreted as the excessive urination that's symptomatic of diabetes. You can find the reference in the English translation here: babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924073200077&seq=121. The ancient Indian text, the Charaka Samhita, describes urinary disorders as well. English translation can be found here: www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/charaka-samhita-english/d/doc629258.html In the future, you can always find my references in the description, and a fully annotated script linked on Patreon. Thanks for weatching!

[@michaelogden5958]

Collip was a blatant flocculator. 😉

[@YuriTarrdid]

funny piss pun

[@GROWTH_BY_ME]

Do you want video editor and thumbnail designer

[@jhoughjr1]

First taste of sacrificng the unborn for medicine